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Climate change is expected to alter global temperature and precipitation patterns resulting in complex environmental impacts. The proposed higher precipitation in northern Scandinavia would increase runoff from land, hence increase the inflow of terrestrial dissolved organic matter (tDOM) in coastal regions. This could promote heterotrophic bacterial production and shift the food web structure, by favoring the microbial food web. The altered climate is also expected to affect transport and availability of organic micropollutants (MPs), with downstream effects on exposure and accumulation in biota. This study aimed to assess climate-induced changes in a Bothnian Sea food web structure as well as bioaccumulation patterns of MPs. We performed a mesocosms-study, focusing on aquatic food webs with fish as top predator. Alongside increased temperature, mesocosm treatments included tDOM and MP addition. The tDOM addition affected nutrient availability and boosted both phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria in our fairly shallow mesocosms. The increased tDOM further benefitted flagellates, ciliates and mesozooplankton, while the temperature increase and MP addition had minor effect on those organism groups. Temperature, on the other hand, had a negative impact on fish growth and survival, whereas tDOM and MP addition only had minor impact on fish. Moreover, there were indications that bioaccumulation of MPs in fish either increased with tDOM addition or decreased at higher temperatures. If there was an impact on bioaccumulation, moderately lipophilic MPs (log Kow 3.6 - 4.6) were generally affected by tDOM addition and more lipophilic MPs (log Kow 3.8 to 6.4) were generally affected by increased temperature. This study suggest that both increased temperatures and addition of tDOM likely will affect bioaccumulation patterns of MPs in shallow coastal regions, albeit with counteracting effects.

Climate change has been projected to cause increased temperature and amplified inflows of terrestrial organic matter to coastal areas in northern Europe. Consequently, changes at the base of the food web favoring heterotrophic bacteria over phytoplankton are expected, affecting the food web structure. We tested this hypothesis using an outdoor shallow mesocosm system in the northern Baltic Sea in early summer, where the effects of increased temperature (+ 3°C) and terrestrial matter inputs were studied following the system dynamics and conducting grazing experiments. Juvenile perch constituted the highest trophic level in the system, which exerted strong predation on the zooplankton community. Perch subsequently released the microbial food web from heavy grazing by mesozooplankton. Addition of terrestrial matter had a stronger effect on the microbial food web than the temperature increase, because terrestrial organic matter and accompanying nutrients promoted both heterotrophic bacterial production and phytoplankton primary production. Moreover, due to the shallow water column in the experiment, terrestrial matter addition did not reduce the light below the photosynthesis saturation level, and in these conditions, the net-autotrophy was strengthened by terrestrial matter enrichment. In combination with elevated temperature, the terrestrial matter addition effects were intensified, further shifting the size distribution of the microbial food web base from picoplankton to microphytoplankton. These changes up the food web led to increase in the biomass and proportion of large-sized ciliates (>60 µm) and rotifers. Despite the shifts in the microbial food web size structure, grazing experiments suggested that the pathway from picoplankton to nano- and microzooplankton constituted the major energy flow in all treatments. The study implies that the microbial food web compartments in shallow coastal waters will adjust to climate induced increased inputs of terrestrial ma

Phytoplankton are used worldwide to monitor environmental status in aquatic systems. Long-time series of microscopy-analyzed phytoplankton are available from many monitoring stations. The microscopy-method is however time consuming and has short-comings. DNA metabarcoding has been suggested as an alternative method, but the consistency between different methods need further investigation. We performed a comparative study of microscopy and metabarcoding analyzing micro- and nanophytoplankton. For metabarcoding, 25-1000 ml seawater were filtered, DNA extracted and the 18S and 16S rRNA gene amplicons sequenced. For microscopy, based on the Utermöhl method we evaluated the use of three metrics: abundance, biovolume and carbon biomass. At the genus, species, and unidentified taxa level, metabarcoding generally showed higher taxonomic diversity than microscopy, and diversity was already captured at the lowest filtration volume tested, 25 ml. Metabarcoding and microscopy displayed relatively similar distribution pattern at the group level. The results showed that the relative abundances of the 18S rRNA amplicon at the group level best fitted the microscopy carbon biomass metric. The results are promising for implementing DNA metabarcoding as a complement to microscopy in phytoplankton monitoring, especially if databases would be improved and group level indexes could be applied to classify the environmental state of water bodies., Originally included in thesis in manuscript form.

The field of educational leadership research has been predominantly focused on school leadership. However, despite the distinctive characteristics of early childhood education, there is limited understanding of educational leadership at this level. Moreover, leadership has been conventionally studied from a traditional masculine perspective, despite the emergence of research literature in issues of female leadership. In this context, the study reported here sought to investigate, from a gender perspective, everyday practices of kindergarten-level headteachers and level coordinators in schools. This qualitative study is based on 24 in-depth interviews with early childhood education headteachers and school level coordinators. In addition, a job shadowing-based technique was carried out to follow the work of six participants over a working week, followed by closing interviews. The results of the study suggest that a leadership of well-being prevails among the participants, which is consistent with their professional ethics. Although this style can enhance their professional identity, from a gender perspective the research outcomes illustrate that this style has a double-edged dimension. The authors warn against the risk of uncritically praising “female leadership” and illustrate the tensions that can arise from perpetuating gender stereotypes. From an ethic of feminist care, the paper concludes proposing challenges in this field of educational leadership., La investigación en el campo del liderazgo educativo ha predominado en la literatura escolar, mientras existe escaso conocimiento al respecto en la educación inicial, a pesar de las distinciones de este nivel. A su vez, el liderazgo se ha estudiado desde una perspectiva tradicionalmente masculina, aunque existe una incipiente literatura en el área del liderazgo femenino. En este contexto, la investigación indaga, desde una perspectiva de género, las visiones y prácticas que ejercen las directoras de jardines infantiles y coordinadoras del nivel en establecimientos escolares. Con el fin de lograr este objetivo se realizó un estudio cualitativo basado en entrevistas en profundidad a 24 directoras/coordinadoras de establecimientos de distintas dependencias y un seguimiento a seis de las entrevistadas a través de un enfoque etnográfico durante la jornada laboral de una semana, a lo que se sumó entrevistas de cierre a las mismas seis directoras/coordinadoras. Los resultados del estudio evidencian que prevalece un liderazgo del bienestar de parte de las agentes directivas, lo que es consistente con su ética profesional en el trabajo con la primera infancia. Aunque este estilo pueda traer beneficios para su identidad profesional, desde una perspectiva de género la investigación da cuenta de que tal tipo de liderazgo implica a su vez un doble filo. Las autoras alertan el riesgo de elogiar de modo acrítico un “liderazgo femenino” y evidencian tensiones al perpetuar estereotipos de género. El texto finaliza proponiendo nuevos desafíos al respecto, desde una ética del cuidado feminista.

