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This paper examines the use of galena, beginning in the Middle Paleolithic, before the onset of metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula, and shows that it was a well-known raw material during the Neolithic, both in funeral and in household contexts. The identification of probable provenance suggests a non-long distance movement, with the Molar-Bellmunt-Falset mining district in Tarragona as the main source area for extracting this ore since the Palaeolithic. Although southern France and other European regions share a similar use of galena in Neolithic times, each took different approaches to the use of the raw material. In some areas (southern France, Sardinia) lead was used for metal production, while in others (Iberia, continental Italy) it was not. These differences can be explained by different social choices in each region, reinforcing the idea that innovation is not simply a question of technology.

The objective of this bachelor thesis is to investigate the current status of the software start-up industry in Spain, and to dive deeper into the characteristics of the environment that shape their performance. More precisely, we are interested in determining which factors (namely demographic, economic, political and legal) might hinder their success. To do this so we first embark on a literature review, in order to figure out the elements of the environment that interact with start-up companies. At this point we rely on the traditional PESTEL framework to characterize the environment. Also, we use the triple helix model, which serves as well to illustrate how start-ups are neither alone nor act in isolation, rather, they are part of a bigger ecosystem and consequently, interact with incumbents, the public administration and with the institutions responsible to create new knowledge, i.e., the universities. Based on these two analyses we determine and characterise a set of factors that might affect start-ups operating in the software industry. In order to investigate the relevance of each of these factors, an empirical analysis is proposed. Specifically, we gather data from the case of Spain. Using multiple regression analysis we suggest two complementary approaches. First, we consider the region as the unit of analysis. That is, we aggregate the observations at the company level by territories (autonomous communities) and investigate the effect of the specific characteristics of the region where the start-ups are located. Second, we adopt an alternative approach and consider the start-up as the unit of analysis. The results of both approaches are reported and discussed. At this point it should be noted that to better approximate what it is meant by “performance” we use different proxies. In a final stage, the results were confronted with an expert in the field. By means of an interview we shared with him the findings from the empirical analysis, being able to link

Although the deep structure of the western Mediterranean has been extensively studied (i.e. global tomography, receiver function analysis or full-waveform inversion), the crustal and upper mantle structure of the Alboran Basin (westernmost Mediterranean) remains inadequately imaged, as the resolution of these models in the crust is limited by data availability and is not precise enough to characterize the crust under the basin. To understand the regional deep structure, a wide-angle seismic study across the basin is needed. The crustal structure of this basin has important implications for seismogenic and tsunamigenic potential estimations, as the main faults in the area are located at the boundaries between different crustal domains. In order to characterize the entire crust and the boundaries between the different crustal domains coexisting in the area, we propose to combine Wide Angle Seismic (WAS) data and Multichannel Seismic (MCS) profiles. In this study we present the velocity and density model obtained from the only WAS study focus on the area, the WESTEMED project. In particular, we performed the inversion of profile P01, running from the south of Iberia (Almeria) to the north African margin (east of Nador). This profile includes 24 offshore obh/obs with a spacing <2.5km, and 13 onshore geophones located at both margins. Modelling have been carried out using the Korenaga inversion method. Result is a high horizontal resolution profile that delineate the crustal structure and the Moho depths across the Alboran Basin, and under the south Iberian and North African margins. This profile runs coincident with a crustal-scale MCS profile from the TOPOMED cruise, allowing the association of the velocity variations and anomalies with their tectonic origin. Main finding concerns the unequivocal characterization of the crust under the Alboran Basin. Along this profile, a two layers crust is observed under the East Alboran Basin, limited by tectonic structures, that ch

[EN] EPOS (European Plate Observation System) (https://www.epos-ip.org/) is now established as the only European multidisciplinary and global research infrastructure in Earth Sciences. It integrates several hundred national observatories for the observation and measurement of the internal and dynamic structure of the planet, and in particular in Europe, distributed in 25 European countries, including Spain. The EPOS project, included in the 2008 ESFRI Roadmap, has been recognized by ESFRI in 2016 as a priority project for its implementation, because of its strategic relevance in the European Research Area., [ES] EPOS (European Plate Observation System) (https://www.epos-ip.org/) se constituye actualmente como la única Infraestructura europea de Investigación multidisciplinar y global en Ciencias de la Tierra. Integra varios cientos de observatorios nacionales para la observación y medición de la estructura interna y dinámica del planeta, y en particular en Europa, distribuidos en 25 países de Europa, entre ellos España. El proyecto EPOS, incluido en la Hoja de Ruta ESFRI de 2008, ha sido reconocido por ESFRI en 2016 como proyecto prioritario para su implementación, por su relevancia estratégica en el ERA (European Research Area).

