Search

ÖZET Bu çalışmada, küre-düzlem ve çubuk-düzlem elektrod sistemlerinde, SF,, N` ve SF,+N2 gazlarında, elektrod yüzey pürüzlülüğünün olması ve olmaması durumlarında, (0,5- 4) bar basınç aralığında delinme ve korona başlangıç gerilimlerinin değişimi incelenmiştir. Deneyler, doğru ve 50 Hz alternatif gerilimde yapılmıştır. Elektrod yüzey pürüzlülüğü makroskopik yönden ele alınmıştır. U,=f(p) eğrileri, SF, ve SF,+N2 gaz karışımında bir maksımum-minimum davranışı gösterdiği, N~ gazında ise 0` etkisinden dolayı sözkonusu davranışın çok az ortaya çıktığı saptanmıştır. SF,+N2 gaz karışımlarında kritik basıncın N2 oranı ile arttığı ve dolayısı ile korona bölgesinin genişlediği gözlenmiştir. Çubuk-düzlem elektrod sisteminde, (0,5-4) bar basınç aralığında, U,(-)>U,(+) olduğundan sözkonusu elektrod sistemi bir sivri uç-düzlem eleketrod sistemi gibi davranmıştır. Deneylerde çalışılan basınç aralığında, korona başlangıç gerilimleri hemen hemen basınçla lineer olarak artmıştır. Ayrıca, alanın düzgünsüzlük derecesi azaldıkça, SF, gazının, SF,+N~ gaz karışımına oranla, yüzey pürüzlülüğüne çok hassas olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Elektronegatif etkisi gösteren gazlarda, U,=f(p) eğrisinin negatif olduğu bölgede, yüzey pürüzlülüğünün delinme gerilimine hemen hemen etki etmediği, bu bölgenin dışında ise etkisinin var olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca SF,+N2 gaz karışımlarında sözkonusu etkinin N` gazının oranı ile değiştiği gözlenmiştir. SF,+N? gaz karışımlarında, 50 Hz alternatif ve pozitif doğru gerilimde, minimum delinme gerilimi elektrod sistemlerine bağlı olmaksızın hemen hemen sabit kaldığından, bu gerilimin hesaplanması için bir ampirik formül elde edilmiştir. Bu formülün, 50 Hz alternatif gerilimde SF, oranının %50 den büyük olduğu SF,+N2 gaz karışımlarında % 1-2 hata ile geçerli olduğu gözlenmiştir. Diğer yandan az düzgün alanlarda U,=f(p) eğrisinde maksimum-minimum davranışı bulunmadığından, sözkonusu formülün, sadece düzgün olmayan alanlar için geçerli olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Kullanılan elektrod sistemlerinde %40 SF,+%60 N` gaz karışımı durumunda, delinme gerilimi değerlerinin negatif doğru gerilimde %60 SF6+%40 N gaz karışımınınki ile yaklaşık aynı olduğu, 50 Hz alternatif ve pozitif doğru geriliminde ise, %60 SFg+%40 N2 gaz karışımınınkinden daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. vı SUMMARY EFFECTS OF ELECTRODE SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON CORONA INCEPTION AND BREAKDOWN VOLTAGES IN SF., N` AND SF,+N0 IN NON-UNIFORM FIELDS 6 2 6 2 Sulphur-hexaf luoride has good dielectric and heat transfer properties and it is extensively being used in power apparatus as a dielectric medium. Besides being expensive, it has a relatively high boiling temperature. It is very sensetive to strong localized fields often encountered in practical systems due to electrode surface imperfections and the presence of free particles. There fore in practical systems, the ideal Paschen's law break down strength is not achived. Furthermore, long non uniform field gaps insulated with compressed SF,. show surprisingly low breakdown strongth under the applica tions of impulse voltages [l]. Measurements of uniform quasi-uniform and non uniform field breakdown voltages have shown that the addition of small amounts, a few percent of SF, to common gases like air and nitrogen, etc., results in an appreci able increase in the breakdown strength of these gases. From the existing information, it appears that SF,+air mixtures show relatively less degree of saturation as compared to SF,+N` mixtures. This is probably due to the presence of electronegative 0~ in the air. Because of the presence of chemically active oxygen in air, SF,+air mixtures are technically less important as compared to SF^+Np mixtures. Although the excellent insulation and arc interrup tion properties of SF, have lead to its widespread use in circuit breakers, recent studies have shown the possibi lity of further enhancing these properties by using SF, mixed with lighter gases such as N~. Garzon [2] have studied the comparative