Search

The article discusses the use of Ethereum blockchain technology in the Internet of Things (IoT) network for IT diagnostics of patients, which increases data security and user privacy. This integration is proving effective for storing and managing sensitive data of patients with neurological diseases. An integrated system architecture has been developed that combines the IoT network, the IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) file structure with the Ethereum blockchain to create a reliable data storage model. This system ensures efficient, secure and transparent data processing, optimizing the processes of data registration, authorization and verification. Using IPFS for decentralized file storage, along with the Ethereum blockchain to create tamper-proof medical records, provides increased efficiency, scalability and privacy. During the experiments, the process of creating and testing the system was implemented, including setting up the environment, connecting an IPFS node, programming Ethereum smart contracts, sampling voice data and storing their hashes.

Unikernels are specialized operating system (OS) kernels optimized for a single application or service, offering advantages such as rapid boot times, high performance, minimal memory usage, and enhanced security compared to general-purpose OS kernels. Unikernel applications must remain compatible with the runtime environment of general-purpose kernels, either through binary or source compatibility. As a result, many Unikernel projects have prioritized system call compatibility over performance enhancements. In this paper, we explore the design principles of Unikernel file systems and introduce a new file system tailored for Unikernels named ULFS (Ultra Lightweight File System). ULFS provides system call services akin to those of general-purpose OS kernels but achieves superior performance and security with significantly fewer system resources. Specifically, ULFS is developed as a lightweight file system embracing Unikernel design principles. It streamlines system calls, removes unnecessary locks, and omits permission checks for multiple users, utilizing a non-hypervisor architecture. This approach significantly reduces the memory footprint of the file system and enhances performance. Through measurement studies, we assess the performance and memory requirements of various file systems from major Unikernel projects. Our findings demonstrate that ULFS surpasses several existing Unikernel file systems, including Rumpvfs, Ramfs-u, Ramfs-q, 9pfs, and Hcfs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

File system forensics is one of the most important areas of digital forensic investigations. To date, various file system forensic methods have been studied, of which anti-forensic countermeasures include deleted file recovery, metadata recovery, and metadata manipulation detection. In particular, manipulation detection of timestamps, which are important file metadata, is one of the key techniques in digital forensic investigations. Existing detection methods for file timestamp manipulation in the New Technology File System (NTFS) have been studied based on various file system and operating system artifacts. This paper compares and analyzes the features and limitations of various existing detection methods and confirms that the NTFS journal-based detection method is the most effectively way to detect timestamp manipulation. However, previous NTFS journal-based detection methods have limitations such as incorrectly identifying normal events as manipulation or detecting manipulation only in limited cases. Therefore, we propose a new detection algorithm that can overcome these limitations. The proposed detection algorithm was implemented as a tool and verified through performance comparison experiments with existing detection methods. The results of experiment showed that the proposed detection algorithm has significantly improved performance by detecting timestamp manipulations that were not detected by previous detection methods and identifying normal events that were misidentified by existing detection methods. Finally, we introduce a case in which existing detection methods and the proposed detection algorithm are applied to malware that performs file timestamp manipulation in real-world advanced persistent threat attacks. The results of which confirm the superiority of the proposed detection algorithm.

Solid-state drives (SSDs) are widely adopted in mobile devices, desktop PCs, and data centers since they offer higher throughput, lower latency, and lower power consumption to modern computing systems and applications compared with hard disk drives (HDDs). However, the performance of the SSDs can be degraded depending on the I/O access pattern due to the unique characteristics of SSDs. For example, random I/O operation degrades the SSD performance since it reduces the spatial locality and induces garbage collection (GC) overhead. In this paper, we present an address reshaping scheme in a virtual file system (VFS) called sVFS for improving performance and easy deployment. To do this, it first sequentializes a random access pattern in the VFS layer which is an abstract layer on top of a more concrete file system. Thus, our scheme is independent and easily deployed on any concrete file systems, block layer configuration (e.g., RAID), and devices. Second, we adopt a mapping table for managing sequentialized addresses, which guarantees correct read operations. Third, we support transaction processing for updating the mapping table to avoid sacrificing the consistency. We implement our scheme at the VFS layer in Linux kernel 5.15.34. The evaluation results show that our scheme improve the random write throughput by up to 27%, 36%, 34%, and 2.35× using the microbenchmark and 25%, 22%, 20%, and 3.51× using the macrobenchmark compared with the existing scheme in the case of EXT4, F2FS, XFS, and BTRFS, respectively.

