Search

Background & aims: The response to weight loss depends on the interindividual variability of determinants such as gut microbiota and genetics. The aim of this investigation was to develop an integrative model using microbiota and genetic information to prescribe the most suitable diet for a successful weight loss in individuals with excess of body weight. Methods: A total of 190 Spanish overweight and obese participants were randomly assigned to two hypocaloric diets for 4 months: 61 women and 29 men followed a moderately high protein (MHP) diet, and 72 women and 28 men followed a low fat (LF) diet. Baseline fecal DNA was sequenced and used for the construction of four microbiota subscores associated with the percentage of BMI loss for each diet (MHP and LF) and for each sex. Bootstrapping techniques and multiple linear regression models were used for the selection of families, genera and species included in the subscores. Finally, two total microbiota scores were generated for each sex. Two genetic subscores previously reported to weight loss were used to generate a total genetic score. In an attempt to personalize the weight loss prescription, several linear mixed models that included interaction with diet between microbiota scores and genetic scores for both, men and women, were studied. Results: The microbiota subscore for the women who followed the MHP-diet included Coprococcus, Dorea, Flavonifractor, Ruminococcus albus and Clostridium bolteaea. For LF-diet women, Cytophagaceae, Catabacteriaceae, Flammeovirgaceae, Rhodobacteriaceae, Clostridium-x1vb, Bacteriodes nordiiay, Alistipes senegalensis, Blautia wexlerae and Psedoflavonifractor phocaeensis. For MHP-diet men, Cytophagaceae, Acidaminococcaceae, Marinilabiliaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Fusicatenibacter, Odoribacter and Ruminococcus faecis; and for LF-men, Porphyromanadaceae, Intestinimonas, Bacteroides finegoldii and Clostridium bartlettii. The mixed models with microbiota scores facilitated the selection of diet in 72% of women and in 84% of men. The model including genetic information allows to select the type of diet in 84% and 73%, respectively.

Polylactic acid (PLA) and cellulose acetate (CA) as biodegradable polymers are being highly exploited in the development of innovative materials across several industrial sectors. PLA and CA composite films with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and beta-cyclodextrin grafted TiO2 NPs were prepared. Thermo- and photo-degradation studies were performed on PLA and CA films and noticed that higher amount of TiO2 induce greater color variations, structure modifications and weight losses. It has been observed 9.3 % and 5.1 % maximum weight loss for 5 % TiO2 CA and PLA matrices, respectively. beta CD-modified TiO2 NPs increased the photo-degradation of the plain polymers to a lesser extent than TiO2 NPs. Benzoic acid (BA) and sorbic acid (SA) were incorporated to beta CD-TiO2 NPs and the antibacterial activity of PLA and CA composite films was studied by inactivation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. CA film filled with 5 % TiO2 NPs presented the highest antibacterial activity and achieved 71 % inhibition of E. coli and 88 % inhibition of S. aureus. CA composite films showed potential to be used as antimicrobial food packaging.

Purpose To assess the association between a score appraising adherence to the PaleoDiet and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a Mediterranean cohort. Methods We included 18,210 participants from the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort study. The PaleoDiet score comprised six food groups promoted within this diet (fruit, nuts, vegetables, eggs, meat and fsh) and fve food groups whose consumption is discouraged (cereals and grains, dairy products, legumes, culinary ingredients, and processed/ultraprocessed foods). CVD was defned as acute myocardial infarction with or without ST elevation, non-fatal stroke and cardiovascular death. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for potential confounders were ftted to assess the association between the PaleoDiet score and CVD risk, and the PaleoDiet and MedDiet indices to explore diferences between both diets. Results During 12.2 years of follow-up, 165 incident CVD cases were confrmed. A signifcant inverse association was found between the PaleoDiet score and CVD (HR Q5 vs. Q1: 0.45, 95% CI 0.27–0.76, P for trend=0.007). A weaker association that became non-signifcant was observed when the item for low consumption of ultra-processed foods was removed from the score. Joint analysis of PaleoDiet and MedDiet Trichopoulou scores suggested that the inverse association between PaleoDiet and CVD was mainly present when adherence to the MedDiet was also high (HR for high adherence vs low adherence to both diet scores: 0.22, 95% CI 0.08–0.64). Conclusions Our fndings suggest that the PaleoDiet may have cardiovascular benefts in participants from a Mediterranean country. Avoidance of ultra-processed foods seems to play a key role in this inverse association.

