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Supercomputers getting ever larger and energy-efficient is at odds with the reliability of the used hardware. Thus, the time intervals between component failures are decreasing. Contrarily, the latencies for individual operations of coarse-grained big-data tools grow with the number of processors. To overcome the resulting scalability limit, we need to go beyond the current practice of interoperation checkpointing. We give first results on how to achieve this for the popular MapReduce framework where huge multisets are processed by user-defined mapping and reducing functions. We observe that the full state of a MapReduce algorithm is described by its network communication. We present a low-overhead technique with no additional work during fault-free execution and the negligible expected relative communication overhead of $1/(p-1)$ on $p$ PEs. Recovery takes approximately the time of processing $1/p$ of the data on the surviving PEs. We achieve this by backing up self-messages and locally storing all messages sent through the network on the sending and receiving PEs until the next round of global communication. A prototypical implementation already indicates low overhead $<4\,\%$ during fault-free execution.

We develop the foundations of logarithmic structures beyond the standard finiteness conditions. The motivation is the study of semistable models over general valuation rings. The key new notion is that of a morphism of finite presentation up to saturation (sfp), which is one that is qcqs and which is locally isomorphic to the saturated base change of a finitely presented morphism between fs log schemes. As in the case of schemes, sfp maps can (locally on the base) be approximated by maps between fs log schemes of finite type over $\mathbb{Z}$. Based on sfp maps, we define smooth, \'etale, and Kummer \'etale maps. Importantly, the maps of schemes underlying such maps are no longer of finite type in general, though surprisingly they are if the base is the spectrum of a valuation ring with algebraically closed field of fractions. These foundations allow us to extend beyond the fs case the theory of the Kummer \'etale site and of the Kummer \'etale fundamental group., Comment: 69 pages, 2 figures, comments welcome!

We consider a one-dimensional system of four inelastic hard spheres, colliding with a fixed restitution coefficient $r$, and we study the inelastic collapse phenomenon for such a particle system. We study a periodic, asymmetric collision pattern, proving that it can be realized, despite its instability. We prove that we can associate to the four-particle dynamical system another dynamical system of smaller dimension, acting on $\{1,2,3\} \times \mathbb{S}^2$, and that encodes the collision orders of each trajectory. We provide different representations of this new dynamical system, and study numerically its $\omega$-limit sets. In particular, the numerical simulations suggest that the orbits of such a system might be quasi-periodic., Comment: 35 pages, 14 figures

The generalized hydrodynamics (GHD) equation is the equivalent of the Euler equations of hydrodynamics for integrable models. Systems of hyperbolic equations such as the Euler equations usually develop shocks and are plagued by problems of uniqueness. We establish for the first time the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the full GHD equation and the absence of shocks, from a large class of initial conditions with bounded occupation function. We assume only absolute integrability of the two-body scattering shift. In applications to quantum models of fermionic type, this includes all commonly used physical initial states, such as locally thermal states and zero-entropy states. We show in particular that differentiable initial conditions give differentiable solutions at all times and that weak initial conditions such as the Riemann problem have unique weak solutions which preserve entropy. For this purpose, we write the GHD equation as a new fixed-point problem (announced in a companion paper). We show that the fixed point exists, is unique, and is approached, under an iterative solution procedure, in the Banach topology on functions of momenta., Comment: 50 pages

Modern Systems-on-Chip (SoCs) incorporate built-in self-test (BIST) modules deeply integrated into the device's intellectual property (IP) blocks. Such modules handle hardware faults and defects during device operation. As such, BIST results potentially reveal the internal structure and state of the device under test (DUT) and hence open attack vectors. So-called result compaction can overcome this vulnerability by hiding the BIST chain structure but introduces the issues of aliasing and invalid signatures. Software-BIST provides a flexible solution, that can tackle these issues, but suffers from limited observability and fault coverage. In this paper, we hence introduce a low-overhead software/hardware hybrid approach that overcomes the mentioned limitations. It relies on (a) keyed-hash message authentication code (KMAC) available on the SoC providing device-specific secure and valid signatures with zero aliasing and (b) the SoC processor for test scheduling hence increasing DUT availability. The proposed approach offers both on-chip- and remote-testing capabilities. We showcase a RISC-V-based SoC to demonstrate our approach, discussing system overhead and resulting compaction rates., Comment: PREPRINT - To appear at IFIP/IEEE VLSI-SoC 2024