interruption properties of SF,+N` mixture. By measuring the rate of rise of recovery or voltage (RRRV) for a synchronous interrupter, Garzon has shown that the performance of SF,+N` mixtures having %50 SF, by volume at pressures of 1300 to 1900 kpa is approximately 1,39 times better than that of pure SF,. He also found that the recovery capability of a non- synchronous breaker using this gas mixture was at least as good as when pure SF,. was used. Other advantages such as shorter times for pneumatic operations and the use of higher total pressures without liquif ication make mixtures of SF, more attractive and useful for further applications in circuit breakers. Synchronous breakers using SF,+N2 viimixtures are already in operation. Recent studies of SF,+N` mixtures have revealed that such mixtures are less sensitive to the presence of contamination and electrode surface roughness as compared to pure SF, [3]. Furthermore, SF,+N2 mixtures have the advantages of lower boiling points and are less expensive. The lower boiling point of the mixtures is rather impor tant in colder climates. Previous investigations show that in a highly non-uniform field, breakdown voltage versus pressure curve for compressed SF, and SF,+N` gas mixture, exhibits a maximum-minimum characteristic. Such a field distribu tion can be obtained by making use of the point-plane or rod-plane electrode configurations. Experimental data show that in a highly divergent field, within a given pressure range, breakdown is always preceded by corona discharge. However corona may be avoided if the gas pressure is increased above a critical value. In literature the above phenomena is mentioned as `corona breakdown` and `direct breakdown` respectively. In fact, for a given electrode configuration, there is a transition between `direct breakdown` and `corona breakdown`. In transition region, the pressure beyond which the breakdown is direct breakdown and where corona inception and breakdown voltages coincide is called `critical pressure`. Effect of electrode surface roughness on breakdown in SF, and SF,+N` mixtures in uniform-field and coaxial electrode systems have been investigated by Pederson and Farish respectively [3], [4]. All of them used protrusions with microscopic sizes, but there is not available data about macroscopic sizes of protrusion, that can be obtained by production imperfections and presence of metallic particles. According to above facts, the main purpose of this work is therefore to investigate the effect of polarity, field non-uniformity, gap spacing and pressure on corona inception and breakdown voltages of compressed N«, SF, and SFft+N« gas mixtures, with and without presence of macroscopic sizes of electrode surface roughnesses. Experiments are carried out with 50 Hz AC and DC voltages up to the peak value of 280 kV in both polari ties, using rod-plane, sphere-plane electrode systems. To obtain various degrees of non-uniformity, the sphere radius is changed and also to reach higher degree of non-uniformity, radius of 1 mm rod electrode is selected. To obtain desired degree of roughness hemisphere with heights equal to 3 mm and 6 mm are mounted on the plane electrodes for each configurations. THe electrodes are mounted in a pressure vessel made of polymethyl metacrylate (plexiglass). All electrodes are made of Vlllbrass covered with chromium (Although the rod electrode used during the experiments is hemispherically capped with a radius of 1 mm). The lower electrode in both arrangements is a plate electrode with an overall diameter of 75 mm and its edges are rounded with a radius of curvature of 3 mm. For the 50 Hz AC test, with voltages up to 100 kV r.m.s. a MWB 0,22/100 kV, 5 kVA high voltage transformer is employed. To limit the discharge current at breakdown and reduce the erosion at electrode surfaces, a 10 Mfi protecting resistor is connected between the high voltage supply and the test object. Furthermore, the high voltage transformer is disconnected from the mains immediately after breakdown. The peak value of AC voltage is measured by using the method of Chubb and Fortescue. The waveform of the 50 