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1. Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota).

Author

Bukreyev, Alexander, Burt, Felicity, Büttner, Carmen, Calisher, Charles, Cao, Mengji, Casas, Inmaculada, Chandran, Kartik, Charrel, Rémi, Kumar Chaturvedi, Krishna, Chooi, Kar, Crane, Anya, Dal Bó, Elena, Carlos de la Torre, Juan, de Souza, William, de Swart, Rik, Debat, Humberto, Dheilly, Nolwenn, Di Paola, Nicholas, Di Serio, Francesco, Dietzgen, Ralf, Digiaro, Michele, Drexler, J, Duprex, W, Dürrwald, Ralf, Easton, Andrew, Elbeaino, Toufic, Ergünay, Koray, Feng, Guozhong, Firth, Andrew, Fooks, Anthony, Formenty, Pierre, Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Gago-Zachert, Selma, Laura García, María, García-Sastre, Adolfo, Garrison, Aura, Gaskin, Thomas, Gong, Wenjie, Gonzalez, Jean-Paul, de Bellocq, JoëlleGoüy, Griffiths, Anthony, Groschup, Martin, Günther, Ines, Günther, Stephan, Hammond, John, Hasegawa, Yusuke, Hayashi, Kazusa, Hepojoki, Jussi, Higgins, Colleen, Hongō, Seiji, Horie, Masayuki, Hughes, Holly, Hume, Adam, Hyndman, Timothy, Ikeda, Kenichi, Jiāng, Dàohóng, Jonson, Gilda, Junglen, Sandra, Klempa, Boris, Klingström, Jonas, Kondō, Hideki, Koonin, Eugene, Krupovic, Mart, Kubota, Kenji, Kurath, Gael, Laenen, Lies, Lambert, Amy, Lǐ, Jiànróng, Li, Jun-Min, Liu, Ran, Lukashevich, Igor, MacDiarmid, Robin, Maes, Piet, Marklewitz, Marco, Marshall, Sergio, Marzano, Shin-Yi, McCauley, John, Mirazimi, Ali, Mühlberger, Elke, Nabeshima, Tomoyuki, Naidu, Rayapati, Natsuaki, Tomohide, Navarro, Beatriz, Navarro, José, Neriya, Yutaro, Netesov, Sergey, Neumann, Gabriele, Nowotny, Norbert, Nunes, Márcio, Ochoa-Corona, Francisco, Okada, Tomoyuki, Palacios, Gustavo, Pallás, Vicente, Papa, Anna, Paraskevopoulou, Sofia, Parrish, Colin, Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex, Pawęska, Janusz, Pérez, Daniel, and Pfaff, Florian

Subjects
Aliusviridae, Arenaviridae, Articulavirales, Artoviridae, Aspiviridae, Bornaviridae, Bunyavirales, Crepuscuviridae, Discoviridae, Filoviridae, Fimoviridae, Goujianvirales, Hantaviridae, ICTV, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Jingchuvirales, Lispiviridae, Mononegavirales, Muvirales, Mymonaviridae, Myriaviridae, Nairoviridae, Natareviridae, Negarnaviricota, Nyamiviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Orthornavirae, Paramyxoviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Phasmaviridae, Phenuiviridae, Pneumoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Riboviria, Serpentovirales, Sunviridae, Tenuivirus, Tosoviridae, Tospoviridae, Tulasviridae, articulaviral, bunyaviral, bunyavirus, goujianviral, megaclassification, megataxonomy, mononegaviral, muviral, negarnaviricot, serpentoviral, virus classification, virus nomenclature, virus taxonomy, Negative-Sense RNA Viruses, RNA Viruses, RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
Abstract

In April 2023, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by one new family, 14 new genera, and 140 new species. Two genera and 538 species were renamed. One species was moved, and four were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.

Published
2023

2. Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota)

