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It remains a challenge to produce soft robots that can mimic the responsive adaptability of living organisms. Rather than fabricating soft robots from bulk hydrogels,hydrogels are integrated into the interfacial assembly of aqueous two-phase systems to generate ultra-soft and elastic all-aqueous aquabots that exhibit responsive adaptability, that can shrink on demand and have electrically conductive functions. The adaptive functions of the aquabots provide a new platform to develop minimally invasive surgical devices, targeted drug delivery systems, and flexible electronic sensors and actuators.

Lightweight, flexible and highly conductive electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are of great importance for protecting flexible electronics and telecommunication devices under extremely high temperature conditions. A potential solution is to incorporate ceramic phases with highly conductive flexible carbon nanotube films to improve their thermal stability. However, the grain size of the ceramic phase generally increased significantly as the temperature increased which led to brittleness. In this work, a highly flexible carbon nanotube (CNT) film with controllable ceramic nanocrystals was prepared by precursor infiltration and pyrolysis. The silicon carbide (SiC) grain size in the nanocomposites was inhibited by the spatial confinement effects of CNT networks and a second amorphous SiBCN phase. The SiC grain size in the composite film decreased with the increase of the SiBCN content and the elongation at break of the nanocomposites improved significantly by 45 %. Moreover, the initial thermogravimetric temperature of the prepared films has been significantly improved to exceed 600 °C compared to the raw CNT film. Importantly, the nanocomposite film exhibited an average EMI shielding effectiveness of ∼40 dB from 8.2 to 12.4 GHz. Benefiting from the ultrafine grain size, the nanocomposite films could be folded and extended without micro-cracks over 1000 times. Combining the performance and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite film, this approach provides important guidance for designing high-performance CNT-based electromagnetic shielding materials with superior flexibility at elevated temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Electrically conductive fiberfibre/fabric composites (ECFCs) are competitive candidates for use in wearable electronics. Therefore, it is essential to develop mechanically robust ECFC strain sensors with sensing performance. In this study, MXene assembly and hot-pressing were combined to prepare strong yet breathable ECFCs for strain and temperature sensing. Hydrogen bonding between MXene and polyurethane (PU) and ultrasonication-induced interfacial sintering were responsible for MXene nanosheets assembly on the PU nanofibers. MXene decoration made PU nanofibers electrically conductive, resulting in a conductive network. Hot-pressing improved interface adhesion among the conductive nanofibers. Thus, the mechanical properties of the nanofiber composites, including tensile strength, toughness and fracture energy, were enhanced. The nanofiber composites exhibited surface stability and durability. When the nanofiber composites were used as strain sensors, they showed breathability with a linear resistance response ranging from 1 % to 100 % and cycling stability. In addition, they produced stable sensing signals over 1000 cycles when a notch was present. They could also monitor temperature variations with a negative temperature coefficient (−0.146 %/°C). This study provides an interfacial regulation method for the preparation of multi-functional nanofiber composites with potential applications in flexible and wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have created a modern infrared (IR) sensor that is both super-sensitive and highly flexible. This remarkable device possesses impressive properties of exceptional sensitivity (24,000%), high responsiveness (1.25 A/W), and fast response time (3 ms). This innovation stands out for its unique construction: an ultrathin layer of lead sulfide (PbS) deposited on a standard Whatman filter paper. This design achieves a photo-current 32 times greater than previous record-holding PbS thin films. The key advantage is its unmatched flexibility. This sensor can bend and flex without breaking, maintaining its IR detection capabilities even after enduring extreme bending cycles. This breakthrough paves the way for a new era of wearable IR photo sensors, flexible electronics, and medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanthanum nickel oxide (LaNiO 3, LNO) films exhibit excellent electrical conductivity but poor mechanical properties, considerably limiting their further development in the field of flexible electronics. In this study, flexible LNO thin films of different thicknesses were fabricated on a unique two-dimensional (2D) mica platform using a simple metal organic deposition technique. The obtained LNO films exhibited a pseudocubic phase without impurities. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterisations proved that the films were well-crystallised, dense, and flat, with controllable thickness. In addition, the flexible LNO/mica element possesses low resistivity (5 × 10−4 Ω cm), translucency, and good bending resistance. The electrical resistivity can remain stable under various bending radii (r = 10∼2 mm), thousands of bending cycles, and a wide temperature range (28–200 °C), demonstrating good durability, mechanical stability and temperature resistance. Furthermore, a ferroelectric BiFeO 3 film was constructed based on the obtained conductive LNO electrode, which exhibited typical ferroelectric characteristics. This excellent performance suggests that the flexible LNO electrode is promising for flexible electronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular tubules in natural leaves form quasi-fractal networks that can be metallized. Traditional metallization techniques for these lignocellulose structures are complex, involving metal sputtering, nanoparticle solutions, or multiple chemical pretreatments. Here we present a novel, facile, and reliable method for metallizing leaf-derived lignocellulose scaffolds using silver microparticles. The method achieves properties on-par with the state-of-the-art, such as broadband optical transmittance of over 80%, sheet resistances below 1 Ω/sq., and a current-carrying capacity exceeding 6 A over a 2.5 × 2.5 cm² quasi-fractal electrode. We also demonstrate copper electrodeposition as a cost-effective approach towards fabricating such conductive, biomimetic quasi-fractals. Additionally, we show that these metallized structures can effectively eliminate pathogenic microorganisms like fecal coliforms and E. coli, which are bacterial indicators of microbiological contamination of water. We finally show that these oligodynamic properties can be significantly enhanced with a small externally applied voltage, indicating the noteworthy potential of such structures for water purification and pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of the laser sintering for inkjet-printed nanoparticles and metal organic decomposition (MOD) inks on a flexible polymeric film has been analyzed in detail. A novel approach by implementing, next to a commonly 3.2 mm diameter spot laser optic, a line laser optic with a laser beam area of 2 mm × 80 mm, demonstrates the high potential of selective laser sintering to proceed towards a fast and efficient sintering methodology in printed electronics. In this work, a multiplicity of laser parameters, primary the laser speed and the laser power, have been altered systematically to identify an optimal process window for each ink and to convert the dried and non-conductive patterns into conductive and functional silver structures. For each ink, as well as for the two laser optics, a suitable laser parameter set has been found, where a conductivity without any damage to the substrate or silver layer could be achieved. In doing so, the margin of the laser speed for both optics is ranging in between 50 mm/s and 100 mm/s, which is compatible with common inkjet printing speeds and facilitates an in-line laser sintering approach. Considering the laser power, the typical parameter range for the spot laser lays in between 10 W and 50 W, whereas for the line optics the full laser power of 200 W had to be applied. One of the nanoparticle silver inks exhibits, especially for the line laser optic, a conductivity of up to 2.22 × 107 S‧m−1, corresponding to 36% of bulk silver within a few seconds of sintering duration. Both laser sintering approaches together present a remarkable facility to use the laser either as a digital tool for sintering of defined areas by means of a spot beam or to efficiently sinter larger areas by means of a line beam. With this, the utilization of a laser sintering methodology was successfully validated as a promising approach for converting a variety of inkjet-printed silver patterns on a flexible polymeric substrate into functionalized conductive silver layers for applications in the field of printed electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible and stretchable electronics have emerged as a groundbreaking technology with wide-ranging applications, including wearable devices, medical implants, and environmental monitoring systems. Among their numerous applications, hydrogen sensing represents a critical area of research, particularly due to hydrogen's role as a clean energy carrier and its explosive nature at high concentrations. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in flexible and stretchable electronics tailored for resistive hydrogen sensing applications. It begins by introducing the fundamental principles underlying the operation of flexible and stretchable resistive sensors, highlighting the innovative materials and fabrication techniques that enable their exceptional mechanical resilience and adaptability. Following this, the paper delves into the specific strategies employed in the integration of these resistive sensors into hydrogen detection systems, discussing the merits and limitations of various sensor designs, from nanoscale transducers to fully integrated wearable devices. Special attention is paid to the sensitivity, selectivity, and operational stability of these resistive sensors, as well as their performance under real-world conditions. Furthermore, the review explores the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, including the scalability of manufacturing processes, the integration of resistive sensor networks, and the development of standards for safety and performance. Finally, the review concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the potential impacts of flexible and stretchable resistive electronics in hydrogen energy systems and safety applications, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to realize the full potential of this innovative technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microparticle manipulation is a critical concern across various fields including microfabrication, flexible electronics and tissue engineering. Acoustic-activated sharp structures have been designed as simple and flexible tools to manipulate microparticles with their good compatibility, fast response, and broad tunability. However, there still lacks rational acoustic-structure design for effective energy concentration at the acoustic-activated sharp structures for microparticle manipulation. Here, we present the acoustic black hole (ABH) effect as enhancement for the acoustic micro-manipulator. It provides great reliability, simplicity and ease of use, supporting custom design of high-throughput patterning modes. Moreover, compared to commonly used configurations, such as cylindrical or conical microneedles, those microneedles with ABH profile exhibit superior acoustic energy focusing at the tip and induce stronger acoustofluidic effects. The average acoustic flow velocity induced by the ABH microneedle is 154 times greater than that of the conical one and 45 times greater than that of the cylindrical microneedle. Besides, the average acoustic radiation force (ARF) produced by the ABH microneedle against acrylic microparticles is about 319 times greater than that of the cylindrical one and 16 times greater than that of the conical one. These results indicate that ABH design significantly enhances microparticle manipulation. We demonstrate this concept with ABH effect enhanced microparticle manipulation and study the parameters influencing its performance including operating frequency, operating voltage and particle diameter. Furthermore, considering the flexibility of this system, we employ it for various patterning and high-throughput microparticle manipulation. This work paves the way for controllable microparticle manipulation, holding great potential for applications in microfabrication and biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase change materials that can absorb or release large amounts of heat during phase transition, play a critical role in many important processes, including heat dissipation, thermal energy storage, and solar energy utilization. In general, phase change materials are usually encapsulated in passive modules to provide assurance for energy management. The shape and mechanical changes of these materials are greatly ignored. An emerging class of phase change materials, liquid metals (LMs) have attracted significant interest beyond thermal management, including in transformable robots, flexible electronics, soft actuators, and biomedicine. Interestingly, the melting point of LM is highly tunable around body temperature, allowing it to experience considerable stiffness change when interacting with human organisms during solid–liquid change, which brings about novel phenomena, applied technologies, and therapeutic methods, such as mechanical destruction of tumors, neural electrode implantation technique, and embolization therapy. This review focuses on the technology, regulation, and application of the phase change process along with diverse changes of LM to facilitate emerging biomedical applications based on the influences of mechanical stiffness change and versatile regulation strategies. Typical applications will also be categorized and summarized. Lastly, the advantages and challenges of using the unique and reversible process for biomedicine will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional nanocomposite materials are hybrid systems combining nanoscale fillers with a matrix, resulting in enhanced properties such as mechanical strength, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity. These materials are highly versatile, finding applications across a broad range of fields, including aerospace for lightweight, strong components, electronics for flexible and high-performance devices, healthcare for targeted drug delivery and tissue engineering, and environmental sectors for water purification and pollutant sensing. Their tunable properties make them ideal for addressing emerging challenges in various industries. This special issue entitled as "Functional Nanocomposite Materials" of Journal of Materials Science is a remarkable collection of invited and contributed papers on this topic, showcasing outstanding recent research results in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physiotherapies play a crucial role in noninvasive tissue engineering for wound healing. However, challenges such as the implementation of complex interventions and unsatisfactory treatment outcomes impede widespread application. Here, we proposed a stretchable and wirelessly-powered optoelectronic synergistic patch with a dual-layer serpentine wireless receiver circuit to drive the optoelectronic modulation component. Optimized structure and impedance matching enable the patch to seamlessly attach to irregular skin surfaces and operate robustly over a 30% tensile strain range. Based on Sprague-Dawley rat wound model. The wound closure rate of the optoelectronic synergistic group significantly outperformed both monointervention and blank control groups. Mechanistically, optoelectronic synergistic intervention enhances the secretion of vascular endothelial marker proteins and growth factors, and stabilizes mitochondrial function during oxidative stress. Overall, the scalable amalgamation of flexible electronics, wireless transmission, and synergistic interventions promise to improve wound care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic semiconductor‐based nano/micro‐membranes are of great interest and can be used as active materials for high‐performance and flexible electronics, due to their unique and stable physical or chemical properties. However, the