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Automatic functional tests are a long-standing issue in software development projects, and they are still carried out manually. The Selenium testing framework has gained popularity as an active community and standard environment for automated assessment of web applications. As a result, the trend setting of web services is evolving on a daily basis, and there is a need to improve automatic testing. The study involves to make the system to understand the experiences of previous test cases and apply new cases to predict the status of test case using Tanh activated Clustering and Classification model (TACC). The primary goal is to improve the model's clustering and classification output. The outcomes show that the TACC model has increased performance and demonstrated that automated testing results can be predicted, which is cost effective and reduces manual effort to a greater extent.

ICT-based education system refers to the education system which is based on “Information and Communication Technologies”. The use of ICT in the education system is very effective and efficient to enhance the engagement of the students towards their learning. The use of modern technology in the education system helps to enhance the productivity of the students. Therefore, the usage of technology in the education system of India is increasing day by day. There are several services of ICT-based education systems and among them cloud computing is one of the most important services for developing education systems. Thereafter cloud computing is a networking and technology-based process which help students to learn together. During the covid-19 pandemic situation the Government of India has declared a certain stoppage of the education system in the country and people had to maintain social isolation at the time. Moreover, the use of ICT-based education systems and cloud computing processes help the students to continue their education during the pandemic. Thus, the usage of cloud computing processes and ICT in the education system has mostly increased during the pandemic. Therefore, the purpose of this specific research article is to analyse the effectiveness of ICT-based education systems using cloud computing for research programs during the pandemic situation in India. The concept of ICT-based education system and cloud computing is analysed in this specific research article properly. Apart from that the usage of ICT based education system and soft computing for research programs is also analysed please research study. There are different types of cloud computing services and its impact on the education system is also different. Therefore, all the cloud computing services analysed below in this research article appropriately. The researcher has adopted several methods and techniques to gain more knowledge and information about ICT-based education systems and cloud computing. Thereafter, the researcher has adopted the primary techniques for gathering data and uses the quantitative method to analyse all the collected data in this research article properly. Thus, the impact of pandemic and cloud computing on the education system is analysed in the research article.

Selenium stands as open-source program apparatus aimed at computerization testing. Here, selenium-IDE (Integrated Developments Environment) Testing is investigated, which could be a remarkably vital movement in Program Improvement Handle. It is to look at and alter source code. A high-quality computer program can well be achieved by producing Compelling Testing. This Paper handles a critical in addition to the crucial issue of Program Testing. Testing can well be executed both manually and automatically. This paper sets to do Mechanization Testing through "Selenium". Test cases (TC) are consequently recorded with this web testing tool whilst the analyzer is entering the information in a web application screen.

Introduction: The most common ligament injured in knee is anterior cruciate ligament. This ligament is related to stability, prevention of excessive rotation and forward motion of knee. Accurate reconstruction should be done to achieve excellent functional outcome. Objectives: The main aim was to assess the functional outcome of arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon auto graft. Also the study intended to describe early weight bearing and early mobilisation and rapid rehabilitation for good clinical recovery after surgery. Methodology: The study was done among 40 subjects who were between 18yrs to 50yrs, with ACL deficient knees, associated menisci injuries. The subjects excluded were having severe co-morbidities, multi ligament injuries and previously operated knee. The Patients were assessed with the IKDC score and single hop test preoperatively and after 6 months. Results: In the study 1 subject didn’t return to pre injury activity level and other 39 came back to pre injury activity level. In the study IKDC score and single hop test after 6 months showed a higher mean in comparison to pre operative evaluation. Conclusion: The technique of ACL reconstruction offers a normal or near normal function and pre and post operative outcome is improved by IKDC score or single hop test

Hamstring tendon autograft remains a popular graft choice nowadays. Knee pain after surgery has decreased very much than patellar tendon graft and recovery was also feasier and faster. Biomechanically stronger also compared to patellar tendon graft. Extensive search of articles were done in PUBMED, Google scholar and reference checking. We concluded that quadrupled hamstring tendon graft gives an excellent outcome by assessing with IKDC scoring.

