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Introduction The risk factors of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury remain an enigma. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the risk factors for noncontact ACL injury in female high school basketball and handball players. Materials and Methods We conducted a 3-year prospective cohort study between 2009 and 2014, and it included 317 female high school athletes aged 15 years. At baseline, they underwent detailed examinations for various parameters that were documented during their first year of high school. The parameters assessed were height (cm), weight (kg), general joint laxity (points), navicular drop (mm), anterior laxity of the knee using the KT-1000 Knee Ligament Arthrometer (mm), angle of femoral anteversion (o), knee extensor/flexor muscle strength (Nm/kg), and hip abductor strength (Nm/kg). All ACL injuries that occurred during these 3 years were recorded. Results Of 317 players, 27 were excluded because they either had a history of ACL injury or could not complete the study. Thirty ACL tears occurred. Three of the ACL injuries were contact injuries, whereas the remaining 27 were noncontact injuries. Greater body weight (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.030–1.174; P = 0.004), a high hip abductor strength (95% CI, 1.462–4.827; P = 0.001), and small femoral anteversion (95% CI, 0.746–0.982; P = 0.027) were found to be risk factors in logistic regression analysis. Conclusion Greater body weight, a high hip abductor strength, and small femoral anteversion were risk factors for noncontact ACL injury in female high school basketball and handball players.

Objectives We investigated the prevalence of locomotive syndrome (LS) and related musculoskeletal diseases [osteoarthritis (OA), lumbar spondylosis, and spinal alignment] in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Methods Clinical data were collected from 101 patients (55 males; 46 females) admitted to our hospital for diabetes education from October 2018 to April 2021. Patients underwent full-spine and whole-legs standing radiography and physical measurements (10-m walking and grip strength tests and three LS risk tests). Results The estimated prevalence of LS was 86.1% (Stage 1: 44.5%, Stage 2: 41.6%), lumbar spondylosis was 11.9%, and hip, knee, and ankle OA were 16.9%, 51.5%, and 12.9%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified grip strength [odds ratio (OR) = 0.89, confidence interval (CI) = 0.83–0.94], diabetic retinopathy (OR = 5.85, CI = 1.64–20.78), knee OA (OR = 3.34, CI = 1.11–10.02), and a sagittal vertical axis >40 mm (OR = 3.42, CI = 1.13–10.39) as significantly associated risk factors for worsening LS in Type 2 DM patients. Conclusions This study clarified the epidemiological indicators of LS and associated factors in DM patients. Exercise therapy and DM management are effective strategies to reduce the occurrence and progression of LS.

Morphologic changes in the long head of the biceps brachii (LHB) and bicipital groove associated with cuff tears were studied in 170 cadavers. In specimens with minimum or moderate cuff tears, the primary finding was relative stenosis at the bicipital groove induced by enlargement of the LHB. However, this stenosis was not apparent in specimens with massive cuff tears and in these specimens, the medial wall of the groove exhibited wear and tear, a potential cause of LHB instability. We suggest that the long head of the biceps brachii muscle can potentially compensate for inadequate rotator cuff function. This increasing activity could lead to enlargement of the tendon and cause deterioration of the bicipital gliding mechanism.

This study was undertaken to identify and quantitate neural elements in the human subacromial bursa. Biopsy specimens of subacromial bursae were obtained from patients with rotator cuff tears and from cadavers of patients with no history of shoulder disorder (controls). We used a modified gold chloride method to characterize neural elements within the subacromial bursa. The population of intrabursal neural elements was calculated by computerized image analysis. The subacromial bursa demonstrated an extensive neural network: four morphological types of mechanoreceptors and many free nerve endings were identified. In general, there was an inverse relationship between the population density of neural elements and the extent of cuff tear. The population density of neural elements of the subacromial bursa associated with massive cuff tear was significantly lower than that observed in control shoulders. With regard to clinical symptoms, a significant correlation was established between the population density of neural elements in the subacromial bursa and shoulder pain at rest. Our investigation strongly suggests that the subacromial bursa is intimately involved in the perception of shoulder pain, providing an anatomical basis for afferent neural input in proprioceptive reflex arcs.

The relationship between the solid surface produced and the required energy in the vibration of ball milling has been obtained by direct measurement of the torque value of the mill shaft. There the real Rittinger number, ηr0' and the differential Rittinger number ηr(=ds/dE) are defined, and the relationship between them is found experimentally as follows.ηr0-ηr=aSnwAnd it is proved that this equation, which is for the first time proposed in this report as a fundamental equation of size reduction, includes Rittinger's equation and also Tanaka's equation.Though the values of ηr0 are affected by several grinding conditions, they have close connection with Bond's work index, Wi. The values of n have not been precisely obtained in this experiment, but they are known to come in the range of 1-3.The boundary of the region is also showed, in which the above mentioned relation can be found, and out of this boundary, the S-shaped grinding curves have been observed as Rose has pointed out in the vibration of the milling.

There are few measurements on tension imposed on warp while shooting or hauling trawl. The present paper describes the results which were measured by a tension meter set on the Kaiyo-maru, the biggest experimental research vessel in Japan, operated at rough sea and calm one. The structure of the otter boards and trawl net used for the experiment is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. 1. Warp tension while shooting trawl. Tension of 4-5tons each warp was recorded while shooting (vessel speed 6knots; shooting speed 100m/min.) at rough sea. That increased to 10-12tons when shooting was braked every 100-200m for the extension of trawl net. The values of tension were nearly equal to those measured at calm sea. 2. Warp tension while pulling and hauling. At calm sea tension of 5-6tons each warp was recorded while pulling (warp length 500m; pulling depth 124m; towing speed 4knots), and that decreased to 3-4tons when pulling was changed into hauling (hauling speed 90m/min.; towing speed 0.5-1.0knots). Tension while hauling was not changed particularly when the otter boards and net left the sea bottom. It was measured at rough sea that each tension of warps fluctuated from 4tons to 8tons in pulling (warp length 600m; pulling depth 150m; towing speed 4.2knots). When the otter boards and net left the bottom by hauling, the fluctuation of warp tension became violent suddenly, and 23tons on one of the paired warps and 38tons on both ones were recorded at the maximum.