Hz voltage applied to the test object is observed by means of a capacitive potential divider and a Textronix 7623A, dual beam oscilloscope. The corona inception voltage is determined by observing the voltage drop due to the corona impulse current across a 75 fi resistor inserted in the earth lead. A two stage voltage doubler circuit is used to obtain up to 280 kV DC voltages via a 0,22/100 kV, 5 kVA MWB transformer. Similar to the AC test, an automatic switch and a 50 kfi current limiting resistor are connec ted to the DC supply and test object. The DC voltages are measured with twot 140 MÎ2 resistors connected in series and a mA-meter. DC corona inception voltage is determined in the same way as for AC measurements, but the voltage across the test object is not observed. In all experiments, the applied voltage has been raised at a rate of 5 kV/s until breakdown occurred. Before starting any experiments, electrodes are treated with a metal polish and clean washed carefully with ethyl alcohol. After mounting the electrodes inthe vessel, it is evacuated to a pressure less than 10 Torr for at least 20 minutes, and then the lower constituent is admitted to a partial pressure corresponding to the desired mixture ratio. The second constituent is then added to the predetermined total pressure. Unless other wise mentioned, the percentage of mixture refores to the percentage of SF, in N~ by pressure. Althought the SF, gas used in the experiments is supplied by the Turkish Electricity Authority with a commerical grade and also N` gas is obtained from HABAŞ A.Ş., both gases are stored in a high pressure tanks. To make sure of the stability of gas and gas mixture, the measurements are started 6 hours after filling. During the test, room temperature varies between 11 and 17 C. At least ten different voltage values are taken to estimate the mean value of each measuring point. axThe standard deviations and %95 confidence inter vals are also calculated. Especially in the decreasing part of U,=f(p) curves a relatively higher scattering and a coefficient of dispertion up to %5 are observed. It can be stated without any doubt that the presence of sustained corona discharges, in both positive as well as negative rod-plane and sphere-plane gaps, considerably enhances the breakdown strength of systems insulated with SF, and SF,+N` gas mixtures. The pressure over which this enhancement occurs is often referred to as the `corona stabilized breakdown region`. The high pressure limit of this region at which the breakdown and tha corona onset voltages coincide is known as the criti cal pressure p, The present results clearly indicate that the breakdown of both the negative and positive rod-plane, sphere-plane gaps is corona stabilized in the low pressure region. At high pressures, however, the break down occurs in the absence of any corona discharges. The width of the corona stabilized breakdown region is much smaller for the positive rod-plane and sphere-plane gaps as compared to the negative ones. Consequently, the critical pressure for the negative gaps is higher than that observed for the positive ones as shown in Figures 4.8 and 4.9. Furthermore, the breakdown voltages for negative gaps are higher than those of positive gaps at the low pressure range of the corona stabilized region. However, the reverse behavior is observed at higher pressures where the breakdown occurs without corona. In the corona stabilized region at low pressure, the break down voltages increase linearly with pressure for both polarities of applied voltage. The absolute width of the pressure region, where the breakdown voltage-pressure curve is linear is much wider for the negative gaps, photographic records and visual observations revealed that in this region, the sparks follow straight paths for both polarities of the applied voltages. As the pressure in increased, the breakdown voltages attain maximum values followed by reduction in magnitudes with increasing gas pressures. It is quite likely that extremely non uniform field gaps of negative polarity with smaller diameter cathods have maximum-minimum in the breakdown voltage-pressure