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Steele‑Richardson‑Olszewski syndrome also known as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system of extrapyramidal type of neuropathy of unknown etiology. This chapter describes the case of 62 patients diagnosed with PSP, the changes they observe are related to selective linguistic dysfunction resulting from subcortical dementia and executive and motor dysfunction, and the functioning of the subject is significantly determined by emotional disturbance. Zespół Steele’a‑Richardsona‑Olszewskiego, znany także jako progresywne porażenie nadjądrowe (PSP), to choroba neurodegeneracyjna ośrodkowego układu nerwowego o typie pozapiramidalnym o nieznanej etiologii. W artykule opisano przypadek 62‑letniego pacjenta, u którego rozpoznano PSP. Obserwowane u niego zmiany dotyczą zaburzeń w sferze emocjonalnej, wybiórczych zaburzeń kompetencji lingwistycznej, wynikających z obecności demencji korowo‑podkorowej oraz dysfunkcji motorycznych. Wydane przez Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego ze środków finansowych Zakładu Dialektologii Polskiej i Logopedii UŁ

Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

Main topic of this article is the link between dialectology and local microtoponymy. Microtoponyms are unofficial forms that are not recorded in administrative documents. They have only limited use in local comunities. So they reflect dilectal features of vernacular. The toponyms from Krushevo region contain all features of Krushevo dialect, as: the phonetic, phnological, morphological, lexical and the sintactical one. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

The author studies Polish and (as far as the sources were available) Indo–European forenames and surnames that are derived from the root word woda ‘water’: among the forenames the author has found only the Latin nickname (cognomen) Aquensis, derivate of an adjective aquensis, -is, -e ‘connected with water’: aqua, -ae ‘water’. Contemporary Polish surnames derived from the root word woda ‘water’ have been written out from Słownik nazwisk współcześnie w Polsce używanych [The Dictionary of Surnames Contemporarily Used in Poland], vol. I–X published by Kazimierz Rymut (Kraków 1992–1994) and from Middle Polish period (16th–18th century) from regional surname studies by different authors. In Pomeranian region in Old Polish period (until the end of 15th century) none of the surnames of interest were confirmed, there were also few in Middle Polish period. Relatively many surnames are derived from Upper German noun Wasser and its Lower German equivalent Wader or Water. The written out surnames are presented in derivation lines such as: Woda > Wodak > Wodacki. In the study there are: 1) surnames with double motivation, e.g. Wodan from the name of the main German god or from common noun Woda with suffix -an; 2) compound word e.g. Koliwoda, Paliwoda, Woziwoda, that may be derived from old common nouns (appellatives) paliwoda ‘a very reckless man, a madcap’, woziwoda ‘someone who supplied water to the residents’. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

The present text is an attempt to connect the speech therapy with the research methodology of the social science. In it an outline of the research and described strategies of quality inspections were presented and quantitative which can be taken in this area. The author made characteristics of chosen research methods as well as is emphasizing the weight of ethics of examinations in the speech therapy. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

Approximately in the 1st quarter of the I millennium AD the uttermost south-east area of Common Slavonic place names appear on North Azov shores and Don basin, and it contains that endemic hydronymy till today, despite the constant desertions, migrations, and settlement of different ethnic groups there. This region attracted attention of numerous home historians and philologists in XIX–XX centuries. That made possible to survey the greater part of archaic place names. Etymology, semantic evolution, correlation to real objects are reported in this article, as well as probable creators are detected for such micro- and macro- place and river names: Balta(chokrak), Berda, K(oƒsa) Berdinskaia, Britay, Britan’, Bug(a), Bulzyiab, Vitava, Βουλνηπράχ, Vir’, Vyr’, Βερούτζη, Dnieper, Dniester, Dunay, Idolga, Izlegoscha, Wielikoi, Maloi Ilanczik, Ilovay, Ilovl’a, Kaver’a, Kalitva, Kalitvina, Kalk[a], Kal’, Kalchik, coneſtāxe / conoſtaxi, copa, Kopyl, Lutik, Lugan’, Medveditza, Medobory, Metcha, Ναπρεζη̃, Nemyia, Nepr’adva, (Ν)Εσσουπη̃, Netecha, Νεασήτ, Obitok, Oleshie, Olschowat(ka), Opuk, Οστροβουνιπράχ, Paroy, Poroy, Plota / Polta, Protoch, Psiol, Ptan’, Rogan’, Saltov(ka), Seversky, Svidov(ka), Svidovat( aya), Svinoryi(ka), Σέρετος, Στρούκουν, Sųpoy, Ta(r)ganrog, Taųza, Tiveretz, Tim, Toloty, Tor, Toretz, Tuzha, Τουργανήρχ, Ųza, Ųtecha, Khortitza, Τζαρβαγάνιν, Cheremosh, Chertoroy, Chir. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