Unikernels are specialized operating system (OS) kernels optimized for a single application or service, offering advantages such as rapid boot times, high performance, minimal memory usage, and enhanced security compared to general-purpose OS kernels. Unikernel applications must remain compatible with the runtime environment of general-purpose kernels, either through binary or source compatibility. As a result, many Unikernel projects have prioritized system call compatibility over performance enhancements. In this paper, we explore the design principles of Unikernel file systems and introduce a new file system tailored for Unikernels named ULFS (Ultra Lightweight File System). ULFS provides system call services akin to those of general-purpose OS kernels but achieves superior performance and security with significantly fewer system resources. Specifically, ULFS is developed as a lightweight file system embracing Unikernel design principles. It streamlines system calls, removes unnecessary locks, and omits permission checks for multiple users, utilizing a non-hypervisor architecture. This approach significantly reduces the memory footprint of the file system and enhances performance. Through measurement studies, we assess the performance and memory requirements of various file systems from major Unikernel projects. Our findings demonstrate that ULFS surpasses several existing Unikernel file systems, including Rumpvfs, Ramfs-u, Ramfs-q, 9pfs, and Hcfs.

Copyright of Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Securing multimedia data on disk drives is a major concern because of their rapidly increasing volumes over time, as well as the prevalence of security and privacy problems. Existing cryptographic schemes have high computational costs and slow response speeds. They also suffer from limited flexibility and usability from the user side, owing to continuous routine interactions. Dynamic encryption file systems can mitigate the negative effects of conventional encryption applications by automatically handling all encryption operations with minimal user input and a higher security level. However, most state-of-the-art cryptographic file systems do not provide the desired performance because their architectural design does not consider the unique features of multimedia data or the vulnerabilities related to key management and multi-user file sharing. The recent move towards multi-core processor architecture has created an effective solution for reducing the computational cost and maximizing the performance. In this paper, we developed a parallel FUSE-based encryption file system called ParallelFS for storing multimedia files on a disk. The developed file system exploits the parallelism of multi-core processors and implements a hybrid encryption method for symmetric and asymmetric ciphers. Usability is significantly enhanced by performing encryption, decryption, and key management in a manner that is fully dynamic and transparent to users. Experiments show that the developed ParallelFS improves the reading and writing performances of multimedia files by approximately 35% and 22%, respectively, over the schemes using normal sequential encryption processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

File system forensics is one of the most important elements in digital forensic investigations. To date, various file system forensic methods, such as analysis of tree structure and the recovery of deleted file data, have been studied. Among these file system forensic methods, the recovery of file system metadata is a key technique that makes digital forensic investigations possible by recovering metadata when it is not possible to obtain metadata in a regular manner because the file system structure is damaged due to an accident/disaster or cyber terrorism. Previous studies mainly focused on recovering record or entry data, which are the basic units of metadata, using carving techniques via a fixed values or values capable of range prediction at the beginning of the data. However, no studies have been conducted on metadata without such fixed values or values capable of range prediction. $\$ $ LogFile, which is a metadata file of the New Technology File System (NTFS) that is one of the most used file systems at present, contains very important metadata that provide a history of all file system operations during a specific period. However, since there is no fixed value or a value capable of range prediction at the start position of the record, which is the basic unit of $\$ $ LogFile, there have been no studies on recovery using record units, and only recovery by file and page have been possible. If the file header or page header of $\$ $ LogFile is damaged, existing recovery methods cannot properly recover the metadata; in such cases, a record-level recovery method is required to recover the metadata. In this context, we investigated the mechanisms of record storage through a detailed analysis of the $\$ $ LogFile structure and proposed a recovery method for records without fixed values. Our proposed method was implemented as a tool and verified through comparative experiments with existing forensic tools that recover $\$ $ LogFile data. The experimental results showed that the proposed recovery method was able recover all the data that existing tools are unable to recover in situations where the $\$ $ LogFile data were damaged. The implemented tools are released free of charge to contribute digital forensic community. Finally, we explained what important role $\$ $ LogFile played in solving real-world cases and confirm the importance of recovering $\$ $ LogFile data in situations where file systems may be damaged due to accidents and disasters.

