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Tuberculosis is the most ancient and resistant entity in the world of microbes that holds significant attention due to its substantial organ association. A lot has been done in diagnosing it and much is desired to isolate and enfold it in order to eradicate it especially from the third world countries. Presenting as a pulmonary inhabitant, it translocates itself in every organ causing significant morbidity and mortality. Recently, advances have been made in the field of molecular diagnostics to markedly improve the accuracy and point-in-time diagnosis. In addition, more promising methods are under development to further optimize the diagnosis.

For a fungal pathogen to successfully infect, colonize and spread inside a susceptible host, it must have overcome the host immune responses. The early recognition of the fungal pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) by the host’s pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) results in the establishment of anti-fungal immunity. Although, our immune system has evolved several processes to combat these pathogens both at the innate and adaptive immune levels. These organisms have developed various escape strategies to evade the recognition by the host\'s innate immune components and thus interfering with host immune mechanisms. In this chapter, we will summarize the major PRRs involved in sensing fungal PAMPS and most importantly the fungal tactics to escape the host\'s innate immune surveillance and protective mechanisms.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the hematobiochemical effects tempted by ochratoxin A (OTA) in White Leghorn (WL) cockerels and to evaluate the effect of silymarin (SL), vitamin E (VE) and their combination against OTA persuaded pathological alterations in cockerels. A total of 240 day-old WL cockerels were divided into 12 groups A-L having 20 birds in each group and group A was control. Two doses of OTA 1000 and 2000 µg/kg of feed were given to cockerels up to 7 weeks. Silymarin was administered at a dose rate of 10000 mg/kg and Vitamin E at a dose rate of 200 mg/kg alone and in combinations with two doses of OTA. In OTA treated groups total erythrocytes counts, leukocytes count, PCV and Hb were decreased as compared to control, SL and VE groups. Albumen and serum total proteins in OTA treated groups were significantly lower as compared to control, SL and VE groups. Serum alanine transferase was significantly increased in OTA fed groups in comparison with control, SL and VE groups. Creatinine and urea were increased in OTA treated groups but were almost normal in SL and VE groups. Results showed that OTA had severe effect on liver and kidney but SL and VE treated groups had normal liver and kidneys showing its hepatoprotective effects. However, at higher dose of OTA this ameliorative effect was partially observed. These agents may be recommended as a remedy for ochratoxicosis.

The present study was conducted on 453 lactating cattle of various breed present at 21 farms. The milk samples from these animals were collected to diagnose mastitis using California Mastitis Test (CMT). The epidemiological data related to animals and management was collected and analyzed to draw conclusions. The results of t-test revealed significant association between body weight, udder depth, and lower teat end to floor distance (P

Broilers (N=20 in each of 4 groups) kept under standard management conditions, were given various doses of salinomycin over a period of 8 weeks. They showed no clinical signs throughout the study. Those receiving 60 ppm, 120 ppm or 180 ppm salinomycin had significantly lesser body mass (P, Brojlerima (po 20 u 4 skupine) držanim u standardnim uvjetima uzgoja davane su različite doze salinomicina tijekom 8 tjedana. Nisu pokazivali nikakve kliničke znakove bolesti tijekom pokusa. Oni koji su dobivali 60 ppm, 120 ppm ili 180 ppm salinomicina imali su značajno manje (P