Author

Kuhn, Jens H., Abe, Junya, Adkins, Scott, Alkhovsky, Sergey V., Avšič-Županc, Tatjana, Ayllón, María A., Bahl, Justin, Balkema-Buschmann, Anne, Ballinger, Matthew J., Baranwal, Virendra Kumar, Beer, Martin, Bejerman, Nicolas, Bergeron, Éric, Biedenkopf, Nadine, Blair, Carol D., Blasdell, Kim R., Blouin, Arnaud G., Bradfute, Steven B., Briese, Thomas, Brown, Paul A., Buchholz, Ursula J., Buchmeier, Michael J., Bukreyev, Alexander, Burt, Felicity, Büttner, Carmen, Calisher, Charles H., Cao, Mengji, Casas, Inmaculada, Chandran, Kartik, Charrel, Rémi N., Chaturvedi, Krishna Kumar, Chooi, Kar Mun, Crane, Anya, Bó, Elena Dal, de la Torre, Juan Carlos, de Souza, William M., de Swart, Rik L., Debat, Humberto, Dheilly, Nolwenn M., Di Paola, Nicholas, Di Serio, Francesco, Dietzgen, Ralf G., Digiaro, Michele, Drexler, J.F., Duprex, W.P., Dürrwald, Ralf, Easton, Andrew J., Elbeaino, Toufic, Ergünay, Koray, Feng, Guozhong, Firth, Andrew E., Fooks, Anthony R., Formenty, Pierre B.H., Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Gago-Zachert, Selma, García, María Laura, García-Sastre, Adolfo, Garrison, Aura R., Gaskin, Thomas R., Gong, Wenjie, Gonzalez, Jean Paul J., de Bellocq, Joëlle Goüy, Griffiths, Anthony, Groschup, Martin H., Günther, Ines, Günther, Stephan, Hammond, John, Hasegawa, Yusuke, Hayashi, Kazusa, Hepojoki, Jussi, Higgins, Colleen M., Hongō, Seiji, Horie, Masayuki, Hughes, Holly R., Hume, Adam J., Hyndman, Timothy H., Ikeda, Kenichi, Jiāng, Dàohóng, Jonson, Gilda B., Junglen, Sandra, Klempa, Boris, Klingström, Jonas, Kondō, Hideki, Koonin, Eugene V., Krupovic, Mart, Kubota, Kenji, Kurath, Gael, Laenen, Lies, Lambert, Amy J., Lǐ, Jiànróng, Li, Jun Min, Liu, Ran, Lukashevich, Igor S., MacDiarmid, Robin M., Maes, Piet, Marklewitz, Marco, Marshall, Sergio H., Marzano, Shin Yi L., McCauley, John W., Mirazimi, Ali, Mühlberger, Elke, Nabeshima, Tomoyuki, Naidu, Rayapati, Natsuaki, Tomohide, Navarro, Beatriz, Navarro, José A., Neriya, Yutaro, Netesov, Sergey V., Neumann, Gabriele, Nowotny, Norbert, Nunes, Márcio R.T., Ochoa-Corona, Francisco M., Okada, Tomoyuki, Palacios, Gustavo, Pallás, Vicente, Papa, Anna, Paraskevopoulou, Sofia, Parrish, Colin R., Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex, Pawęska, Janusz T., Pérez, Daniel R., Pfaff, Florian, Plemper, Richard K., Postler, Thomas S., Rabbidge, Lee O., Radoshitzky, Sheli R., Ramos-González, Pedro L., Rehanek, Marius, Resende, Renato O., Reyes, Carina A., Rodrigues, Thaís C.S., Romanowski, Víctor, Rubbenstroth, Dennis, Rubino, Luisa, Runstadler, Jonathan A., Sabanadzovic, Sead, Sadiq, Sabrina, Salvato, Maria S., Sasaya, Takahide, Schwemmle, Martin, Sharpe, Stephen R., Shi, Mang, Shimomoto, Yoshifumi, Sidharthan, Venkidusamy Kavi, Sironi, Manuela, Smither, Sophie, Song, Jin Won, Spann, Kirsten M., Spengler, Jessica R., Stenglein, Mark D., Takada, Ayato, Takeyama, Sawana, Tatara, Akio, Tesh, Robert B., Thornburg, Natalie J., Tian, Xin, Tischler, Nicole D., Tomitaka, Yasuhiro, Tomonaga, Keizō, Tordo, Noël, Tu, Changchun, Turina, Massimo, Tzanetakis, Ioannis E., Vaira, Anna Maria, van den Hoogen, Bernadette, Vanmechelen, Bert, Vasilakis, Nikos, Verbeek, Martin, von Bargen, Susanne, Wada, Jiro, Wahl, Victoria, Walker, Peter J., Waltzek, Thomas B., Whitfield, Anna E., Wolf, Yuri I., Xia, Han, Xylogianni, Evanthia, Yanagisawa, Hironobu, Yano, Kazutaka, Ye, Gongyin, Yuan, Zhiming, Zerbini, F.M., Zhang, Guilin, Zhang, Song, Zhang, Yong Zhen, Zhao, Lu, Økland, Arnfinn Lodden, Kuhn, Jens H., Abe, Junya, Adkins, Scott, Alkhovsky, Sergey V., Avšič-Županc, Tatjana, Ayllón, María A., Bahl, Justin, Balkema-Buschmann, Anne, Ballinger, Matthew J., Baranwal, Virendra Kumar, Beer, Martin, Bejerman, Nicolas, Bergeron, Éric, Biedenkopf, Nadine, Blair, Carol D., Blasdell, Kim R., Blouin, Arnaud G., Bradfute, Steven B., Briese, Thomas, Brown, Paul A., Buchholz, Ursula J., Buchmeier, Michael J., Bukreyev, Alexander, Burt, Felicity, Büttner, Carmen, Calisher, Charles H., Cao, Mengji, Casas, Inmaculada, Chandran, Kartik, Charrel, Rémi N., Chaturvedi, Krishna Kumar, Chooi, Kar Mun, Crane, Anya, Bó, Elena Dal, de la Torre, Juan Carlos, de Souza, William M., de Swart, Rik L., Debat, Humberto, Dheilly, Nolwenn M., Di Paola, Nicholas, Di Serio, Francesco, Dietzgen, Ralf G., Digiaro, Michele, Drexler, J.F., Duprex, W.P., Dürrwald, Ralf, Easton, Andrew J., Elbeaino, Toufic, Ergünay, Koray, Feng, Guozhong, Firth, Andrew E., Fooks, Anthony R., Formenty, Pierre B.H., Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Gago-Zachert, Selma, García, María Laura, García-Sastre, Adolfo, Garrison, Aura R., Gaskin, Thomas R., Gong, Wenjie, Gonzalez, Jean Paul J., de Bellocq, Joëlle Goüy, Griffiths, Anthony, Groschup, Martin H., Günther, Ines, Günther, Stephan, Hammond, John, Hasegawa, Yusuke, Hayashi, Kazusa, Hepojoki, Jussi, Higgins, Colleen M., Hongō, Seiji, Horie, Masayuki, Hughes, Holly R., Hume, Adam J., Hyndman, Timothy H., Ikeda, Kenichi, Jiāng, Dàohóng, Jonson, Gilda B., Junglen, Sandra, Klempa, Boris, Klingström, Jonas, Kondō, Hideki, Koonin, Eugene V., Krupovic, Mart, Kubota, Kenji, Kurath, Gael, Laenen, Lies, Lambert, Amy J., Lǐ, Jiànróng, Li, Jun Min, Liu, Ran, Lukashevich, Igor S., MacDiarmid, Robin M., Maes, Piet, Marklewitz, Marco, Marshall, Sergio H., Marzano, Shin Yi L., McCauley, John W., Mirazimi, Ali, Mühlberger, Elke, Nabeshima, Tomoyuki, Naidu, Rayapati, Natsuaki, Tomohide, Navarro, Beatriz, Navarro, José A., Neriya, Yutaro, Netesov, Sergey V., Neumann, Gabriele, Nowotny, Norbert, Nunes, Márcio R.T., Ochoa-Corona, Francisco M., Okada, Tomoyuki, Palacios, Gustavo, Pallás, Vicente, Papa, Anna, Paraskevopoulou, Sofia, Parrish, Colin R., Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex, Pawęska, Janusz T., Pérez, Daniel R., Pfaff, Florian, Plemper, Richard K., Postler, Thomas S., Rabbidge, Lee O., Radoshitzky, Sheli R., Ramos-González, Pedro L., Rehanek, Marius, Resende, Renato O., Reyes, Carina A., Rodrigues, Thaís C.S., Romanowski, Víctor, Rubbenstroth, Dennis, Rubino, Luisa, Runstadler, Jonathan A., Sabanadzovic, Sead, Sadiq, Sabrina, Salvato, Maria S., Sasaya, Takahide, Schwemmle, Martin, Sharpe, Stephen R., Shi, Mang, Shimomoto, Yoshifumi, Sidharthan, Venkidusamy Kavi, Sironi, Manuela, Smither, Sophie, Song, Jin Won, Spann, Kirsten M., Spengler, Jessica R., Stenglein, Mark D., Takada, Ayato, Takeyama, Sawana, Tatara, Akio, Tesh, Robert B., Thornburg, Natalie J., Tian, Xin, Tischler, Nicole D., Tomitaka, Yasuhiro, Tomonaga, Keizō, Tordo, Noël, Tu, Changchun, Turina, Massimo, Tzanetakis, Ioannis E., Vaira, Anna Maria, van den Hoogen, Bernadette, Vanmechelen, Bert, Vasilakis, Nikos, Verbeek, Martin, von Bargen, Susanne, Wada, Jiro, Wahl, Victoria, Walker, Peter J., Waltzek, Thomas B., Whitfield, Anna E., Wolf, Yuri I., Xia, Han, Xylogianni, Evanthia, Yanagisawa, Hironobu, Yano, Kazutaka, Ye, Gongyin, Yuan, Zhiming, Zerbini, F.M., Zhang, Guilin, Zhang, Song, Zhang, Yong Zhen, Zhao, Lu, and Økland, Arnfinn Lodden

Abstract

In April 2023, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by one new family, 14 new genera, and 140 new species. Two genera and 538 species were renamed. One species was moved, and four were abolished.