Shape memory alloys have a wide range of applications, including high stroke actuation, energy-efficient ferroic cooling, and energy harvesting. These applications are based on a reversible martensitic transformation, which results in a complex microstructure in the martensitic state. Understanding the formation of this microstructure after fast heating and cooling is crucial, as a high cycle frequency is essential for achieving high power density in the mentioned applications. This article uses an epitaxial Ni-Mn-Ga film as a model system to study the formation of the martensitic microstructure, since the high surface-to-volume ratio of thin films enables rapid heating and cooling, and since the formation of a multi-level hierarchical microstructure during slow cooling of this material system is already well understood. We apply a millisecond flash lamp pulse of varying energy density on the Ni-Mn-Ga film and analyse the hierarchical martensitic microstructure afterwards. Substantial differences compared to slow cooling occur, which we attribute to the limited time available for the microstructure to form and to the thermal stress between film and substrate during rapid temperature changes.

Metal-organic molecular adsorbates on metallic surfaces offer the potential to both generate materials for future (spin-)electronics applications as well as a better fundamental understanding of molecule-substrate interaction, provided that the electronic properties of such interfaces can be analyzed and/or manipulated in a targeted manner. To investigate electronic interactions at such interfaces, we measure optical second harmonic generation (SHG) from iron-octaethylporphyrin (FeOEP) adsorbed on Cu(001), and perform electronic structure calculations using coupled cluster methods including optical excitations. We find that the SHG response of FeOEP/Cu(001) is modified at 2.15-2.35 eV fundamental photon energy compared to the bare Cu(001) surface. Our polarization-dependent analysis shows that the $\chi_{zzz}^{(2)}$ non-linear susceptibility tensor element dominates this modification. The first-principles calculations confirm this effect and conclude a resonantly enhanced SHG by molecular transitions at $\hbar\omega \geq 2$ eV. We show that the enhancement of $\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}$ results from a strong charge-transfer character of the molecule-substrate interaction. Our findings demonstrate the suitability of surface SHG for the characterization of such interfaces and the potential to employ it for time-resolved SHG experiments on optically induced electronic dynamics.

The symmetry data of a $d$-dimensional quantum field theory (QFT) can often be captured in terms of a higher-dimensional symmetry topological field theory (SymTFT). In top down (i.e., stringy) realizations of this structure, the QFT in question is localized in a higher-dimensional bulk. In many cases of interest, however, the associated $(d+1)$-dimensional bulk is not fully gapped and one must instead consider a filtration of theories to reach a gapped bulk in $D = d+m$ dimensions. Overall, this leads us to a nested structure of relative symmetry theories which descend to coupled edge modes, with the original QFT degrees of freedom localized at a corner of this $D$-dimensional bulk system. We present a bottom up characterization of this structure and also show how it naturally arises in a number of string-based constructions of QFTs with both finite and continuous symmetries., Comment: 105 pages, 22 figures