Extensive research on persistent memory (PM)-aware file systems has led to the development of numerous methods for improving read/write throughput. In particular, accessing or modifying file contents in a similar manner to the memory operations through mmap is a common approach. We designed a file system, CFFS (Contiguous File Allocation with Fine-Grained Metadata File System), to rapidly allocate PM pages to upper layer applications for mmap and to alleviate page fault overheads due to mmap. We optimized the physical contiguity of files in PM to reduce file fragmentation and increase fragment alignment with the goal of reducing software overhead. To achieve this goal, we implemented greedy-based buddy systems and implicit preallocation with a not-most-recently-used (NMRU) policy based on our overall page allocation strategy of considering not only the spatial but also the temporal locality of file access patterns. Furthermore, for efficient and atomic metadata operations, we fully leveraged the byte-addressable property of PM to design fine-grained metadata. CFFS adopts persistent doubly linked lists for directory operations to identify and recover from inconsistencies caused by system failures, doing so without using traditional log mechanisms. In experiments, CFFS showed superior page allocation performance to EXT4-DAX and NOVA did under different PM fragmentation levels. Our allocation algorithm also reduced the cost of page faults for frequently appended files. Finally, CFFS’s lightweight directory operations performed excellently in creating and deleting files of various quantities. In summary, the main contribution of the paper is proposing an efficient page allocation algorithm to improve the performance of subsequent mmaps, based on the strategy of considering not only the spatial but also the temporal locality of file access patterns in PM file systems. Another contribution was the fine-grained and log-free method for atomic directory operations.

Existing nonvolatile memory (NVM)-based file systems can fully leverage the characteristics of NVM to obtain better performance than traditional disk-based file systems. It has the potential capacity to efficiently manage metadata and perform fast metadata operations. However, most NVM-based file systems mainly focus on managing file metadata (inode), while pay little attention to directory metadata (dentry), which also has a noticeable impact on the file system performance. Besides, the traditional journaling technique that guarantees metadata consistency may not yield satisfactory performance on NVM-based file systems. To solve these problems, in this article we propose a fast and low overhead metadata operation mechanism, called FLOMO. It first adopts a novel slotted-paging structure in NVM to reorganize dentry for efficiently performing dentry operations, and utilizes the red–black tree in DRAM to accelerate dentry lookup and the search process of dentry deletion. Moreover, FLOMO presents a selective journaling scheme for metadata updates, which partially logs the changes related to dentry in the proposed slotted page, thereby, mitigating the redundant journaling overhead. To verify FLOMO, we implement it in a typical NVM-based file system, the persistent memory file system (PMFS). Experimental results show that FLOMO accelerates the metadata operations in PMFS by 34.4% $\sim 59$ %, and notably reduces the journaling overhead for metadata, shortening the latency by 59% on average. For real-world applications, FLOMO has higher throughput compared with PMFS, PMFS without journal, and NOVA, achieving up to $2.1\times $ , $1.1\times $ , and $1.3\times $ performance improvement, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multimedia content providers (such as cyberlockers) are overwhelmed by huge volumes and large sizes of multimedia files. Cyberlockers provide Quality-of-Service (QoS) downloading to end users as the files are split into fragments. However, merging these fragments on the fly for streaming harms Quality-of-Experience (QoE) of users and overwhelms computational capacity. As a solution, this paper proposes a FUSE based file system, namely fumy , for efficient storage of large multimedia files as small sized fragments (for downloading) and virtually unifying them for their efficient retrieval (for streaming). We discuss virtual unification, namespace manipulation and operation redirection employed by fumy to achieve its goal. We also discuss the implementation details of fumy as a FUSE file system. We evaluated fumy for its performance on extended file systems in various operational and benchmarking configurations. Our results suggest that fumy adds minimal performance overhead to extended file systems when the fragment size is 512 MiB or higher, imposes least performance tax on ext4 file system, and even enhances the performance of extended file systems for specific workloads and fragments sizes. We recommend using ext4 file system with fragment size of 512 MiB for different workloads to achieve optimal performance of fumy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Computer Sciences Institute is the property of Lublin University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Securing multimedia data on disk drives is a major concern because of their rapidly increasing volumes over time, as well as the prevalence of security and privacy problems. Existing cryptographic schemes have high computational costs and slow response speeds. They also suffer from limited flexibility and usability from the user side, owing to continuous routine interactions. Dynamic encryption file systems can mitigate the negative effects of conventional encryption applications by automatically handling all encryption operations with minimal user input and a higher security level. However, most state-of-the-art cryptographic file systems do not provide the desired performance because their architectural design does not consider the unique features of multimedia data or the vulnerabilities related to key management and multi-user file sharing. The recent move towards multi-core processor architecture has created an effective solution for reducing the computational cost and maximizing the performance. In this paper, we developed a parallel FUSE-based encryption file system called ParallelFS for storing multimedia files on a disk. The developed file system exploits the parallelism of multi-core processors and implements a hybrid encryption method for symmetric and asymmetric ciphers. Usability is significantly enhanced by performing encryption, decryption, and key management in a manner that is fully dynamic and transparent to users. Experiments show that the developed ParallelFS improves the reading and writing performances of multimedia files by approximately 35% and 22%, respectively, over the schemes using normal sequential encryption processing.