Care Speech in Poland is provided by the education and health care. The care provided within the education system, based mainly on the activities of psychological and pedagogical activity and demand for speech therapy localized at schools Increasingly, speech therapy services are provided within the health care guaranteed by the National Health Fund. The subject of the present chapter is to determine the scope of care and identify the role of speech therapist health care. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

The topic of the article are modern oyco- and anoyconymes of Turek district collected during field exploration. Historical material was also included to show changes taking place in toponimic classes over the years. Local and field names are categories of proper names that continue to appear but also disappear. Basing on the materials included in this work, the process of disappearance of local names can be observed as well as inclusion of smaller villages into larger settlements. Thus the character of the name remains the same, it is still an oyconym, but its function changes. The reverse process can also be observed, meaning the change of name character from oyconyme to anoyconyme, as the names of former villages are currently used for physiographic uninhabited objects. Processes related to creation of topographic names and shifting of oyco- and anoyconymes are supported with rich naming material. The article concludes by statement that mutual shifting of nomen apellativum and nomen proprium has cultural, not linguistic character, as the changes do not affect the system; character of names does not change, but their function does. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

The aim of this article is to study features of language at children starting to learn at school or being at the first educational stage. From the synthetical perspective there have been presented language features at six‑, seven‑, eight‑ and nine‑year old children understood as characteristic features of a child, in other words its language differs from the language of other children. The age of examined children is particularly interesting because the results of the test provide us with some knowledge both, when it comes to the language efficiency of children starting school as well as those who have already been students for some time and are on the verge of the programme leap. The research shows that the students dispose of the wide range of vocabulary but they are not always able to use it properly while building an utterance what can be connected with the so‑called school maturity. In the regard of sound analysis of an utterance, it is necessary to point out the knowledge of language competence consistent with operative phonetic language norm, however there often appears simplifying of the consonantal groups, distortion of numerous words as well as replacing the most difficult sounds with the easier ones. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

The author carried out her research in an attempt to analyse the concomitance between the tongue’s primary motor patterns (based on primary functions, like swallowing and breathing) and non‑normative features in the articulation of vowels in adults. The presented study has been conducted on two groups of adults; the study group consisted of 42 patients with an incorrect swallowing and tongue at rest posture but without any coexisting structural impairments; the control group (n = 35) had no structural nor functional abnormalities. The obtained results indicate that abnormal swallowing and tongue at rest posture may lead to some disruption in vowel production, manifested by undesirable dorsality and/or nasal resonance. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

The paper presents the results of research on microtoponymy expressed by litoralonyms and pelaghialonyms of two neighboring lakes in the Dobrzyńskie Lake District (Eastern extremity of Dobrzyń nad Wisłą Land): Lakes Szczutowskie and Urszulewskie. Litoralonyms (L) are defined as names of inhabited or uninhabited points and area of the waterfront; pelaghialonyms (P) instead are names of lake fishing depths or areas on the surface of the water, recognized and used by local communities. The names of the L- and P-type meet in many cases, features interchangeable or joint in their function. They are motivated by topography, forms of the surrounding landscape and the natural state of the lake, but especially by a large extent of the human factor, i.e. anthroponyms associated with building plots along the shoreline, and the names of the components of rural infrastructure. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