creation of high‐quality and single‐crystalline semiconducting membranes, particularly germanium (Ge) membranes, remains a significant challenge. In this study, a wet etching approach is developed to thin bulk Ge into soft Ge membranes, which are further used to fabricate flexible and stretchable photodetectors. The thickness of the obtained Ge membranes can be precisely controlled, with a minimum thickness of ≈1.6 µm. Investigations on the surface morphology, surface chemical composition, and Raman shifts indicate that the prepared Ge membranes are single‐crystalline and suitable for the following device fabrication. As an example, flexible and stretchable Ge photodetectors, of which the stretchability is realized by a meshed‐structure design, are demonstrated. Bending (with a minimum radius of 4 mm and a bending cycle of 10 000 times) and stretching (with a stretching strain of up to 10%) tests result in negligible variations in the device performance, revealing good flexibility, and stretchability, as well as the significant potentials of the prepared Ge membranes as candidates for flexible electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic investigation of optical, electrochemical, photophysical, and electrooptical properties of printable green color-emitting polymer (poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-bithiophene)) (F8T2) and spiro-copolymer (SPG-01T) was conducted to explore their potentiality as an emissive layer for wearable polymer light-emitting diode (PLED) applications. We compared the two photoactive polymers in terms of their spectral characteristics and color purity, as these are the most critical factors for wearable lighting sources and optical sensors. Low-cost, solution-based methods and facile architecture were applied to produce rigid and flexible light-emitting devices with high luminance efficiencies. Emission bandwidths, color coordinates, operational characteristics, and luminance were also derived to evaluate the device's stability. The tuning of emission's spectral features by layer thickness variation was realized and was correlated with the interplay between H-aggregates and J-aggregates formations for both conjugated polymers. Finally, we applied the functional green light-emitting PLED devices based on the two studied materials for the detection of Rhodamine 6G. It was determined that the optical detection of the R6G photoluminescence is heavily influenced by the emission spectrum characteristics of the PLED and changes in the thickness of the active layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the development of flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) utilizing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanoflakes (CNNFs) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composites fabricated via the direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing method. A novel approach of synthesizing CNNFs using the ethanol exfoliation method was demonstrated, which significantly reduces preparation time and cost compared to traditional acid exfoliation. The CNNFs are incorporated into PVDFs at varying weight percentages (5, 7.5, 10, and 15 wt.%) to optimize the β-phase content and piezoelectric properties. Characterization techniques including XRD, FTIR, and FESEM confirm the successful synthesis and alignment of nanoflakes inside the PVDF matrix. The film with 7.5% CNNF achieves the highest performance, exhibiting a peak output voltage of approximately 6.5 V under a 45 N force. This study also explores the effects of UV light exposure. Under a UV light, the film exhibits an output voltage of 8 V, indicating the device's durability and potential for practical applications. The fabricated device showed significant voltage outputs during various human motions, confirming its suitability for wearable self-powered IoT applications. This work highlights the efficacy of the ethanol exfoliation method and the DIW printing technique in enhancing the performance of flexible PENGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based hydrogels have attracted significant attention due to their excellent biocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties, and ability to form stable three-dimensional networks. This comprehensive review explores the recent advancements in PVA-based hydrogels, focusing on their unique properties, fabrication strategies, and multifunctional applications. Firstly, it discusses various facile synthesis techniques, including freeze/thaw cycles, chemical cross-linking, and enhancement strategies, which have led to enhanced mechanical strength, elasticity, and responsiveness to external stimuli. These improvements have expanded the applicability of PVA-based hydrogels in critical areas such as biomedical, environmental treatment, flexible electronics, civil engineering, as well as other emerging applications. Additionally, the integration of smart functionalities, such as self-healing capabilities and multi-responsiveness, is also examined. Despite progress, challenges remain, including optimizing mechanical stability under varying conditions and addressing potential toxicity of chemical cross-linkers. The review concludes by outlining future perspectives, emphasizing the potential of PVA-based hydrogels in emerging fields like regenerative medicine, environmental sustainability, and advanced manufacturing. It underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in realizing the full potential of these versatile materials to address pressing societal challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of flexible Zn‐ion batteries (FZIBs) significantly hinges on the development of gel electrolytes, characterized by their mechanical properties, ionic conductivity, and environmentally friendly production processes. The prevailing challenge in this domain has been devising a gel electrolyte that encapsulates all these critical attributes effectively for practical application. This study presents a novel zinc ion gel (Zn‐gel) electrolyte developed for FZIBs, synthesized via ethanol vapor‐induced assembly of cellulose molecules. This innovative process fosters significant hydrogen bonding and ion‐complexation with Zn2+ ions, resulting in a gel with exceptional mechanical strength (0.88 MPa), high ion transference (over 0.7), and impressive ionic conductivity (8.39 mS cm−1). The Zn‐gel enables a FZIB to achieve a reversible capacity of 207.3 mAh g−1 and over 93% Coulombic efficiency after 500 cycles, devoid of liquid electrolyte. Highlighting a promising route for high‐performance, eco‐friendly gel electrolytes, this research advances flexible electronics and portable device applications, demonstrating the profound potential of bio‐based polymers in enhancing energy storage technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-skin is a bionic device with flexible and intelligent sensing ability that can mimic the touch, temperature, pressure, and other sensing functions of human skin. Because of its flexibility, breathability, biocompatibility, and other characteristics, it is widely used in health management, personalized medicine, disease prevention, and other pan-health fields. With the proposal of new sensing principles, the development of advanced functional materials, the development of microfabrication technology, and the integration of artificial intelligence and algorithms, e-skin has developed rapidly. This paper focuses on the characteristics, fundamentals, new principles, key technologies, and their specific applications in health management, exercise monitoring, emotion and heart monitoring, etc. that advanced e-skin needs to have in the healthcare field. In addition, its significance in infant and child care, elderly care, and assistive devices for the disabled is analyzed. Finally, the current challenges and future directions of the field are discussed. It is expected that this review will generate great interest and inspiration for the development and improvement of novel e-skins and advanced health monitoring systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating flexible electronics and photonics can create revolutionary technologies, but combining these components on a single polymer device has been difficult, particularly for high-volume manufacturing. Here, we present a robust chiplet-level heterogeneous integration of polymer-based circuits (CHIP), where ultrathin polymer