Aim: To analyze the influence of genetics and interactions with environmental factors on adiposity outcomes [waist circumference reduction (WCR) and total body fat loss (TFATL)] in response to energy-restricted diets in subjects with excessive body weight. Materials and Methods: Two hypocaloric diets (30% energy restriction) were prescribed to overweight/obese subjects during 16 weeks, which had different targeted macronutrient distribution: a low-fat (LF) diet (22% energy from lipids) and a moderately high-protein (MHP) diet (30% energy from proteins). At the end of the trial, a total of 201 participants (LF diet = 105; MHP diet = 96) who presented good/regular dietary adherence were genotyped for 95 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with weight loss through next-generation sequencing from oral samples. Four unweighted (uGRS) and four weighted (wGRS) genetic risk scores were computed using statistically relevant SNPs for each outcome by diet. Predictions of WCR and TFATL by diet were modeled through recognized multiple linear regression models including genetic (single SNPs, uGRS, and wGRS), phenotypic (age, sex, and WC, or TFAT at baseline), and environment variables (physical activity level and energy intake at baselines) as well as eventual interactions between genes and environmental factors. Results: Overall, 26 different SNPs were associated with differential adiposity outcomes, 9 with WCR and 17 with TFATL, most of which were specific for each dietary intervention. In addition to conventional predictors (age, sex, lifestyle, and adiposity status at baseline), the calculated uGRS/wGRS and interactions with environmental factors were major contributors of adiposity responses. Thus, variances in TFATL-LF diet, TFATL-MHP diet, WCR-LF diet, and WCR-MHP diet were predicted by approximately 38% (optimism-corrected adj. R2 = 0.3792), 32% (optimism-corrected adj. R2 = 0.3208), 22% (optimism-corrected adj. R2 = 0.2208), and 21% (optimism-corrected adj. R2 = 0.2081), respectively. Conclusions: Different genetic variants and interactions with environmental factors modulate the differential individual responses to MHP and LF dietary interventions. These insights and models may help to optimize personalized nutritional strategies for modeling the prevention and management of excessive adiposity through precision nutrition approaches taking into account not only genetic information but also the lifestyle/clinical factors that interplay in addition to age and sex.

Altogether the results presented in this thesis clearly show that dietary and genetic factors could modulate susceptibility to obesity and its metabolic disorders. Notably, individuals with a high genetic predisposition to obesity, defined by a GRS based on 16 obesity and lipid metabolism related polymorphisms, showed higher adiposity measures and obesity risk than those individuals with a low genetic predisposition. Although scientific evidence suggests the heritability component of obesity, in the present study we observed that genetic factors explain a small percentage of BMI variation as has been found by other authors. However, when we include in the regression model phenotypic features such as age, physical activity and energy intake the percentage of BMI explanation increased. These results confirm that obesity should be treated as a multifactorial disease in which a large number of phenotypic and genotypic factors are involved. Furthermore, our research work also contributes to better understand not only the role of genetics on body weight loss but also how the diet could modify the association between a polymorphism and body weight regulation. Specifically, for the first time we reported the interaction between the ADCY3 rs10182181 genetic variant and dietary macronutrient distribution on changes in anthropometric and body composition measurements. In addition, the MTNR1B rs101830963 genetic variant interacted with dietary fat intake in response to a hypocaloric diet in terms of body composition and lipid metabolism traits. On the other hand, the fat/carbohydrate intake modified the association between the PPM1K rs1440581 variant and changes in insulin and insulin resistance traits after a dietary intervention to induced weight loss. Finally, the association between the NOS3 rs1799983 polymorphism and DBP and risk of hypertension was modified by MUFA and PUFA intake, and BMI, respectively. Nutrigenetics emerges as a good option to further investigate the interindividual susceptibility to metabolic disorders and the response to dietary interventions, and therefore provide personalized nutrition based on the genetic make-up for preventing and treating obesity and its related comorbidities.