We use three micromechanics approaches, namely, the method of cells (MoCs), the Fourier series approach (FSA) and the transformation field analysis (TFA) to delineate the sensitivity of their predictions to changes in the unit cell configuration. The three approaches are formulated to have identical final expressions relating the local sub-cell strains to the homogenized strains in the unit cell. The cubic-edge, the hexagonal close-packed and the cubic-diagonal unit cell configurations are employed to study the elasto-plastic response of a Boron-Aluminum fiber reinforced composite under transverse loading, and compare present results with Brockenbrough et al.’s findings who used the finite element method . The elasto-plastic response predicted from the cubic-edge unit-cell shows the most hardening while that from the cubic-diagonal unit-cell the least hardening. Of the three approaches employed, the elasto-plastic response predicted by the MoCs is closest to that of Brockenbrough et al. The effect of fiber cross section on the elasto-plastic response analyzed using only the TFA approach is found to be significant for both elastic constants and plastic hardening.

Pyridoxal 5́-phosphate (PLP) is an important cofactor for amino acid decarboxylases with many biological functions, including the synthesis of signalling molecules, such as serotonin, dopamine, histamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and taurine. Taurine is an abundant amino acid with multiple physiological functions, including osmoregulation, pH regulation, antioxidative protection, and neuromodulation. In mammalian tissues, taurine is mainly produced by decarboxylation of cysteine sulphinic acid to hypotaurine, catalysed by the PLP-dependent cysteine sulphinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), followed by oxidation of the product to taurine. We determined the crystal structure of mouse CSAD and compared it to other PLP-dependent decarboxylases in order to identify determinants of substrate specificity and catalytic activity. Recognition of the substrate involves distinct side chains forming the substrate-binding cavity. In addition, the backbone conformation of a buried active-site loop appears to be a critical determinant for substrate side chain binding in PLP-dependent decarboxylases. Phe94 was predicted to affect substrate specificity, and its mutation to serine altered both the catalytic properties of CSAD and its stability. Using small-angle X-ray scattering, we further showed that CSAD presents open/close motions in solution. The structure of apo-CSAD indicates that the active site gets more ordered upon internal aldimine formation. Taken together, the results highlight details of substrate recognition in PLP-dependent decarboxylases and provide starting points for structure-based inhibitor design with the aim of affecting the biosynthesis of taurine and other abundant amino acid metabolites.

Three micromechanics approaches (method of cells, Fourier series analysis, and transformation field analysis) are formulated so that the final expressions relating the local sub-cell strain to the homogenized macro-strain in a unit cell are similar, although the three techniques and assumptions made to deduce them are different. This allows for a direct comparison of the three methods, and, more importantly, enables one to use the same algorithm for solving equations after the strain concentration and the strain transformation matrices have been determined from the three methods. Elastic constants found from the three approaches compare well with each other, and with those experimentally found. The micromechanics approaches are embedded in a finite element scheme to study elasto-plastic deformations of fiber-reinforced composites. The three sets of the axial stress-axial strain curves are found to correlate well with each other, and with the experimental ones. We use these micromechanics approaches to determine strains in each sub-cell from the macro-strains (i.e., dehomogenize global strains into local strains), find stresses in each constituent or sub-cell, and then employ the micromechanics technique to find macro-stresses (i.e., homogenize stresses) and stiffnesses.

Cervical cancer is the major cancer affecting women and is growing at a very significant rate. One of the major challenges in treatment of cervical cancer is its detection in early stages. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections are the major causes of cervical cancer that risks precancerous cell to cervical cancer cells. Gene-based DNA nanobiosensor is designed to capture the cancer specific antigen and helps in screening process of cancer patients. In this work, a nanobiosensor is designed using Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor (CNTFET) and the signal conditioning circuits designed are interfaced with the sensor for amplifying the bio potential generated with the chemical reaction of the antigen with the antibody placed over the CNTFET channel. The sensor array is designed to have 64 cells that are configured into three categories such as core, periphery and middle sensors to increase the sensitivity of cell detection. Three reference voltages are generated from the current reference circuit for biasing the bottom gates of CNTFETs that produce maximum current due to the electro potential changes in the top gate. The corresponding voltages are further processed to detect the presence of analyte concentration and the sensitivity of the designed sensor array is found to be 130 μA/V. Keywords: Bio sensor, CNTFET, Sensor array, Cervical cancer, HPV