Published
2023

3. Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota)

Author

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (US), Antiviral Countermeasures Development Center (US), Department of Agriculture (US), Department of the Army (US), Department of Health and Human Services (US), US Department of Homeland Security, Federal Government of the United States, Kuhn, Jens H. [0000-0002-7800-6045], Abe, Junya [0000-0003-3627-7071], Adkins, Scott [0000-0003-0095-8414], Alkhovsky, Sergey V. [0000-0001-6913-5841], Avsic-Zupanc, Tatjana [0000-0001-6243-0688], Ayllón, María A. [0000-0001-7893-6106], Bahl, Justin [0000-0001-7572-4300], Balkema-Buschmann, A. [0000-0001-7613-9592], Ballinger, Matthew J. [0000-0001-7453-8725], Bejerman, Nicolas [0000-0002-7851-3506], Biedenkopf, Nadine [0000-0002-6061-8019], Blair, Carol D.[0000-0002-2803-0354], Blasdell, Kim R.[0000-0003-2121-0376], Bradfute, Steven B.[0000-0002-1985-751X], Briese, Thomas [0000-0002-4819-8963], Buchholz, Ursula J. [0000-0002-2329-3198], Buchmeier, Michael J.[0000-0002-2387-9287], Bukreyev, Alexander [0000-0002-0342-4824], Burt, Felicity [0000-0002-7238-7799], Büttner, Carmen [0000-0002-2086-2594], Calisher, Charles H. [0000-0003-0213-294X], Cao, Mengji [0000-0003-0396-262X], Casas, Inmaculada [0000-0003-1840-1198], Chandran, Kartik [0000-0003-0232-7077], Charrel, Rémi N.[0000-0002-7675-8251], Chaturvedi, Krishna Kumar [0000-0002-6529-5466], Crane, Anya [0000-0002-2060-2469], De Swart, Rik L.[0000-0003-3599-8969], Debat, Humberto [0000-0003-3056-3739], Dheilly, Nolwenn M.[0000-0002-3675-5013], Di Paola, Nicholas [0000-0002-9694-3913], Di Serio, Francesco [0000-0003-2822-704X], Dietzgen, Ralf G.[0000-0002-7772-2250], Digiaro, Michele [0009-0006-3089-3606], Drexler, J. Felix [0000-0002-3509-0232], Duprex, W. Paul [0000-0003-1716-6376], Elbeaino, Toufic [0000-0003-2211-7907], Ergünay, Koray [0000-0001-5422-1982], Feng, Guozhong [0000-0002-9489-9322], Fooks, Anthony R.[0000-0002-3243-6154], Formenty, Pierre B.H.[0000-0002-9482-5411], Freitas-Astúa, Juliana [0000-0002-0506-6880], Gago-Zachert, Selma [0000-0002-1084-2119], García, María Laura [0000-0001-6468-6943], Garrison, Aura R.[0000-0003-3034-6400], Gaskin, Thomas R. [0000-0002-5644-4431], Gouy de Bellocq, Joelle [0000-0001-5831-6284], Griffiths, Anthony [0000-0001-5435-8364], Groschup, M. H.[0000-0003-0215-185X], Günther, Stephan [0000-0002-6562-0230], Hayashi, Kazusa [0009-0002-9395-0066], Hepojoki, Jussi [0000-0001-5699-214X], Higgins, Colleen M. [0000-0001-9016-2940], Horie, Masayuki [0000-0003-4682-7698], Hughes, Holly R.[0000-0003-1380-8263], Hyndman, Timothy [0000-0002-7047-5023], Jiāng, Dàohóng [0000-0002-3862-7461], Jonson, Gilda B.[0000-0003-0097-8634], Junglen, Sandra [0000-0002-3799-6011], Klempa, B.[0000-0002-6931-1224], Klingström, Jonas [0000-0001-9076-1441], Kondō, Hideki [0000-0001-9220-5350], Koonin, Eugene V. [0000-0003-3943-8299], Krupovic, Mart [0000-0001-5486-0098], Kurath, Gael [0000-0003-3294-560X], Laenen, Lies [0000-0001-9118-8608], Li, Jianrong [0000-0002-7130-1084], Lukashevich, Igor S.[0000-0001-6523-5116], MacDiarmid, Robin M.[0000-0002-7057-2018], Maes, Piet [0000-0002-4571-5232], Marklewitz, Marco [0000-0003-1828-8770], Marshall, Sergio H.[0000-0003-0438-8252], Marzano, Shin-Yi L. [0000-0003-0548-3761], Mühlberger, Elke [0000-0003-3547-9376], Nabeshima, Tomoyuki [0000-0002-6570-096X], Naidu, Rayapati [0000-0002-7273-5116], Natsuaki, Tomohide [0000-0003-1823-7308], Navarro, José A. [0000-0002-0536-6074], Neriya, Yutaro [0000-0002-1385-0050], Netesov, Sergey V. [0000-0002-7786-2464], Neumann, Gabriele [0000-0001-7054-1775], Nowotny, N. [0000-0002-3548-571X], Ochoa-Corona, Francisco M. [0000-0002-4112-8209], Pallás, Vicente [0000-0003-4954-989X], Papa, Anna [0000-0002-6643-3322], Paraskevopoulou, Sofia [0000-0003-2608-2596], Parrish, Colin R. [0000-0002-1836-6655], Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex [0000-0002-6924-157X], Pawęska, Janusz T. [0000-0001-8776-7519], Pérez, Daniel R. [0000-0002-6569-5689], Pfaff, Florian [0000-0003-0178-6183], Plemper, Richard K. [0000-0003-2034-2107], Postler, Thomas S. [0000-0002-3558-9084], Rabbidge, Lee O. [0009-0001-7962-4881], Radoshitzky, Sheli R. [0000-0001-8976-8056], Ramos-González, Pedro L. [0000-0002-9640-6587], Rehanek, Marius [0000-0002-5710-5060], Resende, Renato O. [0000-0003-3852-1576], Romanowski, Víctor [0000-0001-6378-7929], Rubbenstroth, Dennis [0000-0002-8209-6274], Rubino, Luisa [0000-0002-2073-2415], Runstadler, Jonathan A. [0000-0002-6747-7765], Sabanadzovic, Sead [0000-0002-2995-2633], Salvato, Maria S. [0000-0002-3357-5391], Sasaya, Takahide [0000-0002-5020-9377], Schwemmle, Martin [0000-0002-2972-6855], Shi, Mang [0000-0002-6154-4437], Shimomoto, Yoshifumi [0000-0002-0796-7068], Kavi Sidharthan, Venkidusamy [0000-0003-1561-549X], Sironi, Manuela [0000-0002-2267-5266], Smither, Sophie [0000-0002-7835-3581], Spann, Kirsten [0000-0003-0567-8382], Spengler, Jessica R. [0000-0002-5383-0513], Stenglein, Mark D. [0000-0002-0993-813X], Takada, Ayato [0000-0003-2464-6642], Takeyama, Sawana [0009-0000-3771-5999], Tesh, Robert B. [0000-0002-9226-397X], Thornburg, Natalie J. [0000-0003-3523-3616], Tischler, Nicole D. [0000-0002-4578-4780], Tomitaka, Yasuhiro [0000-0002-6914-4016], Tomonaga, Keizō [0000-0003-0405-7103], Tordo, Noël [0000-0001-5873-059X], Tu, Changchun [0000-0002-8134-7502], Turina, Massimo [0000-0002-9659-9470], Tzanetakis, Ioannis E. [0000-0002-5970-1763], Vaira, Anna Maria [0000-0003-2526-4419], Van den Hoogen, Bernadette [0000-0003-1996-8559], Vanmechelen, Bert [0000-0002-8350-4356], Verbeek, Martin [0000-0002-8973-3803], Von Bargen, Susanne [0000-0001-8321-1572], Wada, Jiro [0000-0001-9846-0846], Wahl, Victoria [0000-0002-6588-4308], Walker, Peter J. [0000-0003-1851-642X], Waltzek, Thomas B. [0000-0001-6383-5978], Whitfield, Anna E. [0000-0002-3538-015X], Wolf, Yuri I. [0000-0002-0247-8708], Xylogianni, Evanthia [0009-0001-8768-0939], Yanagisawa, Hironobu [0000-0002-6729-466X], Ye, Gongyin [0000-0003-4937-8867], Yuan, Zhiming [0000-0002-3234-9616], Zerbini, F. Murilo [0000-0001-8617-0200], Okland, Arnfinn Lodden [0000-0003-3062-4386], Kuhn, Jens H., Abe, Junya, Adkins, Scott, Alkhovsky, Sergey V., Avsic-Zupanc, Tatjana, Ayllón, María A., Bahl, Justin, Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, Matthew J., Kumar Baranwal, Virendra, Beer, Martin, Bejerman, Nicolas, Bergeron, Éric, Biedenkopf, Nadine, Blair, Carol D., Blasdell, Kim R., Blouin, Arnaud G., Bradfute, Steven B., Briese, Thomas, Brown, Paul A., Buchholz, Ursula J., Buchmeier, Michael J., Bukreyev, Alexander, Burt, Felicity, Büttner, Carmen, Calisher, Charles H., Cao, Mengji, Casas, Inmaculada, Chandran, Kartik, Charrel, Rémi N., Chaturvedi, Krishna Kumar, Chooi, Kar Mun, Crane, Anya, Dal Bó, Elena, de la Torre, J. C., de Souza, William Marciel, De Swart, Rik L., Debat, Humberto, Dheilly, Nolwenn M., Di Paola, Nicholas, Di Serio, Francesco, Dietzgen, Ralf G., Digiaro, Michele, Drexler, J. Felix, Duprex, W. Paul, Dürrwald, Ralf, Easton, Andrew J., Elbeaino, Toufic, Ergünay, Koray, Feng, Guozhong, Firth, Andrew E., Fooks, Anthony R., Formenty, Pierre B.H., Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Gago-Zachert, Selma, García, María Laura, García-Sastre, Adolfo, Garrison, Aura R., Gaskin, Thomas R., Gong, Wenjie, Gonzalez, Jean-Paul J., Gouy de Bellocq, Joelle, Griffiths, Anthony, Groschup, M. H., Günther, Ines, Günther, Stephan, Hammond, John, Hasegawa, Yusuke, Hayashi, Kazusa, Hepojoki, Jussi, Higgins, Colleen M., Hongo, Seiji, Horie, Masayuki, Hughes, Holly R., Hume, Adam J., Hyndman, Timothy, Ikeda, Kenichi, Jiāng, Dàohóng, Jonson, Gilda B., Junglen, Sandra, Klempa, B., Klingström, Jonas, Kondō, Hideki, Koonin, Eugene V., Krupovic, Mart, Kubota, Kenji, Kurath, Gael, Laenen, Lies, Lambert, Amy J., Li, Jianrong, Li, Jun-Min, Liu, Ran, Lukashevich, Igor S., MacDiarmid, Robin M, Maes, Piet, Marklewitz, Marco, Marshall, Sergio H., Marzano, Shin-Yi L., McCauley, John W., Mirazimi, Ali, Mühlberger, Elke, Nabeshima, Tomoyuki, Naidu, Rayapati, Natsuaki, Tomohide, Navarro, Beatriz, Navarro, José A., Neriya, Yutaro, Netesov, Sergey V., Neumann, Gabriele, Nowotny, N., Nunes, Márcio R.T., Ochoa-Corona, Francisco M., Okada, Tomoyuki, Palacios, Gustavo, Pallás, Vicente, Papa, Anna, Paraskevopoulou, Sofia, Parrish, Colin R., Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex, Pawęska, Janusz T., Pérez, Daniel R., Pfaff, Florian, Plemper, Richard K., Postler, Thomas S., Rabbidge, Lee O., Radoshitzky, Sheli R., Ramos-González, Pedro L., Rehanek, Marius, Resende, Renato O., Reyes, Carina A., Rodrigues, Thaís C.S., Romanowski, Víctor, Rubbenstroth, Dennis, Rubino, Luisa, Runstadler, Jonathan A., Sabanadzovic, Sead, Sadiq, Sabrina, Salvato, Maria S., Sasaya, Takahide, Schwemmle, Martin, Sharpe, Stephen R., Shi, Mang, Shimomoto, Yoshifumi, Kavi Sidharthan, Venkidusamy, Sironi, Manuela, Smither, Sophie, Song, Jin-Won, Spann, Kirsten, Spengler, Jessica R., Stenglein, Mark D., Takada, Ayato, Takeyama, Sawana, Tatara, Akio, Tesh, Robert B., Thornburg, Natalie J., Tian, Xin, Tischler, Nicole D., Tomitaka, Yasuhiro, Tomonaga, Keizō, Tordo, Noël, Tu, Changchun, Turina, Massimo, Tzanetakis, Ioannis E., Vaira, Anna Maria, Van den Hoogen, Bernadette, Vanmechelen, Bert, Vasilakis, Nikos, Verbeek, Martin, Von Bargen, Susanne, Wada, Jiro, Wahl, Victoria, Walker, Peter J., Waltzek, Thomas B., Whitfield, Anna E., Wolf, Yuri I., Xia, Han, Xylogianni, Evanthia, Yanagisawa, Hironobu, Yano, Kazutaka, Ye, Gongyin, Yuan, Zhiming, Zerbini, F. Murilo, Zhang, Guilin, Zhang, Song, Zhang, Yong-Zhen, Zhao, Lu, Okland, Arnfinn