Toponymy, both macro and micro, function in a linguistic reality that influence and change it. In the north – west region of Spain, Galicia, after years of strong, centralized, supporting only Spanish language policy led by General Francisco Franco, was the era of democratization and resulted in the return to original names in the Galician language. This process has been slow, because even though regulations are clear and officially changed toponyms administrative function in reality the words do not always coincide with the real use of them by the Galician people. Until now, in the minds of many people, Spanish toponyms function and not their official version in Galician. Language policy carried out in Galicia affects not only the education and the media, but also something that affects our daily life, though rarely we pay attention to it, i.e. the toponyms. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

The article analyzes a lexical and semantic method of creation of oiconyms of Nadvelikoluzhzhya region. The structural classes of primary oyconyms are selected and presented according to their type, the routine dynamics of their development in reference to the naming of settlements. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

Introduction. The quality of substitute speech with laryngectomees patients with or without the implanted voice prosthesis type Provox II on the bases of two clinical cases was compared. Material and methods. The evaluation of voice was compared on the bases of two patients treated in Otolaryngological and Laryngological Oncology Clinic. The patients K.P. aged 46 (medical history number 2778/2008) who, on March 12, 2008 underwent total laryngectomy with the Rethie method including the removal of left thyroid lobe due to thyroid and larynx cancer. The patients D.K. ages 44 (medical history number 13705/2010) who on November 4, 2010 underwent total laryngectomy with the Rethie method including selective lymphe node operation of Region II on the right side with the implanting of the voice prosthesis type Provox II due to larynx cancer. Each patients was instructed on tracheostomy care and systematic performing of the fallowing exercises: diaphragmatic‑ribbed tract breathing loosening masseter muscle system and esophageal sphincter, the use of lauder reflection in the process of voice production, the method of obtaining loud reflection lengthening of the time of phonation and eliminating breath sounds. The evaluation of the quality of substitutive speech was performed after three months. Results. On the basis of the conversation with the patients, it turned out that the patient with the implanted voice prosthesis had better quality of substitutive speech and better communication possibility. Conclusions. The learned substitutive speech with the interoperatively implanted the voice prosthesis type P. II turned out to be the best way of communication. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

The paper draws attention to an attempt to clarify a long-lasting tradition of mining and metallurgy in the Spis region. Taking into account the arrival of German miners and metallurgists and the background of a historical development, the names of water streams in the Smolnik and Hnilec valley are being described. The professional terminology related to their activities which left its impact on hydronyms have become the subject of our analysis. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

Przedstawione w artykule zagadnienie koresponduje tematycznie z dotychczas publikowanymi pracami, podejmującymi problem rozwoju systemu słowotwórczego u dzieci w ontogenezie mowy. Badania nad zjawiskami słowotwórczymi w mowie dziecka, szczególnie w odniesieniu do czasownika, są wciąż jeszcze konsekwentnie pomijane i zajmują nieproporcjonalnie mniej miejsca w porównaniu do innych podsystemów języka: fonologicznego, fleksyjnego czy składniowego. Jeśli podejmowane są próby charakterystyki zjawisk słowotwórczych, zwykle ograniczają się one do rzeczowników i przymiotników, a do opisu czasownika podchodzi się z reguły na zasadzie pewnych statystyk procentowych lub opisuje się tzw. akwizycję wyrazów z określonych kręgów tematycznych. Tymczasem to właśnie za pomocą środków słowotwórczych nazywamy otaczający nas świat, wyrażamy swoiste, szczegółowe sensy znaczeniowe i doprecyzowujemy nasze wypowiedzi. Głównym założeniem artykułu jest uzupełnienie istniejących prac z zakresu przyswajania systemu słowotwórczego przez dzieci w ontogenezie mowy o słowotwórstwo werbalne, a przede wszystkim ukazanie mechanizmów tworzenia czasownikowych derywatów paradygmatycznych (niedokonanych, iteratywnych oraz perfektywnych), którym dotychczas poświęcono niewiele uwagi. Pozyskany materiał językowy, pochodzący od dzieci 3,5‑letnich, rozwijających się zgodnie z normą umysłową, stał się podstawą do zaobserwowania takich zjawisk językowych w zakresie werbalnego słowotwórstwa paradygmatycznego, jak: zastępowanie ogólnopolskiego wykładnika sufiksalnego innym, np.: lecić, siedzić, uprzyć (lecieć, siedzieć, uprać), dodawanie przyrostka do form bezsufiksalnych np.: obtnąć, pojdnąć, umiejnąć (obciąć, pójść, umieć), usuwanie formantu, np.: uklęc, wybuć (uklęknąć, wybuchnąć) oraz całkowita modyfikacja zarówno tematu słowotwórczego, jak i sufiksu, np.: poszuć, zbiąć (pójść, zebrać). Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