Homogenization of mechanical properties of a heterogeneous material using analytical/semi-analytical micromechanics approaches is computationally less expensive than that through numerical techniques. However, analytical methods cannot be easily applied to a complex distribution of the microstructure in a unit cell (or a representative volume element). Here, we alleviate this by accommodating cuboidal and wedge shaped sub-volumes in the Fourier series approach (FSA). This is akin to using penta- and hexa-hedral elements to discretize the geometry in 3-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). The technique is applied to study the elasto-plastic response of unidirectional fiber/yarn-reinforced composites with square, circular and star shaped fibers to transverse loading. It is shown that (i) predicted transverse elastic modulus and the shear moduli are sensitive to the fiber shape and the unit cell configuration, (ii) the stress–strain curves for the homogenized composite agree with those reported in the literature found by using the FEA, and (iii) the presently computed elastic constants for plain and 2/2 twill weave fabrics are close to those found by other methods and deduced from the test data. A linear softening model based on plasticity approach is implemented within the FSA to predict failure and progressive softening in the yarn and the resin. It captures the nonlinear response and provides the ultimate strength under tensile loading.

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a multi‐domain, homo‐oligomeric enzyme that catalyses the rate‐limiting step of catecholamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis. Missense variants of human TH are associated with a recessive neurometabolic disease with low levels of brain dopamine and noradrenaline, resulting in a variable clinical picture, from progressive brain encephalopathy to adolescent onset DOPA‐responsive dystonia (DRD). We expressed isoform 1 of human TH (hTH1) and its dystonia‐associated missense variants in E. coli, analysed their quaternary structure and thermal stability using size‐exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism, multi‐angle light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, small‐angle X‐ray scattering and assayed hydroxylase activity. Wild‐type (WT) hTH1 was a mixture of enzymatically stable tetramers (85.6%) and octamers (14.4%), with little interconversion between these species. We also observed small amounts of higher order assemblies of long chains of enzyme by transmission electron microscopy. To investigate the role of molecular assemblies in the pathogenesis of DRD, we compared the structure of WT hTH1 with the DRD‐associated variants R410P and D467G that are found in vicinity of the predicted subunit interfaces. In contrast to WT hTH1, R410P and D467G were mixtures of tetrameric and dimeric species. Inspection of the available structures revealed that Arg‐410 and Asp‐467 are important for maintaining the stability and oligomeric structure of TH. Disruption of the normal quaternary enzyme structure by missense variants is a new molecular mechanism that may explain the loss of TH enzymatic activity in DRD. Unstable missense variants could be targets for pharmacological intervention in DRD, aimed to re‐establish the normal oligomeric state of TH.

This paper focuses on efficient techniques based on AdaBoost and its hybrid (AdaBoost-SVM) classifiers for an automatic detection of the erythemato-squamous diseases (ESD). The classification of ESD requires an enormous amount of computational effort, as all the features of the diseases have more than 90 % commonality. Some of the approaches reported in literature are fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks, neuro-fuzzy models and support vector machine. Recently, AdaBoost and its hybrid algorithms are widely used to enhance the accuracy of the learning algorithms. In this paper, we propose AdaBoost and its hybrid algorithms for diagnosis of erythemato-squamous diseases for the first time. User-friendly-interface is designed to assist dermatologists to estimate the ESD with the help of 34 features includes patient's histopathological and clinical data sets. Efficient interface design is based on the following steps: (1) feature selection for all the 34 parameters involved in the erythemato-squamous disease is done using association rule based Apriori algorithm, (2) association rules are used to find $$\upalpha \%$$?% of transactions (diseases) to meet $$\upbeta \%$$β% of the features of the diseases, (3) support value of all the subset of $$\upalpha $$? transaction from $$\upalpha \%$$?% of transactions is found and the dominant subset is found using Apriori algorithm, and (4) AdaBoost and its hybrid classifiers are used to classify the diseases. In this paper, the real, modest, gentle and hybrid AdaBoost algorithms are implemented and tested with the dataset of 366 patients. The data preprocessing reduces the dimensionality of the dataset and improves the time complexity of the estimation of the diseases. Proposed methodologies are proved as a potential solution for diagnosing ESD with significant improvement in computational time and accuracy compared to other models discussed in the recent literature.