curves especially at high values of the gas pressures not investigated in our studies. The corona inception voltages is higher for the positive gaps as shown in figures of Chapter 4. Furthermore, the magnitudes of the average prebreakdown currents for a given applied voltage and gas pressure are larger in the negative gaps than those observed for the positive gaps. This is probably due to the fact that the secondary ionization process such as photo ionization ou the gas, photoemission from the cathode, and electron emission from the cathode due to positive ion bombardment are more effective when the rod or sphere cathode is in the highfield region such as in the negative rod-plane and sphere-plane gaps. Furthermore, when the highly stressed electrode is the cathode, the chances of field emitted electrons, initiating corona discharges are present espe cially at high gas pressure. These reasons and the fact that it is easier for the positive than the negative streamers to propagate and bridge the gap make the corona stabilization processes more effective especially at low pressures, for the negative gaps. Consequently, the corona stabilized breakdown region is wider in the case of the negative rod-plane and sphere-plane gaps than that of the positive gaps. At low pressures, the breakdown voltage of SF, and SF,+N` gas mixtures is higher for the negative sphere- plane gaps. This is due to the fact that it is more difficult for the negative streamers to advance in a divergent field as compared to the positive streamers. In the case of negative sphere-plane gaps, an avalanche starts from the highly stressed electrode and the elec trons diverge outward from a high field to a lower field region. Thus any electrons created by photoionization will move ahead of the streamer to create new avalanches and thus move into a rapidly declining field region. Furthermore, when the streamer propagates in the presence of corona discharges, the low field region is filled with slowly drifting negative ions. This makes the streamer propagation forther into the gap extremely difficult unless the external fields are high enough to ensure the, effective fields at the streamer tip â 0,8775 kV (cm.kpa) in the case of pure SF,. On the other hand, for a posi tive sphere-plane gap the electrons created ahead of the avalanche by photoionization travel towards the high field regions there by creating more positive ion space charge at the avalanche head. In this fashion, the posi tive ion space charge is advanced towards the cathode maintaining the field at its tip and creating more elec trons a head of itself to continue more advance. This not only results in a lower value of the breakdown voltage for a positive gap, but, also, results in a much lower value of the critical pressure in such gaps. Since rod-plane configuration with rod radius equal to 1 mm is an extremely non-uniform gap, therefore, the corona stabilized breakdown voltages for such gaps are higher than sphere-plane electrode configuration with larger sphere radius. Ultimately, negative breakdown voltages of rod-plane electrode system are higher than positive breakdown voltages in the pressure range between 0,5 and 4 bar. Under 50 Hz AC voltages, corona pulses appeared at first on the negative half-cycle, perhaps conforming an earlier observation under dc voltage. Under higher voltage amplitudes corona pulses appeared over the xipositive half-cycle, and at a yet higher voltage, they are split into two populations on both sides of the peak of the AC wave. mcep diffe rough SF,+N have For e witho has h betwe In tion rent nesse 9 gas diff xampl ut su igher en 1 Chap volt elec s. mix eren e, i rf ac val and ter ages trod In g ture t va n he e ro ue t 1,57 5, w of e ge ener s wi lues misp ughn han bar e co SF6f omet al, th a due here ess %100, wh mpar and ries brea nd w to -pla unde ich e breakd SF6+N g, with a kdown vo ithout s specif ie ne type r DC (+) for the is shown own and as mixtu nd witho ltages o urface r d pressu electrod voltage pressur in Figu corona res for ut surface f SF6 and oughnesses re region, e system, %80 SF6 e region re 5.2. attri meter distr of pu mean as we compa photo addit tive the p pure This buted s. It ibutio re SF6 energy 11 as red to n abso ion of ioniza ressur beh to t is ns i cas of diff pur rbti > tion e re ].