electronic and optoelectronic chiplets are vertically bonded at room temperature and shaped into application-specific forms with monolithic Input/Output (I/O). This process was used to develop a flexible 3D integrated optrode with high-density microelectrodes for electrical recording, micro light-emitting diodes (μLEDs) for optogenetic stimulation, temperature sensors for bio-safe operations, and shielding designs to prevent optoelectronic artifacts. CHIP enables simple, high-yield, and scalable 3D integration, double-sided area utilization, and miniaturization of connection I/O. Systematic characterization demonstrated the scheme's success and also identified frequency-dependent origins of optoelectronic artifacts. We envision CHIP being applied to numerous polymer-based devices for a wide range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modified polyol process was used to produce low-cost silver nanowires, which were analyzed using surface plasmon resonance, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These nanowires were used to create silver ink with specific properties suitable for inkjet and aerosol printing. The ink's electrical resistivity was 140 µΩ cm on paper and 200 µΩ cm on polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal micro/nanoparticle ink-based printed circuits have shown promise for promoting the scalable application of flexible electronics due to enabling superhigh metallic conductivity with cost-effective mass production. However, it is challenging to activate printed metal-particle patterns to approach the intrinsic conductivity without damaging the flexible substrate, especially for high melting-point metals. Here, we report a pressure-constrained sonication activation (PCSA) method of the printed flexible circuits for more than dozens of metal (covering melting points from room temperature to 3422 °C) and even nonmetallic inks, which is integrated with the large-scale roll-to-roll process. The PCSA-induced synergistic heat-softening and vibration-bonding effect of particles can enable multilayer circuit interconnection and join electronic components onto printed circuits without solder within 1 s at room temperature. We demonstrate PCSA-based applications of 3D flexible origami electronics, erasable and foldable double-sided electroluminescent displays, and custom-designed and large-area electronic textiles, thus indicating its potential for universality in flexible electronics. It is challenging to activate the flexible printed metal circuit to approach the intrinsic conductivity with minimal damage to the substrate. Here, the authors report a large-scale pressure-constrained sonication activation method for various metals and non-metallic inks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible electronics is an emerging and cutting‐edge technology which is considered as the building blocks of the next generation micro‐nano electronics. Flexible electronics integrate both active and passive functions in devices, driving rapid developments in healthcare, the Internet of Things (IoT), and industrial fields. Among them, flexible temperature sensors, which can be directly attached to human skin or curved surfaces of objects for continuous and stable temperature measurement, have attracted much attention for applications in disease prediction, health monitoring, robotic signal sensing, and curved surface temperature measurement. Preparing flexible temperature sensors with high sensitivity, fast response, wide temperature measurement interval, high flexibility, stretchability, low cost, high reliability, and stability has become a research target. This article reviewed the latest development of flexible temperature sensors and mainly discusses the sensitive materials, working mechanism, preparation process, and the applications of flexible temperature sensors. Finally, conclusions based on the latest developments, and the challenges and prospects for research in this field are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transfer printing is a key technology in the fabrication of flexible electronics. Transfer printing method based on curvature provides a simple and effective way to transfer films onto weakly adhesive or even adhesiveless surfaces, overcoming the shortage of traditional transfer printing methods that it is difficult to print functional materials from strong interface to weak interface and can only be applicable to surfaces with certain interfacial strength. So far, the theoretical principle of the curvature‐based transfer printing method has not yet been developed. In this article, a dual‐interface competitive fracture model is established to analyze the mechanism of printing and picking up processes and quantitatively provide the critical transfer printing radius in terms of material and geometric properties of the transfer printing system. This model is verified to be both correct and widely applicable by rich experimental results, providing a new and reliable theory for the fabrication of inorganic flexible electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its outstanding physical and chemical properties, graphene synthesized by laser scribing on polyimide (PI) offers excellent opportunities for photothermal applications, antiviral and antibacterial surfaces, and electrochemical storage and sensing. However, the utilization of such graphene for imaging is yet to be explored. Herein, using chemically durable and electrically conductive laser‐induced graphene (LIG) for tomography imaging in aqueous suspensions is proposed. These graphene electrodes are designed as impedance imaging units for four‐terminal electrical measurements. Using the real‐time portable imaging prototypes, the conductive and dielectric objects can be seen in clear and muddy water with equivalent impedance modeling. This low‐cost graphene tomography measurement system offers significant advantages over traditional visual cameras, in which the suspended muddy particles hinder the imaging resolution. This research shows the potential of applying graphene nanomaterials in emerging marine technologies, such as underwater robotics and automatic fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A neuromorphic computing network based on SiCx memristor paves the way for a next-generation brain-like chip in the AI era. Up to date, the SiCx–based memristor devices are faced with the challenge of obtaining flexibility and uniformity, which can push forward the application of memristors in flexible electronics. For the first time, we report that a flexible artificial synaptic device based on a Ag NPs:a–SiC0.11:H memristor can be constructed by utilizing aluminum foil as the substrate. The device exhibits stable bipolar resistive switching characteristic even after bending 1000 times, displaying excellent flexibility and uniformity. Furthermore, an on/off ratio of approximately 107 can be obtained. It is found that the incorporation of silver nanoparticles significantly enhances the device's set and reset voltage uniformity by 76.2% and 69.7%, respectively, which is attributed to the contribution of the Ag nanoparticles. The local electric field of Ag nanoparticles can direct the formation and rupture of conductive filaments. The fitting results of I–V curves show that the carrier transport mechanism agrees with Poole–Frenkel (P–F) model in the high-resistance state, while the carrier transport follows Ohm's law in the low-resistance state. Based on the multilevel storage characteristics of the Al/Ag NPs:a–SiC0.11:H/Al foil resistive switching device, we successfully observed the biological synaptic characteristics, including the long–term potentiation (LTP), long–term depression (LTD), and spike–timing–dependent plasticity (STDP). The flexible artificial Ag NPs:a–SiC0.11:H/Al foil synapse possesses excellent conductance modulation capabilities and visual learning function, demonstrating the promise of application in flexible electronics technology for high-efficiency neuromorphic computing in the AI period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyester-based advanced thin films have versatile industrial applications, especially in the fields of textiles, packaging, and electronics. Recent advances in polymer science and engineering have resulted in the development of advanced amorphous and semi-crystalline polyesters with exceptional performance compared to those of conventional polymeric films. Among these, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) and cyclic-monomer-based polyesters have gained considerable attention for their exceptional characteristics and potential applications in smart films. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and applications of CHDM and cyclic-monomer-based advanced polymers for smart film applications. It discusses the structure–property relationships of these innovative polyesters and highlights their unique characteristics, including thermal, mechanical, and barrier characteristics. Furthermore, this article also emphasizes the solution, melt, and solid-state polymerizations of the polymers. Special emphasis is placed on the influence of the addition of a second diol or second diacid on the performance characteristics of synthesized polyesters/copolyesters to explore their versatile industrial applications. Additionally, the impact of the stereochemistry of the monomers is explored to optimize the characterization of polyesters suitable for industrial applications. Furthermore, this article explores the potential of these advanced polyesters to be considered as materials for smart film applications, especially in the field of flexible electronics. Finally, this article examines the challenges and future recommendations for the development of CHDM and cyclic-monomer-based polyesters for smart film applications. It discusses potential avenues for further research, including in-depth studies for the synthesis and characterization of polyesters, the development of sustainable and biodegradable alternatives to cyclic monomers, alternative green approaches for the synthesis of polymers, etc. This review article provides valuable insight for researchers in academia and industry who are working in the fields of polymer science and materials engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a novel material, liquid metal has attracted the attention of scientists for its unique properties and wide potential applications. In this paper, the basic concepts, properties, and behaviors of liquid metals under different conditions are introduced, and the latest advances in their synthesis methods and application fields are discussed. The development status of liquid metal in science and industry is also introduced. The latest research progress of liquid metals is systematically reviewed, and the potential and application prospect of liquid metals in materials science, engineering, and electronic technology are revealed. The research scope covers the wide application of liquid metals in nanotechnology, materials engineering, electronic technology, energy, and other fields, as well as the latest application cases of liquid metals in flexible electronic devices, sensors, catalysts, energy storage, and other fields. At the same time, the core disputes and problems to be solved in the field of liquid metals are discussed. Through the comments on liquid metals, we hope to provide reference and guidance for researchers and promote the further development in the field of liquid metals. This review would help stimulate more people’s interest in liquid metals and encourage innovation and application development in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in electronic device technology have led to an exponential growth in demand for more efficient and versatile transistors. In this context, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to their unique properties and potential for flexible and low-cost applications. However, to overcome some of the inherent limitations of OFETs, the integration of organic materials with other materials and technologies has been proposed, giving rise to a new generation of hybrid devices. In this article, we explore the development and advances of organic field-effect transistors and highlight the growing importance of hybrid devices in this area. In particular, we focus on three types of emerging hybrid devices: organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), organic light-emitting field-effect transistors (OLEFETs) and organic field-effect waveguides (OFEWs). These devices combine the advantages of organic materials with the unique capabilities of other technologies, opening up new possibilities in fields such as flexible electronics, bioelectronics, or optoelectronics. This article provides an overview of recent advances in the development and applications of hybrid transistors, highlighting their crucial role in the next generation of electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgrids have emerged as a key element in the transition towards sustainable and resilient energy systems by integrating renewable sources and enabling decentralized energy management. This systematic review, conducted using the PRISMA methodology, analyzed 74 peer-reviewed articles from a total of 4205 studies published between 2014 and 2024. This review examines critical areas such as reinforcement learning, multi-agent systems, predictive modeling, energy storage, and optimization algorithms—essential for improving microgrid efficiency and reliability. Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things, and flexible power electronics are highlighted for enhancing energy management and operational performance. However, challenges persist in integrating AI into complex, real-time control systems and managing distributed energy resources. This review also identifies key research opportunities to enhance microgrid scalability, resilience, and efficiency, reaffirming their vital role in sustainable energy solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), a successfully commercialized polymeric semiconductor material, has potential as a transparent electrode in flexible electronic devices, yet has insufficient conductivity. We present the synthesis, properties, and directed crystallization of the PEDOT:dodecyl sulfate (PEDOT:DS) film. Iron(III) dodecyl sulfate (Fe(DS)3) multi-lamellar vesicles (MLVs), a new growth template, are used to synthesize and direct the growth of the PEDOT:DS film via vapor-phase polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene to form huge PEDOT:DS co-crystal domains within the MLV superstructure. The polycrystalline film has metallic conductivity (avg. ~1.0 × 104 S cm−1), is highly transparent and mechanically durable yet flexible, and suitable for next-generation flexible electronics. These noteworthy properties are conferred by the MLV lamellar superstructure of Fe(DS)3, a selective oxidant and an efficient in situ dopant that enhances the film hydrophobicity and durability. Sophisticated MLV-type oxidants are foreseen to enable the synthesis of more conductive, transparent, robust, flexible, and water-stable polymer electrode materials in future. PEDOT:PSS is a conductive polymer with potential as electrodes in flexible electronics, but conductivity is not always satisfactory. Here, the authors report the use of dodecyl sulfate in place of polystyrene sulfonate to prepare a durable and conductive film with large crystal domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stretchable electrodes based on liquid metals (LM) are widely used in human‐machine interfacing, wearable bioelectronics, and other emerging technologies. However, realizing the high‐precision patterning and mechanical stability remains challenging due to the poor wettability of LM. Herein, a method is reported to fabricate LM‐based multilayer solid–liquid electrodes (m‐SLE) utilizing electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printed confinement template. In these electrodes, LM self‐assembled onto these high‐resolution templates, assisted by selective wetting on the electrodeposited Cu layer. This study shows that a m‐SLE composed of PDMS/Ag/Cu/EGaIn exhibits line width of ≈20 µm, stretchability of ≈100%, mechanical stability ≈10 000 times (stretch/relaxation cycles), and recyclability. The multi‐layer structure of m‐SLE enables the adjustability of strain sensing, in which the strain‐sensitive Ag part can be used for non‐distributed detection in human health monitoring and the strain‐insensitive EGaIn part can be used as interconnects. In addition, this study demonstrates that near field communication (NFC) devices and multilayer displays integrated by m‐SLEs exhibit stable wireless signal transmission capability and stretchability, suggesting its applicability in creating