Introduction Hypertension contributes to the burden of heart disease, stroke, kidney failure and premature mortality [1]. In fact, hypertension complications account for 9.4 million deaths worldwide every year [2]. Key risk factors include age, race, endocrine and metabolic disorders, lifestyle behaviors and genetics, among others [1]. In this context, familial and twin studies have estimated the heritable component of Blood Pressure (BP) to be about 30%-60% [3]. Moreover, Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have identified a large number of polymorphisms associated with BP or hypertension, which are located in or near genes involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, related to enzymes and receptors of the mineral-and glucocorticoid pathways and associated with proteins implicated in the structure and/or regulation of vascular tone [4].Among them, the Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS3) gene is regarded as one of the putative candidate gene for BP regulation and hypertension, since it is involved in the production of Nitric Oxide (NO) which has vasodilator effects (i.e. inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction) [5]. Indeed, it has been observed in an animal model that the disruption of NOS3 gene led to hypertension, while in humans the inhibition of NOS3 elevated BP [5, 6]. Between NOS3 genetic variants, the rs1799983 is the most recognized polymorphism related not only to BP and hypertension, but also to coronary artery and vascular diseases, myocardial infarction, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes [7]. Unfortunately, the results of studies seeking associations of rs1799983 and BP or hypertension have not always been consistent in different populations, which might be due to gene-environmental risk factors interactions [8]. However, to our knowledge, there are few reports on the modulation of environmental factors such as excess body weight or diet, two risk factors widely associated with increased BP levels and hypertension, on the association between rs1799983 and BP or hypertension [9, 10]. Therefore, the aims of the present research were to examine the potential association between the rs1799983 NOS3 genetic variant and BP levels and hypertension, and to investigate the possible influence of non-genetic risk factors on that association.

Introducción: Se ha comunicado recientemente que la reducción de peso previa a cirugía bariátrica mediante dieta muy baja en calorías (VLCD) durante 2 semanas supone menor tasa de complicaciones postoperatorias. Es debatido, sin embargo, si la pérdida de peso preoperatoria con VLCD puede favorecer pérdida de peso postoperatoria. Objetivos: Valorar la eficacia de una VLCD, seguida durante 6 semanas preoperatorias, en el descenso de peso conseguido al año de la cirugía bariátrica. Evaluar los cambios en parámetros antropométricos y bioquímicos conseguidos con dicha dieta. Metodología: Estudio prospectivo no controlado en los pacientes obesos sometidos a derivación biliopancréatica en la Unidad de Obesidad de referencia en el periodo 2008-2010. Los pacientes recibieron durante 6 semanas previas a la intervención una VLCD que aportaba diariamente 840 kcal y 60 g de proteínas (Optisource®). Los datos descriptivos se presentan como media y desviación estándar (DS), y tras comprobar su distribución normal, fueron analizados mediante prueba t de Student, ANOVA o correlación de Pearson. Resultados: Fueron valorados 107 pacientes obesos, de 43,5 (10,2) años, el 72 % fueron mujeres con peso inicial 122,4 (18,6) Kg e IMC de 46,8 (5,5) kg/m². Un 24,5% perdieron más de 10 % de su peso inicial y un 73,5% más de 5% tras VLCD. La media de porcentaje pérdida de exceso de peso (% PSP) a los 12 meses de la intervención fue 59,6 (13,4)%, y aunque fue mayor en los pacientes que habían perdido peso con VLCD, no se asoció de forma significativa: aquellos pacientes con pérdida mayor de 5% perdieron a los 12 meses 59,5 (13,8)% de PSP y 68,4 and 71 (16,2) % de exceso de IMC (%PEIMC), frente a 57,9 (13,1) % y 68,5 (16,6) % si no conseguían esa pérdida. El grupo de pacientes con pérdida mayor de 10 % consiguió %PSP de 63,3 (13,7) y %PEIMC de 70,9 (14,7) vs 58,2 (14,0) y 67,7 (16,7) si no perdieron >10% del peso inicial. No se encontró correlación entre la pérdida preoperatoria con VLCD y %PSP ni de exceso de IMC (%PEIMC) a 3,6,9 y 12 meses, sólo el %PSP a 1 mes se correlacionó con %PSP con VLCD (r = 0,454, p = 0,003). Conclusiones: La pérdida de peso preoperatoria mediante VLCD en pacientes obesos mórbidos no ha demostrado favorecer la pérdida de exceso de peso ni de exceso de IMC al año de la cirugía bariátrica. Background: Weight loss before bariatric surgery, achieved by means of a very low calorie diet (VLCD) has been recently reported to be related to a lower rate of postoperative complications. However, it is controversial if preoperative weight loss after VLCD could improve postoperative weight loss. Aims: To assess the effectiveness of a preoperative VLCD for 6 weeks in weight loss one year after bariatric surgery. To evaluate the changes obtained in anthropometric measures and biochemical parameters after VLCD. Methods: Prospective uncontrolled study including severely obese patients undergoing biliopancreatic diversión in our Obesity Unit in 2008-2010. Patients included followed a VLCD providing 840 kcal and 60 g of protein (Optisource®). Descriptive data are presented as mean (standard deviation) and after checking a normal distribution is followed, they were analyzed by Student s T test, ANOVA or Pearson correlation. Results: We evaluted 107 obese patients, 43.5 (10.2) years-old, 72% women, with initial weight 122.4 (18.6) Kg and BMI 46.8 (5.5) kg/m². 24.5% of them lost more than 10 % of initial weight and 73.5% more than 5% after following VLCD. Mean percentage of excess weight loss (% PSP) one year after surgery was 59.6 (13.4)%, and although it was higher for those patients losing more weight after VLCD, a significant correlation was not found: those who lost more than 5% showed %PSP 59.5 (13.8) % after twelve months and 68.4 (16.2) % of percentage of excess BMI loss (%PEIMC), vs 57,9 (13,1) % and 68.5 (16.6) % if they didn t lose that amount of weight. Those patients losing more than 10% achieved %PSP 63.3 (13.7) and %PEIMC 70.9 (14.7) vs 58.2 (14.0) y 67.7 (16.7) vs those not losing that amount. Significant correlations between preoperative loss with VLCD and %PSP or %PEIMC at 3,6,9 and 12 months were not found, only %PSP 1 month after surgery correlated with %PSP after VLCD (r = 0.454, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Preoperative weight loss with VLCD in severely obese patients did not show to improve either %PSP or %PEIMC one year after bariatric surgery.