[6 avio he p very n th e f o the usio e SF on c [5]. coe duce ur of t ossible probab e mixtu r certa electro n coeff,. AİS oef f ıcı Furth f f icent d field he SF, chang le tha re wil in mix n-swar icient o, it ent of ermore of th is le +N2 es i t th 1 be ture m, d s wi is p.'& e mi ss c mixt n it e el dif rat rift 11 b ossi wil e va xtur ompa ure s tr ectr fere ios. vel e di ble 1 ch riat e wi red may ansp on e nt t H ocit ffer that ange ion th r to t be ort para llergy han those ence, the ies and ent the with of effec- espect to hat of It is observed that SF^+N^ gas mixtures are not so sensetive to electrode surface roughness in the case of macroscopic size protrutions used during the tests. All of these are explained briefly in Chapter 5. Shifting of critical pressure in gas mixtures to higher values than pure SF, particularly, in extremely non-uniform fields, is an interesting result observed in breakdown versus pressure characteristics of SF,+N« gas mixtures. The ritical one shown in fi voltages fo using the e to corona i guration, a quasi-unif o the radius in non-unif with respec equations a voltages fo gurations w Experimenta predicted v compar s for gures r all quatio ncepti nd als rm fie of sph orm f i t to p re onl r sphe ith ra 1 resu alues. ison the of C elec n (2 on v o it Id a ere elds osit y us re-p dius Its Th of m three hapte trode.34). oltag is v rrang elect » neg ive o efull lane of 2 are s is ma easu ele r 6. arr Gi es i alid emen rode ativ nes, to and mm ligh y be red ctro Th ange ven n no to t, t is e co the pred rod- and tiy due val de c eori ment equa n-un brea hat equa rona ref o ict plan 1 mm high to ues w onf ig tical s are tion if orm kdown is ob 1 to have re, t DC (- e ele resp er or the f ith t urati thre comp is pr fiel volt taine 4 mm. lowe heori ) cor ctrod ectiv lowe act t he t ons shol uted opos ds c age d wh Si r va tica ona con ely. r th hat heo- are d by ed onf i- in en nee lues 1 fi- an xixtheoritical values were based on the assumption that the plane electrode radius was infinite. In this investiga tion, the plane electrode had a diameter of 75 mm only. Therefore, the calculated field utilization factors may be smaller than the actual values. Thus, measured incep tion voltages can be higher or lower than predicted values. Dispersion between calculated and measured values are observed specially for higher non-uniform field geometries. This is due to the fact that corona inception voltages are not so stable in non-uniform fields particularly at lower pressure. The minimum breakdown voltages and the pressure at which this minimum occurs are important factors in the design of SF, and SF,+N` gas mixtures. That is used in high-voltage apparatus. Test results show that, for a given gap spacing (U,). and n.p. values are approximately constant irrespective of the electrode configuration and gas pressure. Sangkasaad in 1975, from optical observation has found out that in the pressure range p

Uzaktan taşınması gereken artan güç talebi, Dağıtılmış Enerji Kaynaklarının (DER)hızlı ve etkili bir çözümünü oluşturur. Entegrasyon (DER'ler) yük ve Üretim tarafıarasındaki mesafeyi azaltabilir ve iletim hatlarını, Dağıtımı ve karbon emisyonunu enaza indirebilir. Bu tür zorluklar, her bir alt sisteme bağlı olan yükü ve ana şebekeyeverilen ekstra gücü veren farklı tipte (DER'ler) ağa bağlı mikro ızgaralar kullanılarakaşılabilir. Güç sisteminin hataları etkili bir şekilde algılamasına ve kontrol etmesineve kontrol algoritmalarıyla geçiş yapmasına izin veren mikrogrid, böylece tüm sistemkesintilerden kaçar ve güç geri yükleme sürelerini en aza indirir. Bu çalışmada dörtyüklü alt sistemimiz var. Bu çalışmada mikrogrid sistemi, fotovoltaik ve rüzgartürbininin ızgara tarafına bağlı olanı yüklemek için arzu gücü verdiği adalı moddaanaliz edilir. Bu romanda tüm mikrogrid, güç paylaşımı PID tarafından kontroledilen bataryaya bağlanmıştır. Her mikro ızgara yük ve ızgara ile