In 2007 the Sismantilles II experiment was conducted to constrain structure and seismicity in the central Lesser Antilles subduction zone. The seismic refraction data recorded by a network of 27 OBSs over an area of 65 km × 95 km provide new insights on the crustal structure of the forearc offshore Martinique and Dominica islands. The tomographic inversion of first arrival travel times provides a 3D P-wave velocity model down to 15 km. Basement velocity gradients depict that the forearc is made up of two distinct units: A high velocity gradient domain named the inner forearc in comparison to a lower velocity gradient domain located further trenchward named the outer forearc. Whereas the inner forearc appears as a rigid block uplifted and possibly tilted as a whole to the south, short wavelength deformations of the outer forearc basement are observed, beneath a 3 to 6 km thick sedimentary pile, in relation with the subduction of the Tiburon Ridge and associated seafloor reliefs. North, offshore Dominica Island, the outer forearc is 70 km wide. It extends as far as 180 km to the east of the volcanic front where it acts as a backstop on which the accretionary wedge developed. Its width decreases strongly to the south to terminate offshore Martinique where the inner forearc acts as the backstop. The inner forearc is likely the extension at depth of the Mesozoic magmatic crust outcropping to the north in La Désirade Island and along the scarp of the Karukera Spur. The outer forearc could be either the eastern prolongation of the inner forearc, but the crust was thinned and fractured during the past tectonic history of the area or by recent subduction processes, or an oceanic terrane more recently accreted to the island arc.

Received 5 October 2010 / Received in revised form 8 November 2010 / Accepted 17 November 2010 / Available online 25 November 2010. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Corresponding author. Tel.: +31 205987300; fax: +31 206462457. / E-mail addresses: sierd.cloetingh@falw.vu.nl (S.Cloetingh), jgallart@ija.csic.es (J. Gallart), gdv@geo.ucm.es (G. de Vicente), liviu.matenco@falw.vu.nl (L. Matenco)., Earth Sciences are rapidly changing from largely descriptive to process-oriented disciplines that aim at quantitative models for the reconstruction and forecasting of the complex processes in the Solid Earth. Prediction is highly relevant for the basic needs of humanity: supply of water and resources, protection against natural hazards and control on the environmental degradation of the Earth. Intensive utilization of the human habitat carries largely unknown risks of and makes us increasingly vulnerable. There is an urgent need for scientifically advanced “geo-prediction systems” that can accurately locate subsurface resources and forecast timing and magnitude of natural hazards. The design of such systems is a major multidisciplinary scientific challenge. The quantitative understanding of the Earth has made significant progress in the last few decades. Important ingredients in this process have been the advances made in seismological methods to obtain information on the 3D structure of the mantle and the lithosphere, in the quantitative understanding of the lithospheric processes as well as the recognition of the key role of quantitative sedimentary basin analysis in connecting temporal and spatial scales. Quantitative understanding of the mass transfer by erosion and deposition as well as their feed back with crustal and subcrustal dynamics presents a new frontier in modern Earth sciences. This research bridges investigations on high-resolution, near-surface time scales and the largescale, long-term approaches characteristic for the lithosphere and basin-wide studies. The essential step towards a 4D approach (in space and time) is a direct response to the need for a full incorporation of geological and geophysical constraints in the modelling of solid Earth processes. TOPO-EUROPE is a multidisciplinary international research program that addresses the interaction of processes inherent to the deep Earth (lithosphere and mantle) with surface processes (erosion, cli, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Wide-angle seismic lines recorded by ocean bottom and land seismometers provide a pseudo three-dimensional investigation of the crust and upper mantle structure around the volcanically active hotspot island of La Reunion. The submarine part of the edifice has fairly low seismic velocities, without evidence for intrusives. An upper unit with a velocity-depth gradient is interpreted as made of material erupted subaerially then transported and compacted downslope. Between this unit and the top of the oceanic plate, imaged by normal incidence seismic reflection, a more homogeneous unit indicated by shadow zones on several wide-angle sections may correspond to lavas of a different nature, extruded underwater in the earlier phase of volcanism. Coincident wide angle and normal incidence reflections document that the oceanic plate is not generally downwarping toward the island but doming instead toward its southeastern part, with limited evidence for some intracrustal intrusion. Deeper in the lithosphere, the presence of a layer of intermediate velocity between the crust and mantle is firmly established. It is interpreted as resulting from the advection of hotspot magmatic products, possibly partially molten, and of a composition for which the crust is a density barrier. The extensive wide-angle coverage constrains the extent of this body. It does not show the elongated shape expected from plate drift above a steady hotspot supply. Alternative propositions can hence be considered, for example, that La Reunion is caused by a solitary wave of hotspot material or by a young hotspot. The size of the underplate, 140 km wide and up to 3 km thick, corresponds to less than half the volume of the edifice on top of the plate.