The article shows and describes names of small rural spaces registered in the 19th century notarial acts from the area of Łuków. There are over 300 units, the names of the so called lands, semantically and structurally varied, excluding the names of waterways that are not represented in the research material. The way of description of these microtoponyms doesn’t leave any doubt that they are proper names being connected with locating and characterizing functions, serving as landmarks in defining the borders of fields, meadows, forests and succession possessions. The material from Łuków reveals the specific concentration of names, including topographic motivation, having the largest share in the creation of these units, followed by possessive and cultural ones. These names are generally, structurally and semantically transparent with reference to the historical names of Mazovia. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

The basis of these considerations is a noun “birch”, which, due to its popularity of marked designatum, creates quite a considerable source of appelatives and toponyms. This become evident in considerable in morphological and semantic differentiation of toponyms developed based on them. The basic type is made of names that we directly derive from nouns and adjectives related with the noun “birch”, the second type comprises of names created one the toponomastic level. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

Hodonyms function as symbols and convey information about relations between the inhabitants of the city. Considered as signs, they stigmatize space and, by references to different cultures, they reflect the demographic structure, in particular, the ethnic one. The article attempts to classify names of streets, squares and parks according to their references to the different cultures. The analysis was conducted on the example of the center of Subotica, a multicultural city in Serbia, near the border with Hungary. The next step was to present the phenomena on maps, which was done for three historical periods: the interwar, the Communist era and current state. The first two are based on maps from 1928 and 1968, and the current one is based on field research curried out in September 2011. The information obtained in this way was compared to the census results of different periods, analyzing the relationship between demographic structure and the information stored in the hodonyms. The analysis confirmed the possibility of using this method in terms of synchronic and diachronic viewpoint. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

This section is the first part of a project to recreate the world, which was seen through the eyes of people making up the names of places no inhabited. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

The article describes language disorders occur in children with very early onset schizophrenia in comparison with the speech pathology diagnosed in adolescents and adults with schizophrenia. The conclusions of the study are applicable in programming speech‑language therapy. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

The paper is a partial study which refers to the processing of Slovak hydronymy within the Hydronymia Slovaciae project in mapping the names of water courses in the Eastern Slovakia. The research is carried out within the project Synchronic-diachronic aspects of the Hornad basin hydronymy (VEGA 1/0359/12). This article deals primarily with extralinguistic aspects of selected hydronyms. We selectively focus on the oldest documented hydronyms which are assumed to motivate other toponyms (for example settlements names). The contribution is based on an initial analysis of particular names, the evidence is acquired by extracts from maps and studies of materials relating mainly to the earliest, documented hydronyms from the Torysa basin. The Torysa is an important and the longest tributary river in the Hornád river basin. Its length is 129 kilometres. The oldest traces of settlement in the northern part of the Šariš stool are connected with this river. The aim of the article is to describe hydronyms which are motivated by the appellative base with the focus on the most common motivation – type of vegetation, landform and human activity associated with settlement (mainly inaccessible places). It also adds some comments on the influence of the Hungarian language, which allowed conserving some original speech sounds known in the oldest periods of Slovak language – for example the nasal consonant, the consonant g. These partial results of research in the study of the Torysa basin in Eastern Slovakia enrich the existing research and they also give opportunity to compare the appellative bases of names with the current findings of other Slovak outputs in the area of the hydronymia of Slovakia. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

This memory of Professor Witold Mańczak deceased in 2016, presents the cv and the most important onomastic achievements of the outstanding and appreciated Polish linguist, who dedicated his scientific life to the study of different European languages and created some valuable theories concerning the evolution of languages, the etymology and the nature of proper names. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