bağlanır. Buromanda yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları, yük için arzu voltajı ve ana şebekeye kalangüç veren rüzgar türbini ve PV'dir. PID kontrol tekniği, çıkış voltajını bir arzu vestandart değerde kontrol edebilir. Hibrid AC mikro şebekenin tüm kontrol stratejileriSIMULINK / MATLAB [1] 'de simüle edilmiştir.Ağa bağlı bir mikro ızgara sistemi,ağa bağlı sistemin güvenilirliğini artırmak için bağlı mikro ızgaralar arasında gücüpaylaşma kapasitesine sahip bitişik bir mikro ızgara kümesidir. Ağa bağlı bir mikroızgara sisteminde, mikro ızgara, senkronize olmayan bir ızgara olan adalı mikroızgara gibi farklı yapılandırmalarda çalıştırılabilir. bağlı mikro şebeke, senkronizeızgara bağlantılı mikro şebeke ve ağ bağlantılı mikro şebeke The demand of growing power that requirements to be remotely transported creates afast and effective solution of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). Integration(DERs) can reduce the distance between load and Generation side and decrease thetransmission lines, Distribution and the minimize carbon emission. Such challengescan be overcome by using networked microgrids, in which different type of (DERs)that give the power to load that connected to each subsystem and extra power givento main grid. Microgrid allowing the power system to sense and control the errorsefficiently and do switching with control algorithms so that whole system escapeblackouts and minimize the power restoration times. In this work we have foursubsystems with load. In this work microgrid system is analyzed in islanded mode inwhich photovoltaic and wind turbine give desire power to load that attached withgrid side. In this novel all microgrid are attached with battery whose power sharing iscontrol by PID. Each microgrid is connect with load and grid. In this novel therenewable energy resources are wind turbine and PV that given a desire voltage toload and the remaining power to main grid. The PID control technique can controloutput voltage at a desire and standard value.All control strategies of the hybrid ACmicrogrid are simulated in SIMULINK/MATLAB.A networked microgrid system isa cluster of adjacent microgrids that has capability to share power between theconnected microgrids in order to increase the reliability of networked system.In anetworked microgrid system, microgrid can be operate in different configurationslike islanded microgrid, an asynchronously grid-connected microgrid, asynchronously grid-connected microgrid, and networked microgrid 63

Son olarak güç dönüştürücüler farklı türleri vardır. Bazı türlerde (örneğin ana supply), bir Güç Kaynağı birden fazla yük vermek için gereklidir. Bir güç Dönüştürücü planlarken birincil zorluklardan biri özellikle kullanılan yoğunluk switchmiktarı orta derecede büyük olduğunda etkinliğinigenişletmektir. Tek bir kaynaktan birkaç yük sağlanmış olsa da, anahtarlarda güç talihsizliği azaltılamaz durumda, bu noktada tek bir kaynak kullanarak normal kullanımı tamamen yapılabilir değildir. Talihsizliği azaltmak ve etkinliği artırmak için, öneri yeni bir yapı anahtarları azalmış sayıda verir. Bu teorinin kapsamı sadece dc-dc dönüştürücü ile sınırlı değildir, convertertek bir dc sou rce üç faz AC loadskaynağı içinayrıca tanıtıldı. Bu söylem, inverter kısmının geliştirilmiş bir eksikliği toleranslı düzenlemeiçerir. Oluşturulan Waveforms simulations are satisfactory sonuçlarının bir gösteri olarak dahil. droop control inverters paralel çalışma için bir well-known sistemidir. Her durumda, droop control sistemi Verim Empedans çeşitli ile Invertörler için yapısını değiştirir Aridurum ve sustainable canlılık sorunları have dağıtılmış yenilenebilir güç generation ve microgrids yükselen iyileştirilmesi gelişmiş endişeleri söylüyorlar. Yenilenebilir power kaynakları normalde dağınık olduğundan, power framework içindifficult manage sonsuz, henüz büyüyen, Aralıklı d alışılmış bir şekilde stributed power generation. Böylece d istributed generation kaynakları, load ve potansiyel olarak energy storages, bir sys denetlemek için tematik görünümalınmalıdır. Tüm bu dağıtılmış üniteleri bir arayagetirerek, dağıtım tarafında bir