NOVA, a state-of-the-art non-volatile memory (NVM) file system, has limited performance due to its coarse-grained per-file lock when multiple threads perform I/Os to a shared file in a manycore environment. For instance, a writer lock blocks other threads attempting to access the same file, although they access different regions of a file. When multiple threads reading the same file share a cache line containing a reader counter, performance can be significantly degraded due to cache consistency protocol as we increase the number of readers. This paper proposes a fine-grained segment-based range lock (SRL) that divides a file into multiple segments and manages a lock variable dynamically for each segment. Consequently, write operations can be parallelized without blocking unless there is a conflict in accessing the same range in a file. Moreover, SRL maintains a reader counter per segment that allows multiple reader threads to perform read operations without causing a performance bottleneck. We evaluated an SRL-based NOVA on an Intel Optane DC persistent memory (PM) manycore server. The benchmarking results showed that the average write throughput of the SRL-based NOVA is $3\times $ higher than the original NOVA, and the average read throughput scales linearly, while the original NOVA does not scale.

Rendering is widely used for visual effects in animations, video games, and movies. As the computational load in rendering workloads fluctuates greatly over time, it is attractive to use cloud infrastructures for cost-effective rendering. However, we analyze that cloud rendering has several technical challenges involved in the handling of rendering input data. In this article, we analyze the workload characteristics of popular rendering projects, and find out the following three observations. First, total size of rendering input files reaches tens to hundreds of gigabytes, and uploading these large data to cloud increases the startup latency of rendering significantly. Second, the consistency requirement of file systems in cloud rendering is complicated compared to that of traditional distributed file systems. Third, file accesses in rendering are highly skewed such that the top 20% files account for 60-80% of total accesses, whereas 40-70% are never used or used only once. Based on these observations, we design and implement a new file system for cloud rendering, which has the function of version control, on-demand fetch, and distributed cooperative caching for rendering data. This allows for minimizing data transmission overhead caused by the large input data of rendering and satisfying the rendering data consistency. Measurement studies under synthetic and real workloads show that the proposed file system performs better than the conventional uploading scheme and NFS by 55.4% and 29.5% on average, respectively.

Solid-state drives (SSDs) have accelerated the architectural evolution of storage systems with several characteristics (e.g., out-of-place update) compared with hard disk drives (HDD). Out-of-place update of SSDs naturally can support transaction mechanism which is commonly used in systems to provide crash consistency. Thus, transactional functionality has been recently implemented inside solid-state drives (SSDs). However, this approach must be re-evaluated for enterprise storage with a standard interface to investigate their benefits in a more realistic and standard fashion. In this article, we explore the implications and challenges of transactional SSDs with different experiments. To evaluate the potential benefit of transactional SSDs, we design and implement the transactional functionality in a Samsung enterprise-class and SATA-based SSD (i.e., SM843TN) called TxSSD. We modify the local file systems (i.e., ext4 and btrfs) and a distributed parallel file system (i.e., Lustre) to utilize TxSSDs. Our modified file systems with TxSSDs provide crash consistency without redundant writes. We evaluate our file systems by using multiple micro and macro benchmarks. We analyze the performance results and demonstrate that TxSSDs may generate an overhead for supporting transactional functionality inside SSD.