Refering to the oldest hydronymia from Southwestern Slovakia which is the oldest Slavic state, we provide the examples of the old Slavic lexical layer fund. These appellative vocabulary is undifferentiated (or only minimally differentiated) in Slovak dialects, but also in the Slavic languages. In earlier documents and hydronymical material we also find the old petrified vocabulary that could gradually change its original semantic structure in the Slavic languages (or in Slovak language). There are also the examples of the elements of appellative vocabulary. In the process of development of Slavic base these linguistic units could gradually pass and become a part of the vocabulary of the so called edge of the language; they could lose or modify its phonetic form. The author analyzes the proper names from Žitný ostrov (Rye Island) (between the Danube River and the Little Danube), which is considered Slovakia–Hungary, and from the immediate surroundings. Preliminary analysis shows that the names of the rivers in this area are of domestic (Slovak) origin, the historically younger names of marshes and wetlands are instead of Hungarian origin. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

There is no doubt that toponyms constitute an unusually valuable source of knowledge about a given territory. Geographical names retain the most essential characteristics which make up their distinctive and unique images. Thus, oiconyms, anoiconyms, hydronyms or oronyms are becoming extremely important elements which build a sense of territorial identity in the inhabitants of any area. The mentioned findings also refer to the toponyms from the Krajna region. Because of many controversies concerning the precise geographical scope of this region located on the borderland between Great Poland and Pomerania, these inquiries assume that its area coincides with the borders of the old, pre-partition Nakło Poviat. The subject of the article is the analysis of the Krajna oiconyms carried out by paying special attention to the linguistic, cultural, historical and natural factors of the region. The characterization of the local names includes first of all an etymological-motivational aspect, giving special consideration to their cultural character. However, the fundamental aim of this study is an attempt to reconstruct the linguistic, cultural, historical and natural image of the Krajna region based on the names of towns, villages, settlements and colonies. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

The article discusses the work of German historian Wolfgang Rothe which is valuable for onomastic research regarding the Protestant parishes in the area of the former East Prussia (now the area of the parishes lies partly in Poland and partly in Russia). Born in the family of Salzburg settlers, the laureate of Gołdap prize “Romincki Lynx” with the help of former residents of these areas, and with his work he collected seven volumes (the eighth one in preparation) of very reliable and extensive historical documentation (including onomastic ones: records of names of settlements taken from different documents, settlements list of family names, first names and occupations of inhabitants up to year 1938). Wolfgang Rothe documented also the reality of that time on maps, photographs and plans of the various villages and settlements, supplementing those with the memories of former residents of respective parishes and glossary of interesting lexemes and phrasemes. This material allows filling a number of history white spots (the history of toponymy and anthroponymy) of the area. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

The article presents the street names of the five villages in the district of Nakło nad Notecią (Paterek, Potulice, Ślesin, Trzeciewnica, Występ). The semantic analysis have shown the main naming types and also the similarities and differences between the naming systems of each village. The most popular street name types are topographic and natural names. Over 85% of all plateonyms have the adjectival form. This is the most productive structural type in the viconymy. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

Hodonyms function as symbols and convey information about relations between the inhabitants of the city. Considered as signs, they stigmatize space and, by references to different cultures, they reflect the demographic structure, in particular, the ethnic one. The article attempts to classify names of streets, squares and parks according to their references to the different cultures. The analysis was conducted on the example of the center of Subotica, a multicultural city in Serbia, near the border with Hungary. The next step was to present the phenomena on maps, which was done for three historical periods: the interwar, the Communist era and current state. The first two are based on maps from 1928 and 1968, and the current one is based on field research curried out in September 2011. The information obtained in this way was compared to the census results of different periods, analyzing the relationship between demographic structure and the information stored in the hodonyms. The analysis confirmed the possibility of using this method in terms of synchronic and diachronic viewpoint. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

Definitions of terms masticatory system and vocal organs are used as introduction to analysis of their relations. Articulation involves masticatory and respiratory systems the primary functions of which are different from generation of sounds and particularly speech. However, proper and consistent action of these systems is indispensable for generation of understandable words. The paper presents basic properties of structure and functions of masticatory system at various levels of its development. Particular attention was concentrated on all elements of mascicatory system (lips, dental arches, tongue, palate, and muscles of temporomandibular joints) on shaping mechanisms of speech. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