Macrodystrophia lipomatosa (ML) is a rare, non-hereditary, developmental anomaly that occurs because of the progressive proliferation of all mesenchymal elements of single or multiple digits or entire extremity, with a disproportionate increase in fibroadipose tissue. Commonly one or few digits of an extremity will be enlarged and present as macrodactyly or as enlarged limb. Lower limb involvement is more common and frequently unilateral. The diagnosis of ML is made by accurate clinical assessment and imaging modalities, such as plain X-ray, computed tomography scan, magnetic resonance imaging, and confirmed by histopathological study. In this case, we described a 10-year-old child who was brought to us with enlarged upper and lower extremities and was diagnosed as a case of ML with the help of clinico-radiological studies and presented here because of focal gigantism involving all four limbs, which is very rare.

In order to provide high security and safety in the field of information hiding, this study proposes a novel technology using Steganography. An exotic steganographic algorithm, is used in this study, which Hides the secret text data in a 2D plane (Here, in our case let the 2D plane be the QR code), after encryption and the position of the secret data will be changed using rotation transformation. The proposed algorithm has been tested under various imperceptibility characters such as PSNR, MSE, Human Vision Quality Metrics and Histograms are compared to both cover image and the stego image. This novel algorithm shows Lower MSE, higher PSNR values and it is evident that the proposed algorithm is robust to JPEG attacks.

The aim of this study list the contributions of various machine learning algorithms for the prediction of Erythemato Squamous Diseases (ESDs) and it is very useful for the budding researchers to do research in this field. In the advent of ozone depletion the ultra violet radiation is the major cause of many skin diseases, which are leading to skin cancer. Early detection of skin cancer is more important to avoid human loses and especially the white skinned people are more affected. The Asian and African race people are less affected as they have melanin in their skin. The American's are directly and more widely affected by the ozone depletion, due to this ESD, which is predominant among the skin diseases. Due to technology advancements a large amount of data are deposited. In these data the information is hidden as raw data and with latest methodologies and technologies like Data Mining, neural networks, fuzzy systems, Genetic and Evolutionary computing a pattern can be evolved to study them. Guvenir et al. (1998) studied about ESDs and contributed 366 patients data with 34 features consisting of clinical and histopathological data in the dermatology dataset (The data taken from School of Medicine in Gazi University and the department of Computer Science in Bilkent University, Turkey; and it is available in the URL (http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Dermatology) in the year 1998. This survey study gives a brief description about the contribution of what in the field of ESDs in Chronological order from the year 1998 till 2013. In this study we intend to contribute various machine learning algorithms dealing with ESDs.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy is an under-recognised and rare disease, associated with autoimmune thyroiditis and is relapsing, yet exquisitely corticosteroid-sensitive. It includes various neurological symptoms such as stroke-like episodes or diffuse neuropsychiatric manifestations. Here we present a case of middle-aged female with history of long term generalised epilepsy that presented with fever, status epilepticus and altered behaviour and responded well to steroids. A negative microbiological screen of the CSF and serum along with raised CSF protein, elevated serum antithyroid antibodies, characteristic EEG and neuroimaging findings yielded the diagnosis. Copyright © 2014, Indian Journal of Medical Specialities. Published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.

This paper presents a novel intellectual-property (IP) identification scheme using the existing System-on-aChip (SOC) watermarking design. An efficient and novel principle is established for IP identification which depends on the current IP design flow. The principle is embedding different Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encoders in to System-on-a-Chip (SOC) based watermarked devices at behavior design level. Here the AES encoders provide additional security to the previously generated watermark sequences. This method is efficient as it survives synthesis, placement, and routing and can identify the IP at various levels. It may be easy to detect the identification of the provider even after the chip has been manufactured. The proposed method increases security for the System-on-a-Chip (SOC) based IP identification and protection scheme.

