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The global freshwater shortage presents a modern challenge, prompting water management strategies in various sectors, notably the oil and gas industry. Addressing the escalating water cut from petroleum wells is paramount. This review delves into complexities surrounding water production in oil and gas, with a focus on membrane processes. The study analyses membrane technology types, materials, and modules, highlighting the achievements and gaps for future developments. It aims to elucidate challenges and advancements in membrane-based water treatment within this industry. Advancements should prioritise novel materials, module configurations, and manufacturing techniques to enhance performance and mitigate fouling. Considering the complexity of produced water, ongoing projects are vital to maintain membrane performance resilience. Environmental concerns emphasise the need for greener alternatives, urging research into hybrid processes and environmentally friendly energy sources for sustainable water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]