highly‐integrated, large‐scale commercial, and recyclable wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dense mechanoreceptors in human fingertips enable texture discrimination. Recent advances in flexible electronics have created tactile sensors that effectively replicate slowly adapting (SA) and rapidly adapting (RA) mechanoreceptors. However, the influence of dermatoglyphic structures on tactile signal transmission, such as the effect of fingerprint ridge filtering on friction‐induced vibration frequencies, remains unexplored. A novel multi‐layer flexible sensor with an artificially synthesized skin surface capable of replicating arbitrary fingerprints is developed. This sensor simultaneously detects pressure (SA response) and vibration (RA response), enabling texture recognition. Fingerprint ridge patterns from notable historical figures – Rosa Parks, Richard Nixon, Martin Luther King Jr., and Ronald Reagan – are fabricated on the sensor surface. Vibration frequency responses to assorted fabric textures are measured and compared between fingerprint replicas. Results demonstrate that fingerprint topography substantially impacts skin‐surface vibrational transmission. Specifically, Parks' fingerprint structure conveyed higher frequencies more clearly than those of Nixon, King, or Reagan. This work suggests individual fingerprint ridge morphological variation influences tactile perception and can confer adaptive advantages for fine texture discrimination. The flexible bioinspired sensor provides new insights into human vibrotactile processing by modeling fingerprint‐filtered mechanical signals at the finger‐object interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing technologies have matured to produce complex structures, still they are often limited to static materials. Introducing alkoxyamine bonds into 3D printed structures offers unprecedented possibilities for post‐synthetic modification through nitroxide exchange reaction and nitroxide‐mediated polymerization. This study provides a comprehensive molecular and macroscopic characterization of 3D‐printed alkoxyamine‐containing dynamic covalent adaptable networks. The study provides new insights into their dynamic structural and mechanical alterations, making them promising candidates for advanced applications ranging from biomedical engineering to flexible electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the area of flexible electronics, pressure sensors are a widely utilized variety of flexible electronics that are both indispensable and prevalent. The importance of pressure sensors in various fields is currently increasing, leading to the exploration of materials with unique structural and piezoelectric properties. Perovskite-based materials are ideal for use as flexible pressure sensors (FPSs) due to their flexibility, chemical composition, strain tolerance, high piezoelectric and piezoresistive properties, and potential integration with other technologies. This article presents a comprehensive study of perovskite-based materials used in FPSs and discusses their components, performance, and applications in detecting human movement, electronic skin, and wireless monitoring. This work also discusses challenges like material instability, durability, and toxicity, the limited widespread application due to environmental factors and toxicity concerns, and complex fabrication and future directions for perovskite-based FPSs, providing valuable insights for researchers in structural health monitoring, physical health monitoring, and industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hybridization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and Cu nanoparticles offers a promising strategy for creating highly conductive and mechanically stable fillers for flexible printed electronics. In this study, we report the ultrafast synthesis of SWCNT/Cu hybrid nanostructures and the fabrication of flexible electrodes under ambient conditions through a laser-induced photo-thermal reaction. Thermal energy generated from the nonradiative relaxation of the π-plasmon resonance of SWCNTs was utilized to reduce the Cu-complex (known as a metal–organic decomposition ink) into Cu nanoparticles. We systematically investigated the effects of SWCNT concentration and output laser power on the structural and electrical properties of the SWCNT/Cu hybrid electrodes. The SWCNT/Cu electrodes achieved a minimum electrical resistivity of 46 μohm·cm, comparable to that of the metal-based printed electrodes. Mechanical bending tests demonstrated that the SWCNT/Cu electrodes were highly stable and durable, with no significant deformation observed even after 1000 bending cycles. Additionally, the electrodes showed rapid temperature increases and stable Joule heating performance, reaching temperatures of nearly 80 °C at an applied voltage of less than 3.5 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-healing materials span diverse application fields, including flexible electronics, soft robotics, and energy devices. However, conventional self-healing materials pose a challenge in achieving the delicate balance between flexibility and electrical conductivity. Moreover, they also suffer from prolonged healing times, incomplete healing, and high manufacturing costs. Liquid metals possess excellent self-healing capabilities owing to their unique combination of fluidic and metallic properties, high surface tension, and reversible solid-liquid phase change at room temperature, offering an intriguing material option for addressing the challenges associated with flexibility and electrical conductivity. In this review article, we comprehensively examine the domain of self-healing liquid metals from the standpoint of typical mechanisms underlying self-healing processes, as well as practical strategies employed for achieving such rejuvenation. Additionally, we explore representative applications that showcase the potential of these materials while aiming to provide a valuable reference for advancing and enhancing the field of self-healing materials. Future prospect along this direction is made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) has gained clinical approval over several decades, with extensive research dedicated to novel drug and device development. Despite notable research progress, the market adoption of TDD devices has not met anticipated levels, with oral administration and injection remaining predominant delivery methods. To maximize the potential of TDD, we identify bottlenecks hindering its widespread clinical application and propose promising research avenues. We begin by analyzing stringent demands necessary to truly benefit patients, addressing significant challenges in biomechanics, nanomedicine, and flexible electronics. Subsequently, we delve into skin anatomy, enhancement strategies, nano-carriers, and their underlining mechanisms, highlighting the importance and framework of quantitative modeling. Based on these discussions, we highlight the core strength of TDD, such as automatic precise administration based on feedback and high delivery efficiencies, especially applicable to localized conditions (e.g., central nervous system diseases, tumors). Finally, we envision the future of intelligent TDD device and its operation scenario, aiming to steer research efforts toward faster translation of laboratory innovations into widely used products for sufferers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Conductive hydrogels prepared by electrohydrodynamic printing exhibit enhanced conductivity. • Ion-electron conductive hydrogel with MXene co-ILs composite conductive network. • Hydrogel exhibited good mechanical properties, excellent sensing performance, and high frost resistance. • Hydrogel-based flexible strain sensor for human motion detection and information transmission. Conductive hydrogels with high performance and frost resistance are essential for flexible electronics, electronic skin, and soft robots. Nonetheless, the preparation of hydrogel-based flexible strain sensors with rapid response, wide strain detection range, and high sensitivity remains a considerable challenge. Furthermore, the inevitable freezing and evaporation of water in sub-zero temperatures and dry environments lead to the loss of flexibility and conductivity in hydrogels, which seriously limits their practical application. In this work, ionic liquids (ILs) and MXene are introduced