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurogenetic disorder that usually presents with delayed motor milestones, ataxic gait, mental retardation, language disorder, seizures, sleep disturbances, characteristic facial features, and happy demeanor. The genetic abnormality of AS has been located on chromosome 15q11-q13. The AS gene(s) is exclusively expressed from the maternal chromosome. Loss of the maternally contributed AS region can occur by deletion, paternal uniparental disomy, imprinting defects, mutation of the ubiquitin-protein ligase (UBE3A) gene, and by yet unidentified mechanisms. Deletion of maternal chromosome accounts for most of the cases of AS with imprinting accounting for 2%-5% of cases. In imprinting inheritance, offsprings of carrier mothers are theoretically at 50% risk of having AS. Familial occurrence of AS has been reported. Here, we highlighted the rare incident of AS in three biological siblings and their neuropsychiatric manifestations as well as different psychosocial aspects.

Objectives: The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate the use of non conventional methods for printing of biosensors and development of appropriate electronic circuits and embedded systems for detection of glucose. Methods/Statistical analysis: Biosensor Fabrication requries clean room and high investment, In this paper, an attempt is made to design and fabricate biosensor using inkjet printer and the printed sensor is interfaced with signal conditioning and processing unit to detect change in the glucose concentration of the solution to be tested. Findings: Biosensors of various configurations have been modeled using online simulator and have been verified for their characteristics and properties based on software simulations. One of the key challenges in biosensor is fabrication process of biosensors.The serpentine and circular structures sensors are fabricatd and interfaced with signal conditioning circuit and controller. The patterns are printed using silvernitrate solution and the sensor is interfaced with wheatstone bridge and signal conditioning units. The sensing is carried out using reference circuit and the Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) circuit. Interface circuit and ADC is configured on Programmable System-on-Chip (PSOC) which are interfaced with Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) for display for readings. Application/Improvements: The circular designed biosensor is reliable than the serpentine structure and has more than 40% improvement in sensitivity in glucose detection.

We analyze three-dimensional (3-D) deformations of soft body armor in the form of a clamped rectangular plate impacted at normal incidence by a projectile. Results have been computed by the finite element method, using the commercial software LSDYNA, for the armor with and without a matrix, and in the former case with either perfect or no bonding between the matrix and the yarn. Also, two impact speeds and two polymers, one stiffer than the other, have been considered. Significant contributions of the work include studying 3-D elastoplastic deformations, and delineating the effect of the matrix on the ballistic performance of the armor. It is found that the matrix reduces the maximum deflection of the armor, increases the size of the deformed area, and enhances the reduction in the kinetic energy of the projectile. However, the size of the deformed area is not a good indicator of the energy absorbed during impact. These results are useful for armor designers since the reduction in the maximum deflection should reduce the intensity of injuries to persons wearing the armor. On the other hand the larger deformed area of the armor can increase the possibility of injuries.

We study elasto-plastic deformations of unidirectional fiber reinforced polymeric composites (UFPCs) with fibers assumed to deform elastically and the matrix elasto-plastically. The matrix’s and hence composite’s plastic deformations are analyzed by using both the pressure-independent von Mises yield surface and the pressure-dependent Drucker–Prager yield surface and the associated flow rules. In both cases the strain hardening of the matrix is considered and values of material parameters for the matrix are obtained by computing the effective stress versus the effective plastic strain curves from experimental uniaxial stress–strain curves. Values of parameters in the yield surface for the UFPC in terms of those of the matrix and the volume fraction of fibers are found by using a micromechanics approach. Wherever possible, the computed results are compared with the corresponding experimental findings available in the literature. Significant contributions of the work include providing a methodology for determining values of elasto-plastic material parameters for a UFPC from those of its constituents and their volume fractions, and giving expressions in terms of volume fractions of fibers for material parameters appearing in the yield surface of the composite.

Ad hoc networks are characterized by multihop wireless connectivity, frequently changing network topology and the need for efficient dynamic routing protocols plays an important role. We compare the performance of two prominent on-demand routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks: Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad Hoc On-demand distance Vector Routing (AODV). A detailed simulation model with MAC and physical layer models is used to study the interlayer interactions and their performance implications. We demonstrate that even though DSR and AODV share similar on-demand behavior, the differences in the protocol mechanisms can lead to significant performance differentials. In this paper we examine two on demand routing protocols AODV and DSR based on packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load, normalized MAC load, average end to end delay by varying the number of sources, speed and pause time.