micro Güç Sistemi şekillenir, sher yerdemicrogrid atama. Distribution Güç Sistemi geçmişte bir kez sadece yük olarak kabul edilir göz önüne alındığında, microgrids geneasyon ve torage birimlerinin dahilçok temel düzeyde değişen kontrol ve conventional güç çerçevesinin operational structure. Tradyiyonal güç çerçevesi AC'ye bağlı olduğundan, microgrid'ler başlangıç zamanında normal olarak AC tabanlı olarak görülüyor. Üç fazlı AC taşıma commonly Ortak Kaplin PCC purpose olarakkullanılır. PCC normalde ana güç arabirimi between bir yardımcı program ağı ve Microgrid olarak ayarlanır.Paralel olarak ilişkili dağıtılmış enerji kaynakları güç dönüştürücüler doğru kontrol microgrid içinde yüksek kalibreli ve güvenilirlik canlılık kaynağı sağlamak için temel. Kontrol sarkması geniş AC adalı microgrids bu dönüştürücüler kontrol etmek için kullanılır. Kontrol droop ayrı ayrı, aktif ve reaktif güç paylaşımı neden frekans ve gerilim yönlendirir. Kontrol droop hassas bir aktif güç paylaşımı gerçekleştirir olmasına rağmen, voltaj regülasyon sorunları üreten reaktif güç paylaşımı nda imprecisions sunar. Bu şekilde, bu yazı denetimi takip olarak düzenlenir. İlk olarak, sunum bir microgrid içinde sarktıcı kontrolü ve güç dönüştürücüler içinuygulanmasının önemini tasvir eder. İkinci bölüm, güç paylaşımı konularının ele alınabilmesi için yazışma çerçevelerini kullanmanın önemini göstermektedir. Üçüncü alan güç paylaşımında bu denetimin kısıtlamalarını ortaya kaldırır. Dördüncü bölümde, improved droop kontrol teknikleri ile ilgili en son çalışmaları hızlı bir şekilde inceleyip inceliyoruz. Droop kontrol elektrik dağıtım şebekesi hiçbir yardım yoktur bağımsız microgrids jeneratörler arasında faiz gücü paylaşımı için anahtar çözümdür. Dinamik güç ayrışdırma ve alıcı güç kontrolü, gerilim kılavuzu, kontrol sallanan ve çerçeve gücü üzerinde Droop kazanımları incelenir. Sonraki Yük türü nde, çeşitli hatalar uygulanarak indüksiyon motor öznitelikleri izlenir. Simülasyon sonuçlarına göre, mikroızgaranın hızlı frekans yakınsaması nasıl başaracağına ve koruma çerçevesi çalışmasının çerçeve kararlılığını ne kadar hızlı iyileştirebileceğine hata yoğunluğu ve süre'nin karar vereceği gösterilmiştir. Mikroızgarada dengesiz doğrusalolmayan yük dikkate alınır ve yüklü denetleyicilerin harmonik distorsiyon, çerçeve dengeleme ve gerilim düzenlemesi üzerindeki etkileri gözlenir. Droop kontrol bir elektrik şebekesine bağlı bir senkron jeneratör sürüş bir prime mover bir hız kontrolörüdür. Sarkmaz hız kontrol modunda, jeneratör yüksizden tam yüke yüklendiğinde hız sabit bir yüzde azalır. Bu, paralel çalışma durumunda her yük için kararlı bir çalışma noktası sağlar. Örneğin, bir jeneratör yardımcı program ızgarası ile paralel ve bu yardımcı program ızgara jeneratör hızı ve voltaj belirleyecektir. Hız ayar noktası biraz daha düşük olduğunda, hız valisi frekansı düşürmek için bir girişim yakıt kaynağı tamamen kapatacaktır. Eğer ayar noktası biraz daha yüksekse, hız valisi yakıt kaynağını tamamen açacaktır. Bu sorunları çözmek için, biz sarkmak kontrolleri kullanın. Anahtar Kelimeler: PWM (Darbe genişliği Modülasyonu), Conventional droop kontrolü, Boost dönüştürücüler, Voltaj regülatö There are different types of power converters as of late. In some types for example main supply, it is needed to give more than one load from a power supply. One of the primary difficulties while planning a power converter is to expand its effectiveness particularly when the quantity of intensity switches utilized is moderately vast.While a few loads are provided from a single source, if the Power misfortune in the switches can't be diminished, at that point the normal utilization of utilizing a single source isn't entirely do able. To reduce the misfortune and Increase effectiveness, the proposal gives a novel structure diminished number of switches. The extent of thistheory isn't restricted to the dc-dc converter just, the converter to supply three phase C loads from a single dc source is additionally introduced. This discourse incorporates an improved deficiency tolerant arrangement of theInverter part. The created waveforms from the simulations