into gelatin/polyacrylamide (PAM) precursor solution, and a PAM/gelatin/ILs/MXene/glycerol (PGIMG) hydrogel-based flexible strain sensor with MXene co-ILs ion–electron composite conductive network is prepared by combining the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing method and in-situ photopolymerization. The introduction of ILs provides an ionic conductive channel for the hydrogel. The introduction of MXene nanosheets forms an interpenetrating network with gelatin and PAM, which not only provides a conductive channel, but also improves the mechanical and sensing properties of the hydrogel-based flexible strain sensor. The prepared PGIMG hydrogel with the MXene co-ILs ion–electron composite conductive network demonstrates a tensile strength of 0.21 MPa at 602.82 % strain, the conductivity of 1.636 × 10−3 S/cm, high sensitivity (Gauge Factor, GF = 4.17), a wide strain detection range (1–600 %), and the response/recovery times (73 ms and 74 ms). In addition, glycerol endows the hydrogel with excellent freezing (−60 °C) and water retention properties. The application of the hydrogel-based flexible strain sensor in the field of human motion detection and information transmission shows the great potential of wearable devices, electronic skin, and information encryption transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive hydrogels combine the properties of both hydrogels and conductors, making them soft, flexible, and biocompatible. These properties enable them to conform to irregular surfaces, stretch and bend without losing their electrical conductivity, and interface with biological systems. Conductive hydrogels can be utilized as conductive traces, electrodes, or as a matrix for flexible electronics. Exciting applications in sensors, tissue engineering, and human-machine interaction have been demonstrated worldwide. This review comprehensively covers the progress in this field, focusing on several main aspects: functional materials, performance improvement strategies, and wearable applications in human-related areas. Furthermore, the major approaches and challenges for improving their mechanical properties, conductivity, and long-term stability are systematically summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible sensors are used widely in wearable devices, specifically flexible piezoresistive sensors, which are common and easy to manipulate. However, fabricating such sensors is expensive and complex, so proposed here is a simple fabrication approach involving a sensor containing microstructures replicated from a sandpaper template onto which polydimethylsiloxane containing a mixture of graphene and carbon nanotubes is spin coated. The surface morphologies of three versions of the sensor made using different grades of sandpaper are observed, and the corresponding pressure sensitivities and linearity and hysteresis characteristics are assessed and analyzed. The results show that the sensor made using 80-mesh sandpaper has the best sensing performance. Its sensitivity is 0.341 kPa−1 in the loading range of 0–1.6 kPa, it responds to small external loading of 100 Pa with a resistance change of 10%, its loading and unloading response times are 0.126 and 0.2 s, respectively, and its hysteresis characteristic is ∼7%, indicating that the sensor has high sensitivity, fast response, and good stability. Thus, the presented piezoresistive sensor is promising for practical applications in flexible wearable electronics. HIGHLIGHTS: • A piezoresistive flexible sensor is fabricated by replicating microstructures from sandpaper onto a PDMS-RGO-CNT composite. •The sensor exhibits sensing performance with high sensitivity, rapid response, and low hysteresis. •Larger microstructures replicated from sandpaper show better performance compared to smaller ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative Industrial Clusters (IIC), characterized by geographical aggregation and technological collaboration among technology enterprises and institutions, serve as pivotal drivers of regional economic competitiveness and technological advancements. Prior research on cluster identification, crucial for IIC analysis, has predominantly emphasized geographical dimensions while overlooking technological proximity. Addressing these limitations, this study introduces a comprehensive framework incorporating multiple indices and methods for accurately identifying IIC using patent data. To unearth latent technological insights within patent documents, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is employed to generate topics from a collection of terms. Utilizing the applicants' names and addresses recorded in patents, an Application Programming Interface (API) map systems facilitates the extraction of geographic locations. Subsequently, a Multivariate Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (MDBSCAN) algorithm, which accounts for both technological and spatial distances, is deployed to delineate IIC. Moreover, a bipartite network model based on patent geographic information collected from the patent is constructed to analyze the technological distribution on the geography and development mode of IIC. The utilization of the model and methodologies is demonstrated through a case study on the China flexible electronics industry (FEI). The findings reveal that the clusters identified via this novel approach are significantly correlated with both technological innovation and geographical factors. Moreover, the MDBSCAN algorithm demonstrates notable superiority over other algorithms in terms of computational precision and efficiency, as evidenced by the case analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible electronics have become imperative in an emerging era of the Internet of Things (IoT), as they offer promising alternatives to rigid and complex circuitry for the development of wearable devices. As a result, the research field of flexible gas sensors is increasingly being investigated, including different potential materials, with the aim of high selectivity and sensitivity. In this study, a flexible ammonia (NH3) sensor unit was fabricated using cellulose nanofibers (C-NFs) as a flexible supporting framework and sensing material coating of Ti3C2Tx MXene. The fabricated sensor displayed higher selectivity to NH3 relative to other interferents in the ppm concentration range. The results revealed that the MXene/C-NFs-based sensor exhibited a response of 2.4% towards 5 ppm NH3 with faster response and recovery times of 42 s and 69 s, respectively, which were improved relative to a pristine MXene-based sensor with sensing response of 1.42% and response/recovery time of 67 s/104 s. This enhanced sensing performance was ascribed to the large specific surface area and efficient charge transport pathways provided by the one-dimensional structure of C-NFs, which facilitated the surface adsorption/desorption of NH3 molecules. In addition, the fabricated sensor demonstrated excellent flexibility features and reproducible sensing properties at different bending angles and bending cycles, with low sensing response attenuation of 5.2% under a maximum bending angle of 120°. Overall, this work illustrates the feasibility of employing a nanofiber matrix as a flexible sensing framework along with a porous absorption/desorption surface for next-generation wearable gas sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Flexible sensors can measure various stimuli owing to their exceptional flexibility, stretchability, and electrical properties. However, the integration of multiple stimuli into a single sensor for measurement is challenging. To address this issue, the sensor developed in this study utilizes the natural biopolymers sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose to construct a dual interpenetrating network, This results in a flexible porous sponge that exhibits a dual-modal response to strain and magnetic stimulation. The dual-mode flexible sensor achieved a maximum tensile strength of 429 kPa and elongation at break of 24.7%. It also exhibited rapid response times and reliable stability under both strain and magnetic stimuli. The porous foam sensor is intended for use as a wearable electronic device for monitoring joint movements of the body. It provides a swift and stable sensing response to mechanical stimuli arising from joint activities, such as stretching, compression, and bending. Furthermore, the