Mobile ad hoc networks(MANET) represent complex distributed systems that comprise wireless mobile nodes that can freely and dynamically self organize into arbitrary and temporary ad-hoc network topologies, allowing people and devices to seamlessly internet work in areas with no preexisting communication infrastructure e.g., disaster recovery environments. An ad-hoc network is not a new one, having been around in various forms for over 20 years. Traditionally, tactical networks have been the only communication networking application that followed the ad-hoc paradigm. Recently the introduction of new technologies such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and hyperlan are helping enable eventual commercial MANET deployments outside the military domain. These recent revolutions have been generating a renewed and growing interest in the research and development of MANET. To facilitate communication within the network a routing protocol is used to discover routes between nodes. The goal of the routing protocol is to have an efficient route establishment between a pair of nodes, so that messages can be delivered in a timely manner. Bandwidth and power constraints are the important factors to be considered in current wireless network because multi-hop ad-hoc wireless relies on each node in the network to act as a router and packet forwarder. This dependency places bandwidth, power computation demands on mobile host to be taken into account while choosing the protocol. Routing protocols used in wired network cannot be used for mobile ad-hoc networks because of node mobility. The ad-hoc routing protocols are divided into two classes: table driven and demand based. This paper reviews and discusses routing protocol belonging to each category.

MPTP Model of Parkinson?s Disease in Monkey: Implications for Neural Transplantation

Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007, India E-mail : ssnsirasani @yahoo.com Manuscript received 23 September 2002, revised 23 April 2003. accepted 11 July 2003 A series of cyano (ligand) cobaloximes have been prepared where, the ligand is pyrazole (Pz), 1-(acetamido)pyrazole (Apz), 1-(N-methylacetamido)pyrazole (MAPz), 1-(acetamido)-3,5-dimethylpyrazole (MADMPz). The complex K[(CN)Co(D2H2)SCN] reacts with cthanolic solution of pyrazole or pyrazole amido ligands to form mixed ligand complexes. In all these complexes, the pyrazoles act as monodentate ligands and bind to CoIIIthrough N-2 of pyrazolc ring.

Vertebro basilar insufficiency (VBI) is a well known cause of vertigo. Brain Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) is an important diagnostic tool to detect and to quantitate the perfusion abnormalities in different areas of the brain. Effect of an antivertigo drug Betahistine on improving the hypoperfusion in different areas of the brain in vertigo patients was studied using brain SPECT. Betahistine at a dose of 16 mg three times daily was shown to improve perfusion in the hypoperfused areas of the brain resulting in relief from symptoms of vertigo. The cerebellar region, which is the most important area involved in vertigo patients with vascular pathology, showed almost complete normalisation of perfusion following Betahistine therapy.

The crown-rump length is conventionally used to determine the age of human abortuses. However, it is not reliable as it is dependent on the positioning of the conceptus. We compared this with the biparietal diameter and foot length for determining the gestational age.Different measurements, commonly used to assess gestational age, were measured in 146 human abortuses for which an accurate obstetric history could not be elicited. Measurements taken were crown-rump length, biparietal diameter and foot length. These were correlated with the observations at antenatal examinations before finalizing the approximate age.Multiple regression analysis of the data indicated that of the three measurements, the biparietal diameter was the most reliable for determining foetal gestational age between 8 and 26 weeks. The age determined with the biparietal diameter correlated well with that of abortuses with an accurate obstetric history.The biparietal diameter of a human foetus may be used to determine its age if the obstetric history regarding the period of gestation is vague or not available.

Twenty patients with thoracic stomach were subjected to hepatobiliary scintigraphy for the diagnosis of duodenogastric reflux. The results of the radionuclide studies were correlated with those of endoscopy and biochemical estimation of total intragastric bile acid. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy was found to be more sensitive (91.6%) and accurate (95%) than endoscopy (25% and 55% respectively) and biochemical estimation of total intragastric bile acid content (66.6% and 80% respectively). Being noninvasive and physiological, radionuclide study appears suitable for routine clinical use in the diagnosis of duodeno-gastric reflux.