Black crystals of the mixed-valence osmate(V,VI) Sr4Os3O12 were grown via a gas phase reaction in an evacuated silica tube. The material is attracted to a permanent magnet at room temperature (295 K) but loses this property when heated or cooled. In this temperature interval, soft magnetic behavior with vanishing coercivity is observed, but the saturation magnetization is only 0.05 MuB per formula unit. Resistivity measurements show that Sr4Os3O12 is a semiconductor with a small band gap of about 0.26 eV at room temperature. X-ray diffraction on a single-crystal revealed a rhombohedral structure with the space group R-3m and lattice parameters ar = 554.64(2) pm and cr = 2700.1(1) pm at 300(1) K. The compound crystallizes in the La4Ti3O12 structure type and is isostructural to Sr4CoRe2O12. The structure is a rhombohedral stack of layered blocks, each of which can be considered as a section of three layers of the cubic perovskite structure cut perpendicular to one of its threefold axes. The Os-O-Os bond angle of about 175{/deg} favors superexchange that leads to antiferromagnetic coupling between the osmium atoms with 5d3 and 5d2 configurations. Sr4Os3O12 exhibits strong lattice dynamics. One aspect is the antiferro-rotative lattice modes of the corner-sharing [OsO6] octahedra, which freeze upon cooling. At 100 K, an ordered, yet twinned triclinic superstructure is formed. Strong spin-orbit coupling and other effects cause deformations of the [OsO6] octahedra that differ significantly at 300 K and 100 K, suggesting a change in the electronic configuration. Competing ground states could also explain the temperature dependent band gap and the magnetic fluctuations manifested in the magnetization peak at room temperature., Comment: Accepted for publication in ZAAC (9 pages and 9 figures)

Over the past two decades, researchers in the field of visual aesthetics have studied numerous quantitative (objective) image properties and how they relate to visual aesthetic appreciation. However, results are difficult to compare between research groups. One reason is that researchers use different sets of image properties in their studies. But even if the same properties are used, the image pre-processing techniques may differ and often researchers use their own customized scripts to calculate the image properties. To provide greater accessibility and comparability of research results in visual experimental aesthetics, we developed an open-access and easy-to-use toolbox (called the 'Aesthetics Toolbox'). The Toolbox allows users to calculate a well-defined set of quantitative image properties popular in contemporary research. The properties include lightness and color statistics, Fourier spectral properties, fractality, self-similarity, symmetry, as well as different entropy measures and CNN-based variances. Compatible with most devices, the Toolbox provides an intuitive click-and-drop web interface. In the Toolbox, we integrated the original scripts of four different research groups and translated them into Python 3. To ensure that results were consistent across analyses, we took care that results from the Python versions of the scripts were the same as those from the original scripts. The toolbox, detailed documentation, and a link to the cloud version are available via Github: https://github.com/RBartho/Aesthetics-Toolbox. In summary, we developed a toolbox that helps to standardize and simplify the calculation of quantitative image properties for visual aesthetics research., Comment: 41 pages, 6 figure

In the hydrodynamic theory, the non-equilibrium dynamics of a many-body system is approximated, at large scales of space and time, by irreversible relaxation to local entropy maximisation. This results in a convective equation corrected by viscous or diffusive terms in a gradient expansion, such as the Navier-Stokes equations. Diffusive terms are evaluated using the Kubo formula, and possibly arising from an emergent noise due to discarded microscopic degrees of freedom. In one dimension of space, diffusive scaling is often broken as noise leads to super-diffusion. But in linearly degenerate hydrodynamics, such as that of integrable models, diffusive behaviors are observed, and it has long be thought that the standard diffusive picture remains valid. In this letter, we show that in such systems, the Navier-Stokes equation breaks down beyond linear response. We demonstrate that diffusive-order corrections do not take the form of a gradient expansion. Instead, they are completely determined by ballistic transport of initial-state fluctuations, and obtained from the non-local two-point correlations recently predicted by the ballistic macroscopic fluctuation theory (BMFT); the resulting hydrodynamic equations are reversible. To do so, we establish a regularised fluctuation theory, putting on a firm basis the recent idea that ballistic transport of initial-state fluctuations determines fluctuations and correlations beyond the Euler scale. This extends the idea of ``diffusion from convection'' previously developed to explain the Kubo formula in integrable systems, to generic non-equilibrium settings., Comment: 14 pages, 2 figures