File-based deception technologies can be used as an additional security barrier when adversaries have successfully gained access to a host evading intrusion detection systems. Adversaries are detected if they access fake files. Though previous works have mainly focused on using user data files as decoys, this concept can be applied to system files. If so, it is expected to be effective in detecting malicious users because it is very difficult to commit an attack without accessing a single system file. However, it may suffer from excessive false alarms by legitimate system services such as file indexing and searching. Legitimate users may also access fake files by mistake. This paper addresses this issue by introducing a hidden interface. Legitimate users and applications access files through the hidden interface which does not show fake files. The hidden interface can also be utilized to hide sensitive files by hiding them from the regular interface. By experiments, we demonstrate the proposed technique incurs negligible performance overhead, and it is an effective countermeasure to various attack scenarios and practical in that it does not generate false alarms for legitimate applications and users.

The problem associated with current file archiving systems is a slow processing time owing to unnecessary data copying. To address this problem, a novel archiving system with zero-copy merging and splitting operations, referred to as AvaTar, is presented herein. For the operations, instead of copying the data, the block allocation information of the files is manipulated at the kernel level. We implemented kernel-level archiving primitives in a Linux kernel, called AvaTar-FS, and a user-level archiving tool, called AvaTar agent. Our evaluation results indicated that AvaTar required only 0.48 s to extract 1,024 files from a 4 GB archive file, which is 132-times faster when compared with traditional GNU Tar archiving. AvaTar affords practical benefits in uploading files to a real-world cloud storage system, and successfully completes the transfer of 1,024 files to Amazon Web Service cloud storage within 60.55% of the processing time required through a traditional approach.

Virtualization is widely used in modern computer systems ranging from personal computers to cloud servers as it provides various heterogeneous platforms at low cost. However, due to its nested software structure in host and guest machines that are difficult to harmonize, it is challenging to manage resources efficiently in virtualized systems. In this article, we anatomize the overhead of virtualization associated with file system journaling and discover the excessively frequent commits that take place in virtualized systems. This is because the host triggers commit on every write request from all guest machines. This also generates unnecessary write traffic to storage. To remedy these problems, we propose the VM-separated commit, and implement it on QEMU-KVM and Ext4. Specifically, we devise a data structure that manages modified file blocks from each guest as a separate list and split the running transaction list into two sub-transactions based on this data structure upon a commit request from a guest. Measurement studies with Filebench and IOzone benchmarks show that the proposed policy improves the I/O throughput by 19.5% on average and up to 64.2% over existing systems. It also reduces the variability in performance.

It has been demonstrated that deception technologies are effective in detecting advanced persistent threats and zero-day attacks which cannot be detected by traditional signature-based intrusion detection techniques. Especially, a file-based deception technology is promising because it is very difficult (if not impossible) to commit an attack without reading and modifying any file. It can play as an additional security barrier because malicious file access can be detected even if an adversary succeeds in gaining access to a host. However, PhantomFS still has a problem that is common to deception technologies. Once a deception technology is known to adversaries, it is unlikely to succeed in alluring adversaries. In this paper, we classify adversaries who are aware of PhantomFS according to their knowledge level and permission of PhantomFS. Then we analyze the attack surface and develop a defense strategy to limit the attack vectors. We extend PhantomFS to realize the strategy. Specifically, we introduce multiple hidden interfaces and detection of file execution. We evaluate the security and performance overhead of the proposed technique. We demonstrate that the extended PhantomFS is secure against intelligent adversaries by penetration testing. The extended PhantomFS offers higher detection accuracy with lower false alarm rate compared to existing techniques. It is also demonstrated that the overhead is negligible in terms of response time and CPU time.

The mismatch between logical and physical I/O granularity inhibits the deployment of embedded file systems. Most existing embedded file systems manage logical space with a small unit, which is no longer the case of the flash operation granularity. Manually enlarging the logical I/O granularity of file systems requires enormous transplanting efforts. Moreover, large logical pages signify the write amplification problem, which turns to severe space consumption and performance collapse. This article designs a novel storage middleware, NV-middle, for legacy-embedded file systems with large-capacity flash memories. Legacy-embedded storage schemes can be smoothly transplanted into new platforms with different hardware read/write granularity. Moreover, the legacy optimization schemes can be maximally reserved, without inducing write amplification problems. We implement NV-middle with the state-of-the-art embedded file system, YAFFS2. Comprehensive evaluations show that NV-middle can achieve times of performance improvement over manually transplanted YAFFS2 with various workloads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Antivirus (AV) is of an important concern to the end-users community. Mainly, the AV achieves security by scanning data against its database of virus signatures. In addition, the AV tries to reach a pleasant balance between security and United States of Americability. When to scan data is an important design decision an AV has to make. Because AVs are equipped with on-access scanners that scan files when necessary, we want to have a fine-grained approach that provides us with high precision explanation of the performance impact of the AVs on different file system operations. Microsofts minifilter driver technology helps us achieve exactly what we want. By deploying a minifilter driver, we show that most overhead of the tested AVs are greatly imposed on the OPEN operation. Interestingly, we also show that the AV greatly enhances the timing for the READ operation. Finally, the WRITE and CLEANUP operations show almost no differences in terms of performance.