The village of Stryhantsi of Tysmenytsya District, Ivano-Frankivsk Region is located 30 km northeast of regional centre – city of Ivano-Frankivsk. It is considered to be founded in 1624. The village was mentioned on the map of the French engineer-cartographer Le Vasseur de Beauplan since 1650. Its basic part is located in a wide valley of the right bank of Dniester, 2–3 km of the very river. Local oro-objects are actively included into economic activity of people. Peculiarity of geographical location of the village and agricultural areas lies in the fact that part of them is located in the valley of Dniester, and the other part is located on tops of surrounding mountains which form a single plateau within a certain distance of the village that stretches to the east of the village towards Dniester. Therefore, both generalizing names (Na Hori, Na Dolyni) and specific names as to each separate mountain (na Stintsi, na Serednyomu Horbi, na Hirtsi, nad Zbochem) are used in colloquial speech. Modern oronymy of the village of Stryhantsi and its surroundings (in the language of Stryhantsi residents) is based on folk geographical lexis. Mountains surrounding the village and at the foot of which it is partially located have proper names formed in lexico-semantic way from appellatives which function either in Ukrainian literary language or in dialect speech: Hirka, Zbich, Seredniy Horb, Stinka, Skala. There are no proper names of foreign origin in oronymy of the village of Stryhantsi. Modern oronymy of the village of Stryhantsi and its surroundings is based on folk geographical lexicon. Mountains surrounding the village have their proper names created in lexico-semantic way from appellatives that function either in Ukrainian literary language or in Ukrainian dialect speech: Hirka, Zbich, Seredniy Horb, Skala, Stinka. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

The paper focuses on the issue of the pronunciation in adult learners of Polish as a foreign language. Various factors having impact on the difficulties in pronouncing certain Polish sounds are listed, while pointing at the necessity of introducing the methods used in speech therapy in certain cases of speech difficulties in adult learners of Polish as a foreign language. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

Speech therapy care is primarily the diagnosis and therapy of speech disorders. Properly functioning speech therapy care allows you to meet the needs of people of different ages and with different types of speech disorders. The article gives the results of own research on the assessment of the availability and quality of speech therapy care. The test group were parents of children between the age of infancy till adolescence period who have participated in the speech therapy. The questionnaire survey was used to conduct the research. The survey was voluntary and anonymous. The research was conducted on the territory of Lodz and in the surrounding area. After introducing the assessment of the therapy care made by the parents, the author formulates the conclusions of the conducted studies pointing to the operation areas of the speech therapy services in which corrections should be made. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

The text presents an opinion in the discussion on the etymology of the choronym Polska / Polonia. The author argues with Przemysław Urbańczyk, who claims that the name of Polons and Polonia has no connection with the tribe of Polans. On the contrary the opinion presented in the article maintains the historical truth according to which the Polans, whose name was mentioned, spread in the larger territory than the region inhabited originally by them. The author cites other similar examples in the history of tribes, nations and the formation of their denominative identity. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