Quantum circuits make it possible to simulate the continuous-time dynamics of a many-body Hamiltonian by implementing discrete Trotter steps of duration $\tau$. However, when $\tau$ is sufficiently large, the discrete dynamics exhibit qualitative differences compared to the original evolution, potentially displaying novel features and many-body effects. We study an interesting example of this phenomenon, by considering the integrable Trotterization of a prototypical integrable model, the XXZ Heisenberg spin chain. We focus on the well-known bipartition protocol, where two halves of a large system are prepared in different macrostates and suddenly joined together, yielding non-trivial nonequilibrium dynamics. Building upon recent results and adapting the generalized hydrodynamics (GHD) of integrable models, we develop an exact large-scale description of an explicit one-dimensional quantum-circuit setting, where the input left and right qubits are initialized in two distinct product states. We explore the phenomenology predicted by the GHD equations, which depend on the Trotter step and the gate parameters. In some phases of the parameter space, we show that the quantum-circuit large-scale dynamics is qualitatively different compared to the continuous-time evolution. In particular, we find that a single microscopic defect at the junction, such as the addition of a single qubit, may change the nonequilibrium macrostate appearing at late time., Comment: 31 pages, 5 figures; v3: minor revision

The structural and magnetic properties of sputter-deposited Fe$_{100-x}$Ru$_x$ films were studied for $x \leq 50$. The crystal structure of Fe$_{100-x}$Ru$_x$ is shown to be predominantly body-centered cubic for $x<13$ and to undergo a gradual transition to hexagonal close-packed in the concentration range $13 \lesssim x \lesssim 20$. Magnetic measurements indicate that the addition of Ru induces a noncollinear magnetic order in the body-centered cubic FeRu alloys, while the hexagonal close-packed FeRu alloys exhibit paramagnetic behavior. Increasing the Ru concentration in body-centered cubic FeRu alloys decreases the size of magnetic domains, approaching the size of magnetic grains. A simple atomistic model was used to show that antiferromagnetic coupling of Fe atoms across Ru atoms can be responsible for inducing noncollinear order in the FeRu cubic structures. Magnetic multilayer structures used in thin-film magnetic devices make extensive use of both Fe and Ru layers. Our results reveal that the presence of even a small amount of Ru in Fe influences the magnetic order of Fe, which could impact the performance of these devices., Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures. Juliana Lisik and Manuel Rojas contributed equally. Corresponding author emails: jbesler@sfu.ca (Juliana Lisik), mrojas@sfu.ca (Manuel Rojas), dhryan@physics.mcgill.ca (Dominic H. Ryan), egirt@sfu.ca (Erol Girt)

Cells undergo dramatic changes in morphology during embryogenesis, yet how these changes affect the formation of ordered tissues remains elusive. Here we find that the emergence of a nematic liquid crystal phase occurs in cells during gastrulation in the development of embryos of fish, frogs, and fruit flies. Moreover, the spatial correlations in all three organisms are long-ranged and follow a similar power-law decay (y~$x^{-\alpha}$ ) with $\alpha$ less than unity for the nematic order parameter, suggesting a common underlying physical mechanism unifies events in these distantly related species. All three species exhibit similar propagation of the nematic phase, reminiscent of nucleation and growth phenomena. Finally, we use a theoretical model along with disruptions of cell adhesion and cell specification to characterize the minimal features required for formation of the nematic phase. Our results provide a framework for understanding a potentially universal features of metazoan embryogenesis and shed light on the advent of ordered structures during animal development., Comment: Main text: 29 pages, 6 figures. SI: 9 figures and 1 table

Magnetism of oxide antiferromagnets (AFMs) has been studied in single crystals and extended thin films. The properties of AFM nanostructures still remain underexplored. Here, we report on the fabrication and magnetic imaging of granular 100-nm-thick magnetoelectric Cr$_2$O$_3$ films patterned in circular bits with diameters ranging from 500 down to 100 nm. With the change of the lateral size, the domain structure evolves from a multidomain state for larger bits to a single domain state for the smallest bits. Based on spin-lattice simulations, we show that the physics of the domain pattern formation in granular AFM bits is primarily determined by the energy dissipation upon cooling, which results in motion and expelling of AFM domain walls of the bit. Our results provide a way towards the fabrication of single domain AFM-bit-patterned memory devices and the exploration of the interplay between AFM nanostructures and their geometric shape.