Climate change is projected to cause increased inflow of terrestrial dissolved organic matter to coastal areas in northerly regions. Estuarine bacterial community will thereby receive larger loads of organic matter and inorganic nutrients available for microbial metabolism. The composition of the bacterial community and its ecological functions may thus be affected. We studied the responses of bacterial community to inflow of terrestrial dissolved organic matter in a subarctic estuary in the northern Baltic Sea, using a 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding approach. Betaproteobacteria dominated during the spring river flush, constituting ~ 60% of the bacterial community. Bacterial diversity increased as the runoff decreased during summer, when Verrucomicrobia, Betaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gammaproteobacteria and Planctomycetes dominated the community. Network analysis revealed that a larger number of associations between bacterial populations occurred during the summer than in spring. Betaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes populations appeared to display similar correlations to environmental factors. In spring, freshly discharged organic matter favoured specialists, while in summer a mix of autochthonous and terrestrial organic matter promoted the development of generalists. Our study indicates that increased inflows of terrestrial organic matter-loaded freshwater to coastal areas would promote specialist bacteria, which in turn might enhance the transformation of terrestrial organic matter in estuarine environments.

Objective: to identify the emotional and behavioral impact on health professionals that treated patients with suicidal behavior in Antioquia. Methodology: formative research, through a qualitative design, from an interpretative paradigm with a phenomenological approach, an information analysis is carried out using triangulation. The study population is contacted by virtual mediation, with a total of 14 interviewees, including first and second level health professionals, also psychology practitioners. Informed consent and the semi-structured interview are used to collect the information through the google forms platform. Results: regarding the emotional impact, the most frequent aspects mentioned by the professionals are sadness, worry, fear, feeling of frustration, satisfaction and helplessness, thus finding different emotions when approaching patients with suicidal behavior; also manifesting the presence of anxiety. Discussion: a contrast is found in relation to previous studies in other countries of the world where remission was named and therefore avoidance as the main solution in the approach to patients with suicidal behavior, unlike those interviewed, where remission is the last resource they use, due to the greater awareness, education and training on the subject. Conclusions: it is identified as the main finding that more and more health and psychosocial professionals refer to the importance of personal care to be able to process the emotional, cognitive and behavioral impact when addressing suicidal behavior., El objetivo del texto es identificar el impacto emocional y conductual en profesionales de la salud que trataron a pacientes con comportamiento suicida en Antioquia. Como metodología, se realiza una investigación formativa a través de un diseño cualitativo, desde un paradigma interpretativo con enfoque fenomenológico, y se analizan los datos utilizando la triangulación. La población de estudio se contacta por mediación virtual: se cuenta con un total de 14 entrevistados, entre ellos profesionales de la salud de primer y segundo nivel de atención y practicantes de psicología. Para la recolección de la información se emplea el consentimiento informado y la entrevista semiestructurada mediante la plataforma de Google Forms. En cuanto al impacto emocional, se encuentra que los aspectos más frecuentes y nombrados por los profesionales son tristeza, preocupación, miedo, sensación de frustración, en algunos casos satisfacción, en otros impotencia, por lo que se concluye entonces que surgen diferentes emociones al a tratar pacientes con comportamiento suicida, además de la presencia de ansiedad. Se evidencia un contraste con relación a estudios previos en otros países donde se nombraba la remisión y por ello la evitación como principal solución en el abordaje de pacientes con comportamiento suicida, a diferencia de los entrevistados, para los que la remisión es el último recurso, debido a la mayor sensibilización, formación y capacitación frente al tema. Se identifica como principal hallazgo que, cada vez más, los profesionales de la salud y psicosociales refieren la importancia del cuidado personal para poder tramitar el impacto emocional, cognitivo y conductual al tratar el comportamiento suicida.

The influence of nutrient availability and light conditions on phytoplankton size-structure, nutritional strategy and production was studied in a phosphorus-poor estuary in the northern Baltic Sea receiving humic-rich river water. The relative biomass of mixotrophic nanophytoplankton peaked in spring when heterotrophic bacterial production was high, while autotrophic microphytoplankton had their maximum in summer when primary production displayed highest values. Limiting substance (phosphorus) only showed small temporal variations, and the day light was at saturating levels all through the study period. We also investigated if the phytoplankton taxonomic richness influences the production. Structural equation modelling indicated that an increase of the taxonomic richness during the warm summer combined with slightly higher phosphorus concentration lead to increased resource use efficiency, which in turn caused higher phytoplankton biomass and primary production. Our results suggest that climate warming would lead to higher primary production in northerly shallow coastal areas, which are influenced by humic-rich river run-off from un-disturbed terrestrial systems.