Objective: to evaluate the usefulness of a non-invasive clinical score to predict liver fibrosis in the steatosis associated with morbid obesity. Patients and methods: we included 88 patients, who underwent bariatric surgery in the Sanitary Area of León, Spain, and who showed a liver biopsy with steatosis greater than 5%. This is a retrospective study in which the rate of fibrosis is calculated from tests performed during the preoperative period, and is then compared to data from intraoperative hepatic biopsies. The analysis population was grouped according to the presence of advanced fibrosis in the liver biopsy (grade 3-4) or its absence (grade 0-2). The cutoff used for diagnosing advanced fibrosis was 0.676 (high cutoff point), and the cutoff point to exclude advanced fibrosis was -1.455 (low cutoff). Results: the prevalence of advanced fibrosis in the histological samples was 5.5%, and 65.9% of patients had no fibrosis. The cutoff for a low negative predictive value was 100%, and sensitivity was 100%. The cutoff point for a high positive predictive value was 1.7%, and specificity was 31.3%. Conclusions: this scoring system for morbidly obese patients eligible for bariatric surgery allows to identify those without advanced fibrosis, but cannot predict who may have advanced fibrosis. Objetivo: evaluar la utilidad de un índice de puntuación clínica no invasivo para predecir fibrosis hepática en la esteatosis asociada a la obesidad mórbida. Pacientes y métodos: se incluyeron 88 pacientes, intervenidos de cirugía bariátrica en el área sanitaria de León, que presentaron en la biopsia hepática una esteatosis mayor del 5%. Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo en el que se calculó el índice de fibrosis a partir de los datos analíticos del preoperatorio, y se comparó su resultado con los datos de la biopsia hepática intraoperatoria realizada. Para el análisis los pacientes fueron agrupados según presentaban en la biopsia hepática fibrosis avanzada (grado 3-4) o no (grado 0-2). El punto de corte usado para diagnosticar fibrosis avanzada fue 0,676 (punto de corte alto), y el punto de corte para excluir fibrosis avanzada fue -1,455 (punto de corte bajo). Resultados: la prevalencia de fibrosis avanzada en las muestras histológicas fue del 5,5% y el 65,9% de los pacientes no presentaban fibrosis. Para el punto de corte bajo el valor predictivo negativo fue del 100% y la sensibilidad del 100%. Para el punto de corte alto el valor predictivo positivo fue del 1,7% y la especificidad del 31,3%. Conclusiones: el sistema de puntuación analizado permite, en los pacientes con obesidad mórbida candidatos a cirugía bariátrica, detectar aquellos sin fibrosis avanzada, pero no permite predecir aquellos que pueden tener una fibrosis avanzada.