In conventional fluids, it is well known that Euler-scale equations are plagued by ambiguities and instabilities. Smooth initial conditions may develop shocks, and weak solutions, such as for domain wall initial conditions (the paradigmatic Riemann problem of hydrodynamics), are not unique. The absence of shock formation experimentally observed in quasi-one-dimensional cold-atomic gases, which are described by the Lieb-Liniger model, provides perhaps the strongest pointer to a modification of the hydrodynamic equation due to integrability. Generalised hydrodynamics (GHD) is the required hydrodynamic theory, taking into account the infinite number of conserved quantities afforded by integrability. We provide a new quadrature for the GHD equation -- a solution in terms of a Banach fixed-point problem where time has been explicitly integrated. In the Lieb-Liniger model, this allows us to rigorously show for the first time that, from a wide class of initial conditions including zero- and finite-entropy states, no shock may appear at all times, and weak solutions are unique and entropy-preserving. This extends known results for finite-component linearly-degenerate hydrodynamics, to the continuum of hydrodynamic modes present in GHD. The new quadrature is also an efficient solution tool, which, combined with recent hydrodynamic fluctuation theories, gives rise to new expressions for correlations in non-stationary states., Comment: 15 pages, 2 figures

All-optical spin switching (AOS) is a new phenomenon found in a small group of magnetic media, where a single laser pulse can switch spins from one direction to another, without assistance of a magnetic field, on a time scale much shorter than existing magnetic technology. However, despite intensive efforts over a decade, its underlying working principle remains elusive. Here through manganese-based Heusler ferrimagnets, we show that a group of flat bands around the Fermi level act as gateway states to form efficient channels or spin switching, where their noncentrosymmetry allows us to correlate the spin dynamics to the second-order optical response. To quantify their efficacy, we introduce the third-rank Pancharatnam-Berry tensor (PB tensor), $\boldsymbol{\eta}^{(3)}=\langle i |{\bf p} |m\rangle \langle m|{\bf p} |f\rangle \langle f|{\bf p} |i\rangle,$ where $|i\rangle$, $|m\rangle$ and $|f\rangle$ are initial, intermediate and final band states, respectively, and ${\bf p}$ is the momentum operator. A picture emerges: Those which show AOS, such as the recently discovered Mn$_2$RuGa, always have a large PB tensor element} but have a small sublattice spin moment ratio, consistent with the prior experimental small remanence criterion. This does not only reveal that the delicate balance between the large PB tensor element and the small sublattice spin ratio plays a decisive role in AOS, but also, conceptually, connects the $n$th-order nonlinear optics to $(n+1)$th-rank PB tensors in general., Comment: 20 pages, four figures. Published in Physical Review B Letters

Ge1-xSnx and Si1-x-yGeySnx alloys are promising materials for future opto- and nanoelectronics applications. These alloys enable effective band-gap engineering, broad adjustability of their lattice parameter, exhibit much higher carrier mobility than pure Si, and are compatible with the CMOS technology. Unfortunately, the equilibrium solid solubility of Sn in Si1-xGex is less than 1% and the pseudomorphic growth of Si1-x-yGeySnx on Ge or Si can cause in-plane compressive strain in the grown layer, degrading the superior properties of these alloys. Therefore, post-growth strain engineering by ultrafast non-equilibrium thermal treatments like pulse laser annealing (PLA) is needed to improve the layer quality. In this article, Ge0.94Sn0.06 and Si0.14Ge0.8Sn0.06 thin films grown on silicon-on-insulator substrates by molecular beam epitaxy were post growth thermally treated by PLA. The material is analyzed before and after the thermal treatments by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and Hall effect measurements. It is shown that after annealing, the material is single-crystalline with improved crystallinity than the as-grown layer. This is reflected in a significantly increased XRD reflection intensity, well-ordered atomic pillars, and increased active carrier concentrations up to 4x1019 cm-3.

