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4. Chemoprophylaxis with Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Provided Partial Protection against Infection with Simian Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Macaques Given Multiple Virus Challenges

Author

Subbarao, Shambavi, Otten, Ronald A., Ramos, Artur, Kim, Caryn, Jackson, Eddie, Monsour, Michael, Adams, Debra R., Bashirian, Sheila, Johnson, Jeffrey, Soriano, Vincent, Rendon, Ana, Hudgens, Michael G., Butera, Salvatore, Janssen, Robert, Paxton, Lynn, Greenberg, Alan E., and Folks, Thomas M.

Published
2006

22. Simian T-lymphotropic virus diversity among nonhuman primates, Cameroon

Author

Sintasath, David M., Wolfe, Nathan D., LeBreton, Matthew, Jia, Hongwei, Garcia, Albert D., Diffo, Joseph Le Doux, Tamoufe, Ubald, Carr, Jean K., Folks, Thomas M., Mpoudi-Ngole, Eitel, Burke, Donald S., Heneine, Walid, and Switzer, William M.

Subjects
Simian immunodeficiency virus -- Health aspects, Simian immunodeficiency virus -- Research, Simian immunodeficiency virus -- Genetic aspects
Abstract

Cross-species transmission of retroviruses is common in Cameroon. To determine risk for simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV) transmission from nonhuman primates to hunters, we examined 170 hunter-collected dried blood spots [...]

Published
2009

23. Prevention of rectal SHIV transmission in macaques by daily or intermittent prophylaxis with emtricitabine and tenofovir

Author

Garcia-Lerma, J. Gerardo, Otten, Ron A., Qari, Shoukat H., Jackson, Eddie, Cong, Mian-er, Masciotra, Silvina, Luo, Wei, Kim, Caryn, Adams, Debra R., Monsour, Michael, Lipscomb, Jonathan, Johnson, Jeffrey A., Delinsky, David, Schinazi, Raymond F., Janssen, Robert, Folks, Thomas M., and Heneine, Walid

Subjects
Biological sciences
Abstract

Background In the absence of an effective vaccine, HIV continues to spread globally, emphasizing the need for novel strategies to limit its transmission. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with antiretroviral drugs could prove to be an effective intervention strategy if highly efficacious and cost-effective PrEP modalities are identified. We evaluated daily and intermittent PrEP regimens of increasing antiviral activity in a macaque model that closely resembles human transmission. Methods and Findings We used a repeat-exposure macaque model with 14 weekly rectal virus challenges. Three drug treatments were given once daily, each to a different group of six rhesus macaques. Group 1 was treated subcutaneously with a human-equivalent dose of emtricitabine (FTC), group 2 received orally the human-equivalent dosing of both FTC and tenofovir-disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and group 3 received subcutaneously a similar dosing of FTC and a higher dose of tenofovir. A fourth group of six rhesus macaques (group 4) received intermittently a PrEP regimen similar to group 3 only 2 h before and 24 h after each weekly virus challenge. Results were compared to 18 control macaques that did not receive any drug treatment. The risk of infection in macaques treated in groups 1 and 2 was 3.8- and 7.8-fold lower than in untreated macaques (p = 0.02 and p = 0.008, respectively). All six macaques in group 3 were protected. Breakthrough infections had blunted acute viremias; drug resistance was seen in two of six animals. All six animals in group 4 that received intermittent PrEP were protected. Conclusions This model suggests that single drugs for daily PrEP can be protective but a combination of antiretroviral drugs may be required to increase the level of protection. Short but potent intermittent PrEP can provide protection comparable to that of daily PrEP in this SHIV/macaque model. These findings support PrEP trials for HIV prevention in humans and identify promising PrEP modalities., Introduction With an estimated 33.2 million people worldwide living with HIV at the end of 2007 and an estimated 2.5 million new infections in 2007 acquired mostly through sex, HIV/AIDS [...]

Published
2008

24. Recombinant viruses and early global HIV-1 epidemic

Author

Kalish, Marcia L., Robbins, Kenneth E., Pieniazek, Danuta, Schaefer, Amanda, Nzilambi, Nzila, Quinn, Thomas C., St. Louis, Michael E., Youngpairoj, Ae S., Phillips, Jonathan, Jaffe, Harold W., and Folks, Thomas M.

Subjects
HIV infection -- Development and progression, HIV infection -- Genetic aspects
Abstract

Central Africa was the epicenter of the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) pandemic. Understanding the early epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly Zaire, could provide insight into how [...]

Published
2004

25. Early detection of reverse transcriptase activity in plasma of neonates infected with HIV-1: a comparative analysis with RNA-based and DNA-based testing using polymerase chain reaction

Author

Reisler, Ronald B., Thea, Donald M., Pliner, Vadim, Green, Timothy, Lee, Francis, Nesheim, Stephen, Brown, Teresa, Kalish, Marcia, Folks, Thomas M., and Heneine, Walid

Subjects
HIV infection in children -- Diagnosis, Viremia -- Measurement, Health
Abstract

A supersensitive reverse transcriptase assay called Amp-RT is more effective than nucleic acid sequence-based amplification and DNA-PCR in detecting HIV infection in newborn babies. This was the conclusion of a study of 71 babies.