Lodden, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (US), Antiviral Countermeasures Development Center (US), Department of Agriculture (US), Department of the Army (US), Department of Health and Human Services (US), US Department of Homeland Security, Federal Government of the United States, Kuhn, Jens H. [0000-0002-7800-6045], Abe, Junya [0000-0003-3627-7071], Adkins, Scott [0000-0003-0095-8414], Alkhovsky, Sergey V. [0000-0001-6913-5841], Avsic-Zupanc, Tatjana [0000-0001-6243-0688], Ayllón, María A. [0000-0001-7893-6106], Bahl, Justin [0000-0001-7572-4300], Balkema-Buschmann, A. [0000-0001-7613-9592], Ballinger, Matthew J. [0000-0001-7453-8725], Bejerman, Nicolas [0000-0002-7851-3506], Biedenkopf, Nadine [0000-0002-6061-8019], Blair, Carol D.[0000-0002-2803-0354], Blasdell, Kim R.[0000-0003-2121-0376], Bradfute, Steven B.[0000-0002-1985-751X], Briese, Thomas [0000-0002-4819-8963], Buchholz, Ursula J. [0000-0002-2329-3198], Buchmeier, Michael J.[0000-0002-2387-9287], Bukreyev, Alexander [0000-0002-0342-4824], Burt, Felicity [0000-0002-7238-7799], Büttner, Carmen [0000-0002-2086-2594], Calisher, Charles H. [0000-0003-0213-294X], Cao, Mengji [0000-0003-0396-262X], Casas, Inmaculada [0000-0003-1840-1198], Chandran, Kartik [0000-0003-0232-7077], Charrel, Rémi N.[0000-0002-7675-8251], Chaturvedi, Krishna Kumar [0000-0002-6529-5466], Crane, Anya [0000-0002-2060-2469], De Swart, Rik L.[0000-0003-3599-8969], Debat, Humberto [0000-0003-3056-3739], Dheilly, Nolwenn M.[0000-0002-3675-5013], Di Paola, Nicholas [0000-0002-9694-3913], Di Serio, Francesco [0000-0003-2822-704X], Dietzgen, Ralf G.[0000-0002-7772-2250], Digiaro, Michele [0009-0006-3089-3606], Drexler, J. Felix [0000-0002-3509-0232], Duprex, W. Paul [0000-0003-1716-6376], Elbeaino, Toufic [0000-0003-2211-7907], Ergünay, Koray [0000-0001-5422-1982], Feng, Guozhong [0000-0002-9489-9322], Fooks, Anthony R.[0000-0002-3243-6154], Formenty, Pierre B.H.[0000-0002-9482-5411], Freitas-Astúa, Juliana [0000-0002-0506-6880], Gago-Zachert, Selma [0000-0002-1084-2119], García, María Laura [0000-0001-6468-6943], Garrison, Aura R.[0000-0003-3034-6400], Gaskin, Thomas R. [0000-0002-5644-4431], Gouy de Bellocq, Joelle [0000-0001-5831-6284], Griffiths, Anthony [0000-0001-5435-8364], Groschup, M. H.[0000-0003-0215-185X], Günther, Stephan [0000-0002-6562-0230], Hayashi, Kazusa [0009-0002-9395-0066], Hepojoki, Jussi [0000-0001-5699-214X], Higgins, Colleen M. [0000-0001-9016-2940], Horie, Masayuki [0000-0003-4682-7698], Hughes, Holly R.[0000-0003-1380-8263], Hyndman, Timothy [0000-0002-7047-5023], Jiāng, Dàohóng [0000-0002-3862-7461], Jonson, Gilda B.[0000-0003-0097-8634], Junglen, Sandra [0000-0002-3799-6011], Klempa, B.[0000-0002-6931-1224], Klingström, Jonas [0000-0001-9076-1441], Kondō, Hideki [0000-0001-9220-5350], Koonin, Eugene V. [0000-0003-3943-8299], Krupovic, Mart [0000-0001-5486-0098], Kurath, Gael [0000-0003-3294-560X], Laenen, Lies [0000-0001-9118-8608], Li, Jianrong [0000-0002-7130-1084], Lukashevich, Igor S.[0000-0001-6523-5116], MacDiarmid, Robin M.[0000-0002-7057-2018], Maes, Piet [0000-0002-4571-5232], Marklewitz, Marco [0000-0003-1828-8770], Marshall, Sergio H.[0000-0003-0438-8252], Marzano, Shin-Yi L. [0000-0003-0548-3761], Mühlberger, Elke [0000-0003-3547-9376], Nabeshima, Tomoyuki [0000-0002-6570-096X], Naidu, Rayapati [0000-0002-7273-5116], Natsuaki, Tomohide [0000-0003-1823-7308], Navarro, José A. [0000-0002-0536-6074], Neriya, Yutaro [0000-0002-1385-0050], Netesov, Sergey V. [0000-0002-7786-2464], Neumann, Gabriele [0000-0001-7054-1775], Nowotny, N. [0000-0002-3548-571X], Ochoa-Corona, Francisco M. [0000-0002-4112-8209], Pallás, Vicente [0000-0003-4954-989X], Papa, Anna [0000-0002-6643-3322], Paraskevopoulou, Sofia [0000-0003-2608-2596], Parrish, Colin R. [0000-0002-1836-6655], Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex [0000-0002-6924-157X], Pawęska, Janusz T. [0000-0001-8776-7519], Pérez, Daniel R. [0000-0002-6569-5689], Pfaff, Florian [0000-0003-0178-6183], Plemper, Richard K. [0000-0003-2034-2107], Postler, Thomas S. [0000-0002-3558-9084], Rabbidge, Lee O. [0009-0001-7962-4881], Radoshitzky, Sheli R. [0000-0001-8976-8056], Ramos-González, Pedro L. [0000-0002-9640-6587], Rehanek, Marius [0000-0002-5710-5060], Resende, Renato O. [0000-0003-3852-1576], Romanowski, Víctor [0000-0001-6378-7929], Rubbenstroth, Dennis [0000-0002-8209-6274], Rubino, Luisa [0000-0002-2073-2415], Runstadler, Jonathan A. [0000-0002-6747-7765], Sabanadzovic, Sead [0000-0002-2995-2633], Salvato, Maria S. [0000-0002-3357-5391], Sasaya, Takahide [0000-0002-5020-9377], Schwemmle, Martin [0000-0002-2972-6855], Shi, Mang [0000-0002-6154-4437], Shimomoto, Yoshifumi [0000-0002-0796-7068], Kavi Sidharthan, Venkidusamy [0000-0003-1561-549X], Sironi, Manuela [0000-0002-2267-5266], Smither, Sophie [0000-0002-7835-3581], Spann, Kirsten [0000-0003-0567-8382], Spengler, Jessica R. [0000-0002-5383-0513], Stenglein, Mark D. [0000-0002-0993-813X], Takada, Ayato [0000-0003-2464-6642], Takeyama, Sawana [0009-0000-3771-5999], Tesh, Robert B. [0000-0002-9226-397X], Thornburg, Natalie J. [0000-0003-3523-3616], Tischler, Nicole D. [0000-0002-4578-4780], Tomitaka, Yasuhiro [0000-0002-6914-4016], Tomonaga, Keizō [0000-0003-0405-7103], Tordo, Noël [0000-0001-5873-059X], Tu, Changchun [0000-0002-8134-7502], Turina, Massimo [0000-0002-9659-9470], Tzanetakis, Ioannis E. [0000-0002-5970-1763], Vaira, Anna Maria [0000-0003-2526-4419], Van den Hoogen, Bernadette [0000-0003-1996-8559], Vanmechelen, Bert [0000-0002-8350-4356], Verbeek, Martin [0000-0002-8973-3803], Von Bargen, Susanne [0000-0001-8321-1572], Wada, Jiro [0000-0001-9846-0846], Wahl, Victoria [0000-0002-6588-4308], Walker, Peter J. [0000-0003-1851-642X], Waltzek, Thomas B. [0000-0001-6383-5978], Whitfield, Anna E. [0000-0002-3538-015X], Wolf, Yuri I. [0000-0002-0247-8708], Xylogianni, Evanthia [0009-0001-8768-0939], Yanagisawa, Hironobu [0000-0002-6729-466X], Ye, Gongyin [0000-0003-4937-8867], Yuan, Zhiming [0000-0002-3234-9616], Zerbini, F. Murilo [0000-0001-8617-0200], Okland, Arnfinn Lodden [0000-0003-3062-4386], Kuhn, Jens H., Abe, Junya, Adkins, Scott, Alkhovsky, Sergey V., Avsic-Zupanc, Tatjana, Ayllón, María A., Bahl, Justin, Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, Matthew J., Kumar Baranwal, Virendra, Beer, Martin, Bejerman, Nicolas, Bergeron, Éric, Biedenkopf, Nadine, Blair, Carol D., Blasdell, Kim R., Blouin, Arnaud G., Bradfute, Steven B., Briese, Thomas, Brown, Paul A., Buchholz, Ursula J., Buchmeier, Michael J., Bukreyev, Alexander, Burt, Felicity, Büttner, Carmen, Calisher, Charles H., Cao, Mengji, Casas, Inmaculada, Chandran, Kartik, Charrel, Rémi N., Chaturvedi, Krishna Kumar, Chooi, Kar Mun, Crane, Anya, Dal Bó, Elena, de la Torre, J. C., de Souza, William Marciel, De Swart, Rik L., Debat, Humberto, Dheilly, Nolwenn M., Di Paola, Nicholas, Di Serio, Francesco, Dietzgen, Ralf G., Digiaro, Michele, Drexler, J. Felix, Duprex, W. Paul, Dürrwald, Ralf, Easton, Andrew J., Elbeaino, Toufic, Ergünay, Koray, Feng, Guozhong, Firth, Andrew E., Fooks, Anthony R., Formenty, Pierre B.H., Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Gago-Zachert, Selma, García, María Laura, García-Sastre, Adolfo, Garrison, Aura R., Gaskin, Thomas R., Gong, Wenjie, Gonzalez, Jean-Paul J., Gouy de Bellocq, Joelle, Griffiths, Anthony, Groschup, M. H., Günther, Ines, Günther, Stephan, Hammond, John, Hasegawa, Yusuke, Hayashi, Kazusa, Hepojoki, Jussi, Higgins, Colleen M., Hongo, Seiji, Horie, Masayuki, Hughes, Holly R., Hume, Adam J., Hyndman, Timothy, Ikeda, Kenichi, Jiāng, Dàohóng, Jonson, Gilda B., Junglen, Sandra, Klempa, B., Klingström, Jonas, Kondō, Hideki, Koonin, Eugene V., Krupovic, Mart, Kubota, Kenji, Kurath, Gael, Laenen, Lies, Lambert, Amy J., Li, Jianrong, Li, Jun-Min, Liu, Ran, Lukashevich, Igor S., MacDiarmid, Robin M, Maes, Piet, Marklewitz, Marco, Marshall, Sergio H., Marzano, Shin-Yi L., McCauley, John W., Mirazimi, Ali, Mühlberger, Elke, Nabeshima, Tomoyuki, Naidu, Rayapati, Natsuaki, Tomohide, Navarro, Beatriz, Navarro, José A., Neriya, Yutaro, Netesov, Sergey V., Neumann, Gabriele, Nowotny, N., Nunes, Márcio R.T., Ochoa-Corona, Francisco M., Okada, Tomoyuki, Palacios, Gustavo, Pallás, Vicente, Papa, Anna, Paraskevopoulou, Sofia, Parrish, Colin R., Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex, Pawęska, Janusz T., Pérez, Daniel R., Pfaff, Florian, Plemper, Richard K., Postler, Thomas S., Rabbidge, Lee O., Radoshitzky, Sheli R., Ramos-González, Pedro L., Rehanek, Marius, Resende, Renato O., Reyes, Carina A., Rodrigues, Thaís C.S., Romanowski, Víctor, Rubbenstroth, Dennis, Rubino, Luisa, Runstadler, Jonathan A., Sabanadzovic, Sead, Sadiq, Sabrina, Salvato, Maria S., Sasaya, Takahide, Schwemmle, Martin, Sharpe, Stephen R., Shi, Mang, Shimomoto, Yoshifumi, Kavi Sidharthan, Venkidusamy, Sironi, Manuela, Smither, Sophie, Song, Jin-Won, Spann, Kirsten, Spengler, Jessica R., Stenglein, Mark D., Takada, Ayato, Takeyama, Sawana, Tatara, Akio, Tesh, Robert B., Thornburg, Natalie J., Tian, Xin, Tischler, Nicole D., Tomitaka, Yasuhiro, Tomonaga, Keizō, Tordo, Noël, Tu, Changchun, Turina, Massimo, Tzanetakis, Ioannis E., Vaira, Anna Maria, Van den Hoogen, Bernadette, Vanmechelen, Bert, Vasilakis, Nikos, Verbeek, Martin, Von Bargen, Susanne, Wada, Jiro, Wahl, Victoria, Walker, Peter J., Waltzek, Thomas B., Whitfield, Anna E., Wolf, Yuri I., Xia, Han, Xylogianni, Evanthia, Yanagisawa, Hironobu, Yano, Kazutaka, Ye, Gongyin, Yuan, Zhiming, Zerbini, F. Murilo, Zhang, Guilin, Zhang, Song, Zhang, Yong-Zhen, Zhao, Lu, and Okland, Arnfinn Lodden