For many years, Si1-yGey alloys have been applied in the semiconductor industry due to the ability to adjust the performance of Si-based nanoelectronic devices. Following this alloying approach of group-IV semiconductors, adding tin (Sn) into the alloy appears as the obvious next step, which leads to additional possibilities for tailoring the material properties. Adding Sn enables effective band gap and strain engineering and can improve the carrier mobilities, which makes Si1-x-yGeySnx alloys promising candidates for future opto- and nanoelectronics applications. The bottom-up approach for epitaxial growth of Si1-x-yGeySnx, e.g., by chemical vapor deposition and molecular beam epitaxy, allows tuning the material properties in the growth direction only; the realization of local material modifications to generate lateral heterostructures with such a bottom-up approach is extremely elaborate, since it would require the use of lithography, etching, and either selective epitaxy or epitaxy and chemical-mechanical polishing giving rise to interface issues, non-planar substrates, etc. This article shows the possibility of fabricating Si1-x-yGeySnx alloys by Sn ion beam implantation into Si1-yGey layers followed by millisecond-range flash lamp annealing (FLA). The materials are investigated by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, micro Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The fabrication approach was adapted to ultra-thin Si1-yGey layers on silicon-on-insulator substrates. The results show the fabrication of single-crystalline Si1-x-yGeySnx with up to 2.3 at.% incorporated Sn without any indication of Sn segregation after recrystallization via FLA. Finally, we exhibit the possibility of implanting Sn locally in ultra-thin Si1-yGey films by masking unstructured regions on the chip.

Symmetry Theories (SymThs) provide a flexible framework for analyzing the global categorical symmetries of a $D$-dimensional QFT$_{D}$ in terms of a $(D+1)$-dimensional bulk system SymTh$_{D+1}$. In QFTs realized via local string backgrounds, these SymThs naturally arise from dimensional reduction of the linking boundary geometry. To track possible time dependent effects we introduce a celestial generalization of the standard "boundary at infinity" of a SymTh. As an application of these considerations we revisit large $N$ quiver gauge theories realized by spacetime filling D3-branes probing a non-supersymmetric orbifold $\mathbb{R}^6 / \Gamma$. Comparing the imprint of symmetry breaking on the celestial geometry at small and large 't Hooft coupling we find evidence for an intermediate symmetry preserving conformal fixed point., Comment: 12 pages + references, 7 figures

We study the structure of adic curves over an affinoid field of arbitrary rank. In particular, quite analogously to Berkovich geometry we classify points on curves, prove a semistable reduction theorem in the version of Ducros' triangulations, define associated curve skeletons and prove that they are deformational retracts in a suitable sense. An important new technical tool is an appropriate compactification of ordered groups that we call the ranger compactification. Intervals of rangers are then used to define metric structures and construct deformational retractions., Comment: first version, 48 pages, comments are welcome

Side-pumping fibre combiners offer several advantages in fibre laser design, including distributed pump absorption, reduced heat load, and improved flexibility and reliability. These benefits are particularly important for all-fibre lasers and amplifiers operating in the mid-IR wavelength range and based on soft-glass optical fibres. However, conventional fabrication methods face limitations due to significant differences in the thermal properties of pump-delivering silica fibres and signal-guiding fluoride-based fibres. To address these challenges, this work introduces a design for a fuse-less side-polished (D-shaped) fibre-based pump combiner comprising multimode silica and double-clad fluoride-based fibres. The results demonstrate stable coupling efficiency exceeding 80% at a 980-nm wavelength over 8 hours of continuous operation under active thermal control. The developed pump combiner has also been successfully integrated into a linear Er-doped fibre laser cavity, showing continuous-wave generation at 2731 or 2781-nm central wavelength with an output power of 0.87 W. Overall, this innovative approach presents a simple, repeatable, and reproducible pump combiner design that opens up new possibilities for leveraging fibre-based component technology in soft glass matrices and other emerging fibres with unique compositions.