A popular user-space file system framework, FUSE, has been widely used for building various customized file systems (cFS) on top of the underlying kernel file system (kFS). A FUSE-based cFS gains adequate flexibility by developing its specific functions in user space, but brings extra user-kernel mode switches in the request processing flow owing to forwarding all requests from the FUSE kernel driver to the user-space daemon, thus degrading the overall performance. We observe that a file data request does not need to forward to the user-space daemon when its file-to-file mapping between the FUSE-based cFS and the underlying kFS remains unchanged. Based on the insight, we propose a modified FUSE framework - DeFUSE that decouples the processing flow of the metadata and data requests. The metadata requests still follow the original flow to reserve flexibility while the data requests are directly executed in the DeFUSE kernel driver maintaining the file-to-file mappings in the kernel, effectively eliminating the unnecessary mode switches. We have implemented the DeFUSE framework and ported three representative FUSE-based cFSs to DeFUSE. The result shows that for data-centric workloads, the throughput of DeFUSE-based cFSs increases up to 3.5X for write and 3.8X for read respectively, compared to their corresponding FUSE-based implementations. DeFUSE is available on Github.

We propose a new I/O architecture for NAND flash-based SSDs, called application-managed flash (AMF) and present two case studies to show its usefulness. In a typical SSD controller, an intermediate software layer, called the flash translation layer (FTL), is employed between NAND flash chips and a host interface. The main responsibility of an FTL is to provide interoperability with conventional HDDs, but this interoperability comes at the cost of extra hardware resources and degraded I/O performance. The proposed AMF refactors the flash storage architecture so that an SSD controller exposes append-only segments, which do not permit overwriting. This refactoring dramatically improves performance of applications and reduces hardware costs by allowing applications to directly manage flash storage with minimal supports from the SSD controller. In order to understand the benefits of AMF, we study two popular applications: a log-structured file system (F2FS) and a key-value store (RocksDB). Our experiments show that the DRAM in the flash controller is reduced by 128X and the performances of the file system and the key-value store improve by 80 and 54 percent, respectively, over conventional SSDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To record the flight data of unmanned helicopter in real time, and for the convenience of subsequent analysis of the helicopter′s flight state and mathematical modeling, in this paper, a data recorder with the features of good practicability, generality and convenient to transplantation is designed with software and hardware solution. This solution is designed with ARM microcontroller combined with SD card and the file system, and commonly used communication interfaces are added to connect with different devices using different communication protocols. By actual running tests, the flight data can be well stored in the file set up before, and provides the convenience for subsequent data analysis, curve drawing and so on. Also, it has certain significance for popularization and practical value.

Due to the rapid proliferation of sensors and intelligent devices, the cyber-physical-social computing and networking (CPSCN) is emerging as a new computing paradigm. Massive data have been generated in the CPSCN environment. The traditional data deduplication is not able to handle the CPSCN environment due to the involved long latency. This paper presents a low latency in-line data deduplication file system (LDFS). The LDFS decouples the unique data block and fingerprint index by writing the address of data blocks to the corresponding file recipe and fingerprint index, thus avoiding accessing fingerprint index on the path of the read operation. For every unique data block, the LDFS assigns a globally unique ID, and thus, the LDFS only requires one disk access to obtain the corresponding data block reference count using the global ID. In order to guarantee the write performance, the LDFS employs finer granularity lock to optimize the block flushing strategy of write buffer. Experimental results demonstrate that the LDFS significantly enhances the read and write performance on the critical path in contrast to the traditional deduplication file system LessFS. Meanwhile, the LDFS achieves almost the same deduplication ratio (40.8) as that of LessFS.