Published
2001

39. Central African hunters exposed to simian immunodeficiency virus

Author

Kalish, Marcia L., Wolfe, Nathan D., Ndongmo, Clement B., McNicholl, Janet, Robbins, Kenneth E., Aidoo, Michael, Fonjungo, Peter N., Alemnji, George, Zeh, Clement, Djoko, Cyrille F., Mpoudi-Ngole, Eitel, Burke, Donald S., and Folks, Thomas M.

Subjects
Simian immunodeficiency virus -- Diagnosis, Simian immunodeficiency virus -- Risk factors, Simian immunodeficiency virus -- Research
Abstract

HIV-seronegative Cameroonians with exposure to nonhuman primates were tested for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. Seroreactivity was correlated with exposure risk (p ********** Two major public health priorities are ensuring [...]

Published
2005

40. Divergent HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus surveillance, Zaire

Author

Schaefer, Amanda, Robbins, Kenneth E., Nzilambi, Eugene Nzila, St. Louis, Michael E., Quinn, Thomas C., Folks, Thomas M., Kalish, Marcia L., and Pieniazek, Danuta

Subjects
Simian immunodeficiency virus, Immunodeficiency, HIV infection, Congo (Kinshasa) -- Health aspects
Abstract

Recent HIV infection or divergent HIV or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains may be responsible for Western blot-indeterminate results on 70 serum samples from Zairian hospital employees that were reactive [...]

Published
2005

42. Ancient, independent evolution and distinct molecular features of the novel human T-lymphotropic virus type 4

Author

Wolfe Nathan D, Pryor Kendle N, Marriott Susan J, Katzourakis Aris, Gray Rebecca R, Jia Hongwei, Qari Shoukat H, Salemi Marco, Switzer William M, Burke Donald S, Folks Thomas M, and Heneine Walid

Subjects
Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract

Abstract Background Human T-lymphotropic virus type 4 (HTLV-4) is a new deltaretrovirus recently identified in a primate hunter in Cameroon. Limited sequence analysis previously showed that HTLV-4 may be distinct from HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HTLV-3, and their simian counterparts, STLV-1, STLV-2, and STLV-3, respectively. Analysis of full-length genomes can provide basic information on the evolutionary history and replication and pathogenic potential of new viruses. Results We report here the first complete HTLV-4 sequence obtained by PCR-based genome walking using uncultured peripheral blood lymphocyte DNA from an HTLV-4-infected person. The HTLV-4(1863LE) genome is 8791-bp long and is equidistant from HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HTLV-3 sharing only 62–71% nucleotide identity. HTLV-4 has a prototypic genomic structure with all enzymatic, regulatory, and structural proteins preserved. Like STLV-2, STLV-3, and HTLV-3, HTLV-4 is missing a third 21-bp transcription element found in the long terminal repeats of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 but instead contains unique c-Myb and pre B-cell leukemic transcription factor binding sites. Like HTLV-2, the PDZ motif important for cellular signal transduction and transformation in HTLV-1 and HTLV-3 is missing in the C-terminus of the HTLV-4 Tax protein. A basic leucine zipper (b-ZIP) region located in the antisense strand of HTLV-1 and believed to play a role in viral replication and oncogenesis, was also found in the complementary strand of HTLV-4. Detailed phylogenetic analysis shows that HTLV-4 is clearly a monophyletic viral group. Dating using a relaxed molecular clock inferred that the most recent common ancestor of HTLV-4 and HTLV-2/STLV-2 occurred 49,800 to 378,000 years ago making this the oldest known PTLV lineage. Interestingly, this period coincides with the emergence of Homo sapiens sapiens during the Middle Pleistocene suggesting that early humans may have been susceptible hosts for the ancestral HTLV-4. Conclusion The inferred ancient origin of HTLV-4 coinciding with the appearance of Homo sapiens, the propensity of STLVs to cross-species into humans, the fact that HTLV-1 and -2 spread globally following migrations of ancient populations, all suggest that HTLV-4 may be prevalent. Expanded surveillance and clinical studies are needed to better define the epidemiology and public health importance of HTLV-4 infection.

Published
2009
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44. Public Health Service Statement on Management of Occupational Exposure to Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Including Considerations Regarding Zidovudine Postexposure Use

Author

Polder, Jacquelyn A., Bell, David M., Baker, Edward, Castro, Kenneth, Chamberland, Mary, Curran, James, Folks, Thomas, Garner, Julia, Hughes, James, Jaffe, Harold, Jarvis, William, Marcus, Ruthanne, Martone, William, Mullan, Robert, Schochetman, Gerald, Henderson, David, Katz, Deborah, Litterst, Charles, McGowan, John, Reck, Linda, Whitescarver, Jack, Arrowsmith, Janet, Beninger, Paul, and Matheny, Samuel

Published
1990

49. Lack of Evidence of Endogenous Avian Leukosis Virus and Endogenous Avian Retrovirus Transmission to Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine Recipients

Author

Hussain, Althaf I., Shanmugam, Vedapuri, Switzer, William M., Tsang, Shirley X., Fadly, Aly, Thea, Donald, Helfand, Rita, Bellini, William J., Folks, Thomas M., and Heneine, Walid

Subjects
Avian leukosis -- Prevention, Vaccines -- Risk factors, Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine -- Risk factors
Abstract

The identification of endogenous avian leukosis virus (ALV) and endogenous avian retrovirus (EAV) in chick cell-derived measles and mumps vaccines in current use has raised concern about transmission of these [...]

Published
2001

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