are incorporated as a showing of satisfactory outcomes. droop control is a well-known system for the parallel operation of inverters. In any case, the droop control system changes its structure for Inverters with various kinds of yield impedance The arising concerns on condition and sustainable vitality issues have advanced the improvement of distributed renewable power generation and the rising of Microgrids. Since renewable power sources are normally dispersed, it is difficult for the powerframework to manage an endless, yet growing, intermittent distributed power generation in a customary manner. To viably oversee distributed generation sources, load, and potentially energy storages, a systematic view must be taken. By integrating all these distributed units together, a micro power system is shaped from the distribution side, subsequently the designation of microgrid. given that distribution power system is once in the past considered as load just, the inclusion of generation and storage units in microgrids is on a very basic level changing the control and operational structure of conventional power framework. As traditional power framework depends on AC, microgrids are viewed as normally AC based at beginning time. A Three-Phase AC transport is commonly utilized as the purpose of common coupling PCC. PCC is ordinarily set as the main power interface between a utility network and the microgrid. The proper control of the distributed energy resources power converters associated in parallel is basic to provide vitality supply of high caliber and dependability inside microgrid. The control droop is broadly used to control these converters in AC islanded microgrids. The control droop directs frequency and voltage which causes the active and reactive power sharing, separately. Even though the control droop accomplishes a precise active power sharing, it presents Imprecisions in reactive power sharing which produces issues in voltage regulation. In this way, this writing audit is organized as pursues. To begin with, the presentation depicts the significance of droop control and its application to power converters inside a microgrid. The second segment demonstrates the significance of utilizing correspondence frameworks to take care of power sharing issues. The third area introduces the restrictions of this control in power sharing. In the fourth segment, we quickly examine and dissect the most recent works about improved droop control techniques. Droop control is the key solution for sharing the interest power between generators in independent microgrids where there is no help from the electricity distribution grid. Droop gains on decoupling of dynamic power and receptive power control, voltage guideline, control swaying and framework strength are examined. In the subsequent Load type think about, by applying the various kinds of faults, induction motor attributes are watched. By simulation results it is demonstrated that the fault intensity and duration will decide how the microgrid accomplishes quick frequency convergence and how quick protection framework operation can improve framework stability. Imbalanced nonlinear load is considered in the microgrid and the impacts of installed controllers on harmonic distortion, framework equalization and voltage regulation are observed. Droop control is a speed controller of a prime mover driving a synchronous generator connected to an electrical grid. In the droop speed control mode, the speed willdecrease by a fixed percentage when the generator is loaded from no-load to full load. This provides a stable working point for each load in case of parallel operation. For example, a generator is paralleled with the utility grid and this utility grid will determine the generator speed and voltage. When the speed setpoint is slightly lower, the speed governor will fully close the fuel supply to lower the frequency. If the setpoint slightly higher, the speed governor will fully open the fuel supply. To solve these problems, we use droop controls.Keywords: PWM (Pulse width Modulation), Conventional droop control, Boost converters, Voltage regulator 82