In the conventional operating system, file modification overhead is very high because data block should be rewritten to the storage system when we delete or insert several bytes in disk system. To reduce the overhead of file modification, we have to provide byte stream operation to the block device, which can delete bytes of data without block-alignment consideration. In this paper, we explain a variable length block scheme to modify the contents of a file in a situation where some data is deleted. The variable length block is a technique that minimizes block writing by creating a bumper area in a block to save the contents of all files in a situation where some bytes are deleted and storing only the block where the modification occurred. With this approach, we can mimics byte stream operation on block-based disk storage system. In experiment result, we show that the performance of the proposed system is superior to conventional file system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2005 NERSC and IBM Global Services Federal began work to develop an integrated HSM solution using the GPFS file system and the HPSS hierarchical storage system. It was foreseen that this solution would play a key role in data management at NERSC, and fill a market niche for IBM. As with many large and complex software projects, there were a number of unforeseen difficulties encountered during implementation. As the effort progressed, it became apparent that DMAPI alone could not be used to tie two distributed, high performance systems together without serious impact on performance. This document discusses the evolution of the development effort, from one which attempted to synchronize the GPFS and HPSS name spaces relying solely on GPFS?s implementation of the DMAPI specification, to one with a more traditional HSM functionality that had no synchronized namespace in HPSS, and finally to an effort, still underway, which will provide traditional HSM functionality, but requires features from the GPFS Information Lifecycle Management (ILM) to fully achieve this goal in a way which is scalable and meets the needs of sites with aggressive performance requirements. The last approach makes concessions to portability by using file system features such as ILM and snapshotting in order to achieve a scalable design.

Digital forensics (DF) tools are used for post-mortem investigation of cyber-crimes. CFTT (Computer ForensicsTool Testing) Program at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has defined expectations for aDF tool’s behavior. Understanding these expectations and how DF tools work is critical for ensuring integrityof the forensic analysis results. In this paper, we consider standardization of one class of DF tools which arefor Deleted File Recovery (DFR). We design a list of canonical test file system images to evaluate a DFR tool.Via extensive experiments we find that many popular DFR tools do not satisfy some of the standards, and wecompile a comparative analysis of these tools, which could help the user choose the right tool. Furthermore,one of our research questions identifies the factors which make a DFR tool fail. Moreover, we also providecritique on applicability of the standards. Our findings is likely to trigger more research on compliance ofstandards from the researcher community as well as the practitioners.