Abstract

In April 2023, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by one new family, 14 new genera, and 140 new species. Two genera and 538 species were renamed. One species was moved, and four were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.

Published
2023

4. Neues aus der DEGAM-Leitlinienarbeit 2022

Author

Kötter, Thomas, Bekavac-Günther, Ines, Chenot, Jean-François, Egidi, Günther, Gensichen, Jochen Stefan, Haasenritter, Jörg, Muche-Borowski, Cathleen, Voigt, Karen, and Barzel, Anne

Subjects
ddc: 610, Medicine and health
Abstract

Namen der Moderierenden sowie der Vortragenden: Moderierende Barzel, Günther, Kötter, Muche-Borowski Vortragende Chenot, Egidi, Gensichen, Haasenritter, Kötter, Muche-Borowski, Voigt Einzelbeiträge: Update der S3-Leitlinie Nicht-dialysepflichtige chronische [zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL]

Published
2022
Full Text
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5. Evaluation of the German Version of the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Screening Scale for DSM-5 as a Screening Tool for Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Primary Care

Author

Ballmann, Cora, primary, Kölle, Markus Alexander, additional, Bekavac-Günther, Ines, additional, Wolf, Florian, additional, Pargent, Florian, additional, Barzel, Anne, additional, Philipsen, Alexandra, additional, and Gensichen, Jochen, additional

Published
2022
Full Text
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7. Characterization of a Novel Emaravirus Affecting Ash Species (Fraxinus spp.) in Europe

Author

Gaskin, Thomas R., Tischendorf, Max, Günther, Ines, Rehanek, Marius, Büttner, Carmen, von Bargen, Susanne, Gaskin, Thomas R., Tischendorf, Max, Günther, Ines, Rehanek, Marius, Büttner, Carmen, and von Bargen, Susanne

Abstract

We identified a novel virus in diseased European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and manna ash (F. ornus) trees exhibiting chlorotic ringspots, mottle and leaf deformation such as curling and shoestring symptoms. High-throughput sequencing (HTS, Illumina RNASeq) of total RNA isolated from diseased leaf material in combination with RT-PCR-based amplification techniques and Sanger sequencing determined five complete genome segments, each encoding a single open reading frame. Sequence analyses of RNA1–RNA5 revealed a genome organization typical for emaraviruses, i.e., (i) conserved and complementary terminal 5′ and 3′ termini of each genome segment (ii) proteins showing significant homologies to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) encoded by RNA1, the glycoprotein precursor (GPP) encoded by RNA2, the viral nucleocapsid protein (N, RNA3), the movement protein (MP, RNA4), and a protein of 26 kDA (P26, RNA5) highly similar to proteins of unknown function encoded by other emaraviruses. Furthermore, we identified spherical particles (double-membrane bodies, DMB) of different sizes (70–80 nm in diameter) which are typical for emaraviruses exclusively in virus-infected leaf tissue exhibiting mottle and leaf deformation. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the identified novel virus as a new member of the genus Emaravirus. We established a species-specific RT-PCR detection protocol and could associate the observed disease symptoms with the infection of the novel emaravirus in F. excelsior and F. ornus. Therefore, we propose the name ash shoestring-associated emaravirus (ASaV). Investigation of ASaV-infected sample trees originating from different locations in Switzerland, Germany, Italy and Sweden provided a wide geographical distribution of the virus in affected ash species. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmation of an emaravirus affecting ash tree species with shoestring symptoms of leaves in Europe.

Published
2021

8. Influence of the optical stimulus on accommodative changes of distances in the anterior ocular segment

Author

Günther, Ines

Subjects
Akkommodation, Laser-Interferenzbiometrie, ddc:610, ACMaster, Akkomodationsreiz
Abstract