The patronymic toponyms ending in -ice are the most productive in the Polish regions of Małopolska (Little Poland), Śląsk (Silesia) and Wielkopolska (Great Poland). These formations are relatively infrequent in the other two regions: Mazowsze (Mazovia) and Pomorze (Pomerania). The toponyms in question are not an exclusively Polish onomastic phenomenon. They are to be easily found in the other Slavic territories: in Czech Republic, Moravia, the countries of former Yugoslavia and in the Germanized west Lechitic and Lusatian territories. They are rather infrequent in the Ukraine and in some parts of Belarus. Do all these facts allow to make a general conclusion concerning the tribal borderline between the East and West Slavic zones? The facts we analyse have been used to defend the radical opnion taken by J. Nalepa, who claims of the originally Polish nature of the broadly understood region of Przemyśl, or by O. A. Kupczyński, who claims that the East- West Slavic tribal borderline ran along the rivers Wisłok, lower San, Wieprz and Bug. W. Makarski claims that the fact of the geographical distribution of toponyms in -ice cannot decidedly answer the question about the tribal borderline, since genetically, the nature of the -ice formations is identical in all the regions, and an attempt to situate this onomastic problem in the tribal era raises serious objections. The distributional analysis of the patronymic toponyms in -ice in contemporary Poland and those in the territories of former Polish states reveals a close relationship between the accumulation of these toponyms with land quality, which is an obvious fact. One can observe a gradual decrease in the number of the -ice formations when moving from the West to the East of Poland. Exceptional in this respect is their relative accumulation in the South-Eastern Poland. They are frequent in the districts of Przemyśl, Jarosław, Moscice, Gródek Jagielloński, Stary Sambor, Sambor and Drohobycz, but they are not well represented in the districts of Łańcut or Rzeszów. Very few -ice toponyms are to be found in the region of Sanok, neighbouring the region of Przemyśl. All these facts make it hardly tenable to put forward any claims concerning ethnic borderlines. All that can be observed is the lack of link between the toponyms under analysis and the corresponding ones from the Little Poland. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

The Opole urban nomenclature has for many years been a space of special homage paid to the local heroes. Taking into account this fact, in my research I have concentrated on Opole streets, squares, buildings and estates named after persons associated with this region. The analysis covered not only outstanding historical personalities, but also contemporary authorities – writers, politicians and scientists. The purpose of this paper was to present the most important nomenclature trends associated with the regional history and to show the impact of names commemorating prominent historical figures on the contemporary image of Opole. This urban nomenclature microsystem consisting of about one hundred proper names was presented against the background of current events and terminology problems faced by the Opole region. This subject seems to be of importance in the light of the ongoing cultural-ethnic differentiation and political disputes in Opole Silesia. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

The place names, whatever they refer to, the nature, the history, the settlement size of the referent, often do not stop to designate a single entity, but travel through time and space and that space can have a dual nature: geographical and linguistic. The place name in the geographical space moves through the duplication process and, not frequently, multiple replication, related to the migration of peoples, geomorphological and environmental issues or human settlement, commemorations and tributes, economic and touristic reasons. Instead it moves in linguistic space through two typical and often interconnected processes: lexicalization (from the proper name to the common name) with the subsequent rinomination (from the common name to the proper name) and transonimization (from a proper name to another proper name belonging to another type of onyms). This paper presents examples of Italian macro- and microtoponyms which moved in the geographic space and / or in the linguistic one both in Italy and in Italian language, and, above all, in other languages, nations and continents. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

In the article there are 222 place names of Sokolka district registered in dialectal variants. The material used for the study constituted survey manuscripts made for The Dictionary Of North- Eastern Poland Place Names, which were collected by a team of philologists, leaded by Professor Antonina Obrebska-Jablonska, arranged by the Commission of Determining the Place and Object Names at the Office of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Poland in 1961–1970. Dialectal forms of oyconyms analysis was carried out on three levels: structural, phonetic and formative. The study shows that the dialectical variants of place names of the Sokolka district, registered in source materials, were used by the inhabitants of the test area, in spoken variants maintaining phonetic and morphological characteristics typical for the dialect of the test area. Particular impact on dialect variants of names had Belarusian language and its dialects. These influences were primarily observed at the level of phonetics: variable accent, vowel reduction, a diphtong like pronunciation of certain vowels et al. However, at the formative level, the big influence on the construction of oyconyms models had also other East Slavic languages. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

This text shows that in the era of dialogue, in which – paradoxically – crisis of interpersonal communication is diagnosed, meetings between a speech‑language therapist and the patient should be based on the principles of face‑to‑face dialogue, on a real relationship of dialogic participants, despite the asymmetry resulting from the tasks of both sides of speech therapy. Position of the therapist and his authority can’t explain the ascendency over the patient. According to the assumption of dialogic, dialogue can’t be reduced only to the conversation as alternating exchange of messages, but it is interpersonal relationship, which is the result of openness, genuine interest in other person. Therefore true dialogue should create social relationships. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