Buffer caching is an effective approach to improve the system performance and extend the lifetime of SSDs. However, the frequent synchronization operations in most real-world applications limit such advantages. This paper proposes to adopt emerging non-volatile main memories (NVMMs) to relieve the above problems while achieving both efficient and consistent cache management. To this end, an adaptive fine-grained cache (AFCM) scheme is proposed, which is motivated by our observation that the file data in many synchronized pages is partially updated for a wide range of workloads, implying that fine-grained cache management can save the NVMM cache space wasted by the clean parts. To reduce the cache index overhead introduced by fine-grained cache management, AFCM employs a Hybrid Cache based on DRAM and NVMM, with which the normal read and write operations are served without performance penalty. We also propose the Transactional Copy-on-Write mechanism to guarantee the crash consistency of both NVMM cache space and file system image. Our experimental results show that AFCM provides up to 84 percent performance improvement and 63 percent SSD write reduction on average compared to the conventional coarse-grained cache management scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital forensics (DF) tools are used for post-mortem investigation of cyber-crimes. CFTT (Computer Forensics Tool Testing) Program at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has defined expectations for a DF tool's behavior. Understanding these expectations and how DF tools work is critical for ensuring integrity of the forensic analysis results. In this paper, we consider standardization of one class of DF tools which are for Deleted File Recovery (DFR). We design a list of canonical test file system images to evaluate a DFR tool. Via extensive experiments we find that many popular DFR tools do not satisfy some of the standards, and we compile a comparative analysis of these tools, which could help the user choose the right tool. Furthermore, one of our research questions identifies the factors which make a DFR tool fail. Moreover, we also provide critique on applicability of the standards. Our findings is likely to trigger more research on compliance of standards from the researcher community as well as the practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the increasing Internet population, there has been an explosion in the amount of digital data generated and also an increase in data complexity. This trend is called big data paradigm. As the Internet of Things (IoT) takes center stage, the growth of data will continue to increase. Therefore, the demand for mass storage devices that have high access speed is increasing. Industry has been paying attention to flash memories that can process large amounts of data at high speed. It will be a good alternative for storing and processing ever-increasing amounts of data because of low power consumption, high shock resistance, portability and fast access speed. However, the write speed is about 10–20 times slower than the read speed in flash memory. In addition, write operations are not allowed to be performed with in-place updates. Garbage collection mechanism is proposed in order to solve the problem incurred by the not-in-place update property of write operations. However, garbage collection mechanism unavoidably causes overhead of additional internal operations, which leads to performance degradation. In this paper, to prevent performance degradation caused by garbage collection, we propose a request-size-aware flash translation layer (RSaFTL) and a hierarchical request-size-aware flash translation layer (HiRSaFTL). They are designed based on page-level address translation. In RSaFTL and HiRSaFTL, page-sized data with high temporal locality cluster into a special area called active blocks by exploiting the property of realistic traces. As a result of the experiments, RSaFTL and HiRSaFTL reduce the number of pages migrated during garbage collections by up to 17.9% and 21.3%, respectively, compared with pure page-level flash transition layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern file systems employ journaling techniques to guarantee data consistency in case of unexpected system crashes or power failures. However, journaling file systems usually suffer from performance decrease due to the extra journal writes. Moreover, the emerging non-volatile memory technologies (NVMs) have the potential capability to reduce the journaling overhead by being deployed as the journaling storage devices. However, traditional journaling techniques, which are designed for hard disks, fail to perform efficiently in NVMs. In order to address this problem, we propose an NVM-based journaling scheme, called NJS. The basic idea behind NJS is to reduce the journaling overhead of traditional file systems while fully exploiting the byte-accessibility characteristic of NVM, and alleviating the slow write and endurance limitation of NVM. Our NJS consists of four major contributions: (1) In order to decrease the amount of journal writes, NJS only needs to write the file system metadata and over-write data to NVM as write-ahead logging, thus alleviating the slow write and endurance limitation of NVM. (2) NJS adopts a wear aware strategy for NVM journal block allocation in which each block can be evenly worn out, thus further extending the lifetime of NVM. (3) We propose a novel journaling update scheme in which journal data blocks can be updated in the byte-granularity based on the difference of the old and new versions of journal blocks, thus fully exploiting the unique byte-accessibility characteristic of NVM. (4) NJS includes a garbage collection mechanism that absorbs the redundant journal updates, and actively delays the checkpointing to the file system. Evaluation results show the efficiency and efficacy of NJS. For example, compared with Ext4 with a ramdisk-based journaling device, the throughput improvement of Ext4 with our NJS is up to 131.4 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steganography is considered to be not only a science, but also a craft of concealing ongoing communication by hiding messages in unsuspicious cover documents, such as texts, digital images, audio and video sequences. Its essential feature is the constant search for - often exceptionally creative - possibilities of concealing information. In computers, steganography often uses secondary memory and exchangeable memory media utilising file systems. This paper deals with the current state of the issues related to information hiding by means of hard disks, being the most important source of forensic data. This paper focuses on information hiding using the File Allocation Table (FAT) file system. It also proposes a novel multi-carrier algorithm of hiding information in file fragmentation. The algorithm provides flexibility of encoding the information to be hidden and makes steps toward optimization that allows reduction of interference with the current state of the file system, represented by the statistical values of the file fragmentation parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NAND flash memory has been widely used in consumer electronics, such as tablet personal computers and smart phones. However, unlike traditional hard disk, a garbage collection is required to reclaim memory space during data updates. A garbage collection includes a series of extra read, write and erase operations. Both write and erase operations are time consuming process, which affect the effectiveness and efficiency of the NAND flash memory system. Moreover, flash memory blocks are challenged by the limitation of the erase count. Thus, considerable efforts have been paid to reduce the garbage collection overhead and improve wear leveling. In this paper, an efficient and non-time-sensitive file-aware garbage collection algorithm, called FaGC+, is proposed. The FaGC+ algorithm involves a novel update frequency calculation method and a novel cold-hot logical page categorization scheme. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing garbage collection algorithms in terms of garbage collection overhead and time-sensitivity in wear leveling control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]