Objectives: we analyzed the characteristics of patients with gastric tumors diagnosed with multiple malignant primary neoplasm (MMPN) in the Health District of León. Material and methods: using the information in the Tumor Registry at León Hospital patients selected were those with gastric neoplasms diagnosed between 1993 and 2002. A follow-up was performed until December 31, 2004, and the characteristics of patients diagnosed with a second neoplasm were analyzed. Results: MMPN prevalence was 1,96%; 56% of patients had a history of cancer in first-degree relatives. The most frequent second neoplasms were digestive (26%) and urologic (21%); 87% of patients were diagnosed with a second neoplasm within the first two years. No significative differences in survival were observed among patients with synchronous or metachronous MMPN. Conclusions: MMPN in patients with gastric neoplasms is a relevant problem. While external carcinogenic agents could act as promoters in the development of second neoplasms, these patients seem to have a genetic background favoring the development of MMPN. Secondary prevention is the best measure to avoid MMPN development. Objetivos: analizar las características de los pacientes con tumores gástricos diagnosticados de una neoplasia primaria maligna múltiple (NPMM) en el área sanitaria de León. Pacientes y método: utilizando los datos del Registro de Tumores del Hospital de León se han seleccionado aquellos pacientes con tumores gástricos diagnosticados entre 1993 y 2002. Se realizó un seguimiento hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2004 analizando las características de los pacientes diagnosticados de una segunda neoplasia durante el periodo de seguimiento. Resultados: la prevalencia de NPMM fue del 1,96%. El 56% de los pacientes tenían antecedentes oncológicos en familiares de primer grado. Las segundas neoplasias más frecuentes fueron las digestivas (26%) y las urológicas (21%). El 87% de los pacientes fueron diagnosticados del segundo tumor en los primeros dos años. No se observaron diferencias respecto a la supervivencia entre los pacientes con NPMM sincrónicas y metacrónicas. Conclusiones: las NPMM en los pacientes con cáncer gástrico son un problema relevante. Aunque los agentes carcinógenos externos puedan actuar como promotores en el desarrollo de una segunda neoplasia, en estos pacientes parece existir una base genética que favorece el desarrollo del una NPMM. La prevención secundaria es la mejor medida para evitar el desarrollo de una NPMM.

La obstrucción gastroduodenal neoplásica puede causar una significativa morbilidad. La inserción de prótesis enterales como tratamiento paliativo es una aceptable opción para conseguir un adecuado vaciamiento gástrico sin la morbilidad asociada a la cirugía paliativa, con menor mortalidad relacionada con el procedimiento y menor coste, proporcionando una mejor calidad de vida. Es importante unificar y consolidar la técnica endoscópica de colocación de las prótesis enterales evitando variaciones que impidan un adecuado análisis de los resultados de esta técnica. Malignant gastroduodenal obstruction may cause significant morbidity. Insertion of enteral prostheses as a palliative treatment is an acceptable option to achieve an appropriate gastric voiding without the morbidity associated to palliative surgery, with a lesser procedure-related mortality and a lower cost, while providing a better quality of life. Its is important to unify and consolidate the endoscopic procedure for the placement of enteral prostheses, avoiding variations that may preclude an adequate analysis of this procedure outcome.

La obstrucción gastroduodenal neoplásica puede causar una significativa morbilidad. La inserción de prótesis enterales como tratamiento paliativo es una aceptable opción para conseguir un adecuado vaciamiento gástrico sin la morbilidad asociada a la cirugía paliativa, con menor mortalidad relacionada con el procedimiento y menor coste, proporcionando una mejor calidad de vida. Es importante unificar y consolidar la técnica endoscópica de colocación de las prótesis enterales evitando variaciones que impidan un adecuado análisis de los resultados de esta técnica.