This paper highlights some of the tendencies in the development of minor place names (anoiconyms) in the village Otročiněves (Central Bohemia). The contemporary forms of names have been collected in a direct field research. After the introduction of the criteria for the research, the article focuses on the confrontation of name forms within the set of newly collected anoiconyms, but also on comparison with minor place names excerpted from older sources – from the collection for the Dictionary of Minor Place Names in Bohemia and from the Theresian land register. Thus the article attempts not only to analyze changes in the subset of the Czech anoiconymic system over time, but also to study changes of extralinguistic nature. Anoiconyms will be monitored in their usage in communication as well as in their relation to literary Czech. The attention is also paid to the usage of names in question in different social groups. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

The article entitled The names of districts and housing estates in Tomaszów Mazowiecki is an attempt to complete the works and studies on city names in Poland. The analysis of proper names material was based on the meaning and formal names classification which allowed to separate the topographic names (Białobrzegi, Babi Dół), the cultural names (Baraki, Hubala housing estate), the possessive names (Cekanów), the ethnic names (Nagórzyce), the family names (Rawitów), the patronymic names (Starzyce), the relational names (Karpaty, Nowy Port) and the double meaning names (Gustek, Piekło). In each of the types one tried to separate the motivated names and unmoti vated names, and synthetic names and analytic names, if they occurred. The most popular types of urbanonyms which occurred in the discussed area are the relational, topographic and cultural names. The application of semantic classification allowed to emphasise the relation between toponyms and land configuration, material and spiritual culture of the society of this region. Just like in the example of other cities the oldest group of city names of Tomaszów Mazowiecki are the district names which at the beginning had been the names of the villages and hamlets. When the towns developed the villages were absorbed by them. Wydane z udziałem środków dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego UŁ

The here to fore monographs compiled on the basis of historical material prove how much valuable information can be found in archives. Documentation of materials gathered from the dictionary entitled ‘Nazwy miejscowości w Polsce. Układ a tergo’, ed. by E. Jakus-Borkowa and K. Nowikowa, proves that the collection of acquired names is extremely rich (380 names) and interesting. Half of the collection comprises topographic (Podjaworze, Śródborze, Zagórze) and cultural names (Ołtarze, Podworze, Zatorze). The remaining part of the collection is names registering existence of game and domestic animals (Kozarze, Turze). However, the most interesting group includes eponyms such as: Grzegorze, Łazarze, Niemierze, Samborze / Szymborze and Sławoborze which have a distinct microtoponymic function (former parts of castellany, chapter or a village) located in various parts of Poland (podkarpackie, mazowieckie, podlaskie, warmińsko-mazurskie, kujawskopomorskie) from the 13th to 15th century. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

This paper analyzes different translation choices that translators from Polish into Italian make with regard to place names of eleven novels published recently in Italy (literary works of Stasiuk, Tokarczuk, Pilch, Dehnel, Huelle, Tryzna, Grochola, Musierowcz and Kuczok have been considered within this essay). The first two paragraphs provide general information about methodology of research. Then follows the analysis of different classes of geographical names (street names, hydronyms, mountain names, microtoponyms, macrotoponyms). In the last part of the article three categories of translation errors will be discussed. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

This article focuses on toponyms forming the nicknames used by Internet users, especially in the context of real time communication on the Internet, which means communication on chats. The main aim of this article is to suggest a classification of nicknames formed from a toponym, as well as to bring their exact quantification in this particular type of electronic communication. A huge richness of nicknames is illustrated by the concrete examples taken from the corpus. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

Proper names signify single words of all kinds: people, places, mountains, rivers, institutions, etc. However, they do not reflect meanings. As a result of deonymisation, i.e. loosening of denotative associations between the word and the object denoted by it, proper names become meaningful units. Their connotative value, or a number of concepts and ideas, about the denotat which the onym refers to, is an important source of semantic content. Semantics viewed in this way puts a new perspective on research in proper names. The article shows the results of a research on the broadly defined toponyms, such as Waterloo, Eldorado, Mount Olympus, the Himalayas, Auschwitz, Brooklyn, Belarus appearing in the press in 2005–2012 in a variety of contexts, where the literary meaning in a toponymic form changes. Consequently, accumulation of additional semantic content in fixed or occasional connotative forms occurs. Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.