sensor generates opposing response signals to strain and magnetic stimulation, enabling real-time decoupling of different stimuli. This study employed a simple and environmentally friendly manufacturing method for the dual-modal flexible sensor. Because of its remarkable performance, it has significant potential for application in smart wearable electronics and artificial electroskins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible electrochemical sensors can adhere to any bendable surface with conformal contact, enabling continuous data monitoring without compromising the surface's dynamics. Among various materials that have been explored for flexible electronics, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit dynamic responses to physical and chemical signals, offering new opportunities for flexible electrochemical sensing technologies. This review aims to explore the role of electrocatalysis in MOF films specifically designed for flexible electrochemical sensing applications, with a focus on their design, fabrication techniques, and applications. We systematically categorize the design and fabrication techniques used in preparing MOF films, including in situ growth, layer-by-layer assembly, and polymer-assisted strategies. The implications of MOF-based flexible electrochemical sensors are examined in the context of wearable devices, environmental monitoring, and healthcare diagnostics. Future research is anticipated to shift from traditional microcrystalline powder synthesis to MOF thin-film deposition, which is expected to not only enhance the performance of MOFs in flexible electronics but also improve sensing efficiency and reliability, paving the way for more robust and versatile sensor technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid advancement of the flexible electronics industry, there is an urgent need to enhance the mechanical properties and thermal stability of flexible electronic devices to expand their range of applications. To address this need, flexible conductive composites have been developed using waterborne polyurethane (WPU) as the matrix, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene (GA) as conductive fillers, and incorporating cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The carbon fillers create a conductive and thermal conductivity network within the matrix, while the presence of CNFs improves the dispersion of CNTs and GA, thereby enhancing the overall network structure. The resulting WGNF composites exhibit a resistivity of up to 1.05 × 104 Ω·cm, a tensile strength of 26.74 MPa, and a thermal conductivity of 0.494 W/(m·K). This demonstrates that incorporating cellulose offers an effective solution for producing high-performance polymeric conductive and thermally conductive composites, showing promising potential for flexible wearable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological advancements in nanofibers and production technologies have led to nanofibers being applied in various applications. Nanofibers are produced by a variety of techniques such as electrospinning, drawing, self-assembly, phase separation, and others. Electrospinning is widely used due to its versatility and scalability. Nanofiber production by other techniques is still limited to the laboratory scale, hence the dominance of electrospinning. The versatility of nanofibers has seen them being used in various applications such as health, protection, clothing, filtration, packaging, and electronics. Their large surface area, small diameters, and porous structures make them good materials in these diverse fields. Nanofibers are incorporated with nanoparticles to enhance stability. In biomedical applications, nanofibers are used in drug delivery systems, wound healing, and tissue engineering because of their biocompatibility and biodegradability. In fields like protection, clothing, and packaging, nanofibers are used due to their large surface area, porosity, and flexibility. These properties also make nanofibers highly effective in filtration, where their small size and large surface area allow them to efficiently remove a significant number of contaminants. Additionally, nanofibers are utilized in the production of flexible electronics, enhancing comfort in wearable devices. Biopolymers are being adopted to address the environmental and health concerns of traditional nanofiber materials. Biopolymers are biodegradable and biocompatible; however, their stability can be affected by production and environmental conditions. This work highlights the applications of nanofibers, especially the environmentally friendly nanofiber applications in health, packaging, water treatment, protection, electronics, clothing, and technical textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial discusses the advancements in laser fabrication technologies and their diverse applications. The field of laser fabrication has evolved from basic light sources to sophisticated tools, such as ultrafast femtosecond lasers, which enable precise manufacturing. The editorial summarizes 14 papers that highlight the optimization of laser fabrication techniques, the processing of various materials, the fabrication of micro-/nanostructures, and customized applications. The articles cover topics such as optimizing laser parameters, improving material properties, creating micro- and nanostructures, and applications in ophthalmic surgery and anti-reflection surfaces. These advancements have the potential to address challenges in various industries and improve clinical outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

Polymer dielectric materials have recently attracted attention for their versatile applications in emerging electronic devices such as memory, field-effect transistors (FETs), and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). This review highlights the advances in polymer dielectric materials and their integration into these devices, emphasizing their unique electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties that enable high performance and flexibility. By exploring their roles in self-sustaining technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Everything (IoE)), this review emphasizes the importance of polymer dielectric materials in enabling low-power, flexible, and sustainable electronic devices. The discussion covers design strategies to improve the dielectric constant, charge trapping, and overall device stability. Specific challenges, such as optimizing electrical properties, ensuring process scalability, and enhancing environmental stability, are also addressed. In addition, the review explores the synergistic integration of memory devices, FETs, and TENGs, focusing on their potential in flexible and wearable electronics, self-powered systems, and sustainable technologies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state and prospects of polymer dielectric-based devices in advanced electronic applications by examining recent research breakthroughs and identifying future opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a novel material, liquid metal has attracted the attention of scientists for its unique properties and wide potential applications. In this paper, the basic concepts, properties, and behaviors of liquid metals under different conditions are introduced, and the latest advances in their synthesis methods and application fields are discussed. The development status of liquid metal in science and industry is also introduced. The latest research progress of liquid metals is systematically reviewed, and the potential and application prospect of liquid metals in materials science, engineering, and electronic technology are revealed. The research scope covers the wide application of liquid metals in nanotechnology, materials engineering, electronic technology, energy, and other fields, as well as the latest application cases of liquid metals in flexible electronic devices, sensors, catalysts, energy storage, and other fields. At the same time, the core disputes and problems to be solved in the field of liquid metals are discussed. Through the comments on liquid metals, we hope to provide reference and guidance for researchers and promote the further development in the field of liquid metals. This review would help stimulate more people’s interest in liquid metals and encourage innovation and application development in this field.