Introducción: Aunque se han realizado múltiples estudios para conocer los factores pre-tratamiento que pueden predecir la respuesta al tratamiento con interferón (IFN), se desconoce si las lesiones histológicas características de la hepatitis crónica C (HCC) sirven para predecir dicha respuesta. Objetivos: Valorar si los parámetros histológicos pueden predecir la respuesta mantenida al tratamiento con IFN en los pacientes con HCC, y estudiar otros parámetros (epidemiológicos y analíticos) ya descritos como factores predictivos de respuesta. Métodos: Se estudiaron de forma retrospectiva 201 pacientes, tratados con IFN durante al menos 3 meses en cuatro hospitales de Castilla y León. La variable dependiente analizada fue la respuesta mantenida al tratamiento. Como factores predictivos de respuesta se estudiaron las siguientes variables histológicas: diagnóstico histológico, índice de Knodell total y por apartados, grado y estadio, y lesiones características de la HCC. Además, se analizaron parámetros epidemiológicos y analíticos. Resultados: El 16% de los pacientes presentó una respuesta mantenida. Ninguno de los parámetros histológicos sirvió para predecir dicha respuesta. Demostraron ser factores predictivos en el análisis bivariante la edad, el tiempo de evolución de la HCC, la vía de transmisión, la GGT, la ferritina y el genotipo viral. El factor predictivo más importante fue el genotipo viral, y el único asociado independientemente a la respuesta mantenida ("odds ratio" de respuesta al tratamiento de 8,6). Conclusiones: Los parámetros histológicos no predicen la respuesta al tratamiento con IFN. Otros factores, fundamentalmente el genotipo viral, se asocian a un mayor porcentaje de respuestas, aunque ninguno sirve para decidir con exactitud qué pacientes responderán. Background: Although many studies have been implemented in order to determine the pre-treatment factors that can predict patients' response to interferon (IFN) therapy, it is not yet clear whether characteristic histologic abnormalities in chronic hepatitis C can predict such response. Aims: The aims of this study were to evaluate, in patients with chronic hepatitis C, (i) the predictive value of histologic lesions for the sustained response to IFN therapy (ii) other pre-treatment (epidemiological and analytical) factors known to be predictive of response. Patients and methods: Sustained response was retrospectively evaluated in two hundred one patients who had been treated with IFN for at least 3 months in four different hospitals from Castilla y León. The following histological parameters were studied as predictors of response: histological diagnosis, Knodell index, grading and stage, characteristic histologic lesions of HCV infection. Epidemiological and analitycal parameters were also evaluated. Results: The rate of patient's sustained response to IFN treatment was 16%. None of the histological parameters was useful to predict this response. By univariate analysis, age, disease evolution time, mode of viral transmission, GGT, ferritin and viral genotype were associated with a sustained response. The most powerful, and only independent predictive factor, however, was the genotype (the response odds ratio was 8.6). Conclusions: Histological parameters do not predict the response to IFN treatment. Other factors (mainly the viral genotype) are associated with a higher response percentage, although no one is useful to decide which patients are going to respond.

958 p. Este trabajo aspira a reconstruir el fenómeno artístico totalizador de la fiesta barroca, ente manipulador y maravilloso, en el ámbito urbano vizcaínos a través de los escasos restos que han llegado a nuestros días y de los documentos generados por las instituciones públicas. Debido a esta escasez nos hemos centrado en la transformación festiva del escenario permanente que aún perdura, escenario confomado por el entramado de las villas estudiadas (Bermeo, Bilbao, Durango, Elorrio, Lequeitio, Portugalete, Ondarroa, Valmaseda) y que sufrió reformas tanto transitorias como permanentes a raíz de estas celebraciones. Para visualizar esta mutación festiva hemos utilizado el hecho procesional como base alrededor de la cual desarrollar el análisis de espacios y edificios, siempre teniendo la fiesta y el arte principio del estudio. Sobre estos espacios hemos levantado las construcciones efímeras (monumentos pascuales, túmulos o carros) que hemos encontrado. Completando el escenario se han analizado también numerosos componentes de la trama festiva de amplia relevancia en el caso vizcaíno como pueden ser las comidas, los trajes, las flores, los fuegos artificiales, la música o el teatro, siempre vistos como elementos artísticos visuales. Por último, hemos realizado una serie de monografías de las villas que aspiran a convertir a cada una de ellas, con sus determinadas particularidades, en un espejo de lo que la fiesta barroca pudo llegar a aser dentro de sus términos y donde destaca la singularidad de Bilbao y la magnífica y original creación de la falúa del Consulado.