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden 20 Probanden vermessen, die sich freiwillig für Untersuchungen der Akkommodation zur Verfügung stellten. Voraussetzung für optimale Ergebnisse waren emmetrope Probanden und eine geeignete Reizsetzung. Zusätzlich war die Kooperationsfähigkeit des Probanden/Patienten und dessen Konzentrationsfähigkeit von großer Bedeutung. Messungen mit Brille waren nicht möglich. Mit diesen Voraussetzungen war es möglich, präzise Daten über die Vorderkammertiefe, die Linsendicke und die Lage des posterioren Linsenpols und somit über die Akkommodation zu erhalten. Der Zeiss ACMaster ermöglichte mittels Laser-Interferenz-Biometrie eine kontaktlose patienten- und untersucherfreundliche Messung der Akkommodation. Als am besten geeignete Reize haben sich in der Vergangenheit optische Reize erwiesen. Daher wurden den Probanden fünf verschiedene Reizquellen geboten, die sie jeweils bei 0, -1, -3 und -5d scharf stellen mussten: ein X als Standardsymbol, ein Punkt (bestehend aus drei Pixeln), ein blinkendes X, einen Landoltring mit drehbarer Öffnung und ein schwarzes E, bei welchem sich der Hintergrund veränderte. Die Probanden reagierten mit unterschiedlicher Konzentrationsfähigkeit auf die Reizsetzung. Bei Einigen spielte es eine Rolle, auf welches Symbol sie blickten, bei den meisten jedoch waren die Ergebnisse unabhängig vom verwendeten Reiz. Aus den Resultaten dieser Arbeit lässt sich sagen, dass die Symbole P, B und E eher ungeeignet sind, da die Akkommodationsänderungen im Vergleich zu den Symbolen X und L geringer sind. Bei vereinzelten Probanden hat bei bestimmten Messzyklen die Wahl des optischen Akkommodationsreizes einen positiven Einfluss auf akkommodative Änderungen von Distanzen im okularen Vorderabschnitt, bei den meisten Probanden hat die Reizauswahl jedoch keinen Einfluss. Als Resultate ergaben sich in geometrischer Weglänge im Durchschnitt Änderungen der Vorderkammertiefe von 0,020mm/d bei -1d, 0,127mm/d bei -3d, 0,227mm/d bei -5d, Änderungen der Linsendicke um 0,027mm/d bei -1d, 0,153mm/d bei -3d, 0,276mm/d bei -5d und Änderungen des posterioren Linsenpols von 0,008mm/d bei -1d, 0,026mm/d bei -3d und 0,049mm/d bei -5d. Diese Änderungen traten bei alle Symbolen in gleicher Weise auf. Diese erzielten Ergebnisse stehen in Übereinstimmung mit der Literatur. Insgesamt hat sich gezeigt, dass es mit dem ACMaster möglich ist, die akkommodationsbedingte Distanzänderung mit sehr hoher Präzision zu messen, wie es mit anderen Geräten bisher nicht möglich war. Bei entsprechender Compliance der Patienten kann der ACMaster erfolgreich in der Akkommdationsforschung eingesetzt werden., In this study of accommodation and accommodative stimuli 20 adult volunteers were examined with the Zeiss ACMaster. This instrument is based on partial coherence interferometry allowing contactless measurements which are patient- and examiner-friendly. In order to get precise results emmetropic subjects and an adequate accommodation stimulus were required. In addition, the ability of cooperation and the power of concentration were very important. Measurements with glasses could not be performed. Under these conditions it was possible to obtain precise measurements of the anterior chamber depth, the lens thickness and the position of the posterior lens surface and, hence, of the accommodative process itself. Results in the past have shown that the best stimulus for accommodation was an optical stimulus. Accordingly, we chose five different stimuli which had to be focused at optical distances of 0 D, -1 D, -3 D and -5 D. The first symbol was the letter X consisting of a few pixels in red, green and blue with a black background. The next symbol was a small dot (symbol P) with only three pixels (one of each basic color), a blinking X (symbol B), a Landolt ring (symbol L) with rotatable opening and the letter E in black on a white background. The examinees responded with different degrees of concentration to these stimuli. The results of this study show that the symbols P, B and E are rather not suitable because they caused less accommodative changes in comparison to the symbols X and L. In individual cases, the choice of the symbol made a difference. However, in the majority there was no effect due to the selection of the symbol. The following results (geometrical path lengths) were obtained: average change of anterior chamber depth: 0.020 mm/D at -1 D, 0.127 mm/D at -3 D and 0.227 mm /D at -5 D; average change of lens thickness: 0.027 mm/D at -1 D, 0.153 mm/D at -3 D and 0.276 mm/D at-5 D; average change of the position of the posterior lens surface: 0.008 mm/D at -1 D, 0.026 mm/D at -3 D and 0.049 mm/D at -5 D. These changes were similarly observed for all symbols and were in good agreement with literature results. All in all, it is possible to get highly precise measurements of accommodative distance variations in the anterior eye segment with the ACMaster, which up to now was not possible with other instruments. With adequate compliance of examinees, the ACMaster can be applied successfully in accommodation research.

Published
2008

11. Systematic study of instrumental mass discrimination in multi-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

Author

Kivel, Niko, Vanhaecke, Frank, Günther, Detlef, and Leopold-Günther, Ines

Subjects
Chemistry, ion beam, mass discrimination, modeling, MC-ICP-MS
Abstract

Multi-collector inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) has gained substantial importance in isotopic analysis over the last two decades. In the beginning, MC-ICP-MS was almost solely deployed in geo- and cosmochemistry and in nuclear sciences and industry. Nowadays, many other scientific fields make use of the technique, which is mostly based on the high versatility of the ICP ion source and the high sample throughput in comparison to methods with equal or even slightly better precision, such as thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). The major benefit of MC-ICP-MS is clearly the high ionization power of the ICP, compared to, e.g. that of thermal ionization. A major limitation of MC-ICP-MS is the omnipresent instrumental mass discrimination. It is the effect that light isotopes are discriminated against heavier isotopes during the measurement. The goal of this PhD research project was to identify and possibly quantify the major contributors to instrumental mass discrimination in MC-ICP-MS. Commonly, instrumental mass discrimination is attributed to space-charge effects. Even though this is an easy to comprehend effect at first glance, it becomes more complicated once studied more closely. Firstly, space-charge effects are present in charged particle beams only. Secondly, space-charge effects are most severe for low energetic particle beams with high current. Certainly, the space-charge effects are not the only contributors to mass discrimination. Several other contributors have been identified in the past, namely: collisions, sample introduction and ion formation and energy-selective ion transmission. The effect of the above mentioned processes in terms of mass discrimination were investigated by several strategies. The processes occurring during the ion beam formation were addressed by the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method. Due to the nature of the ion source, the plasma is extracted from ambient pressure into the vacuum of the mass spectrometer; leading to drastically reduced fluid density. Yet, sufficient collisions between particles take place to possibly contribute to mass discrimination. The modeling results show a significant alteration of the fluid composition after the skimmer cone. Also a radial fractionation of the fluid was found. The ion beam is formed shortly after the plasma is extracted through the skimmer cone, the electrons are lost; a process known as charge-separation. During this phase, the space-charge effects are strongest. Thus a radial dependence of the isotopic composition of the ion beam might occur. This particular effect was investigated by two experiments, one comprising of ion implantation for the subsequent determination of the radial composition of the ion beam, the second experiment with a variable aperture addressing the shortcomings of the ion implantation and provide reliable \emph{in situ} information about the beam composition and diameter. These beam diameters are in contradiction to those expected from typically reported ion beam current. In order to measure the gross beam current, a Faraday cup was placed after the first ion lens of the mass spectrometer. The results reveal a much lower ion current than reported in literature, but are in reasonable agreement with estimations by the Child-Langmuir law for space-charge limited beams. Finally, it has to be pointed out that no dominant contributor to the mass discrimination could be identified. However, the energy-selective transmission can be excluded from the list of contributors, given the low ion beam current with the associated quasi complete beam transport. Since sample introduction a priory can be ruled out, only two contributors remain: collisions and space-charge effects. Both contributors can hardly be separated from one another experimentally, i.e., a higher throughput through the interface will lead to more collisions in the interface and consequently, to a higher ion beam current after charge-separation. Yet, the isolated treatment of both effects in computer simulations might provide a tool to solve this problem. Of course, the same simulator would need to have the capability to model both effects simultaneously, as well as separately, which is not yet possible.

Published
2015

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