These lecture notes are based on the second course in a series of lectures at the Spring school "Non-archimedean geometry and Eigenvarieties" in March 2023 in Heidelberg. The objective of the first three courses was to give an introduction to the theory of adic spaces. Building up on the theory of Huber pairs presented in John Bergdall's lecture we explain the construction of adic spaces. We study some important classes of adic spaces such as rigid analytic spaces and formal schemes and show the connections between them. In the course of the lecture we will illustrate the respective concepts with the fundamental examples of the open and closed disc and the affine line.

We explore a magnetooptomechanical system consisting of a single magnetic microparticle optically levitated within the core of a helically twisted single-ring hollow-core photonic crystal fibre. We use newly-developed magnetic particles that have a core of antiferromagnetic yttrium-ortho-ferrite (YFeO3) and a shell of ferrimagnetic YIG (Y3Fe5O12) approximately 50 nm thick. Using a 632.8 nm probe beam, we observe optical-torque-induced rotation of the particle and rotation of the magnetization vector in presence of an external static magnetic field. This one-of-a-kind platform opens a path to novel investigations of optomagnetic physics with levitated magnetic particles.

In this note, we study an integral analogue of animated $\delta$-rings: Animated $\lambda$-rings. We define animated $\lambda$-rings in terms of animated rings equipped with a structure of coherently compatible Frobenius lifts and show that the resulting $\infty$-category is obtained from animating the classical notion of a $\lambda$-ring. Our results build on the theory of animated $\delta$-rings developed by Bhatt and Lurie in the context of prismatic cohomology.

Alkaline water electrolysis is considered a commercially viable option for large-scale hydrogen production. However, this process still faces challenges due to the high voltage (>1.65 V at 10 mA cm$^{-2}$) and its limited stability at higher current densities due to the inefficient electron transport kinetics. Herein, a novel cobalt based metallic heterostructure (Co$_3$Mo3N/Co$_4$N/Co/Co) is designed for application for water electrolysis. Operando Raman experiments reveal that the formation of Co$_3$Mo3N/Co$_4$N/Co heterointerface boosts the free water adsorption and dissociation, resulting in a surplus of protons available for subsequent hydrogen production. Furthermore, the altered electronic structure of Co$_3$Mo3N/Co$_4$N/Co heterointerface optimizes the {\Delta}GH of nitrogen atoms at the interface. This synergistic effect between interfacial nitrogen atoms and metal phase cobalt creates highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) active sites, thereby enhancing the overall performance. Additionally, the heterostructure exhibits a rapid OH- adsorption rate, coupled with a strong adsorption strength, leading to improved oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. Crucially, the metallic heterojunction facilitates fast electron transport, expediting the aforementioned reaction steps and ultimately improving the overall efficiency of water splitting. The water electrolyzer with Co$_3$Mo3N/Co$_4$N/Co/Co as a catalyst exhibits outstanding performance, requiring an impressively low cell voltage of 1.58 V at 10 mA cm$^{-2}$ and maintaining approximately 100% retention over a remarkable 100 h duration at 200 mA cm$^{-2}$. This performance significantly exceeds that of the commercial Pt/C || RuO2 electrolyzer.

Molybdenum sulfide (MoS$_2$) has attracted significant attention due to its great potential as a low-cost and efficient catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Developing a facile, easily upscalable, and inexpensive approach to produce catalytically active nanostructured MoS$_2$ with a high yield would significantly advance its practical application. Colloidal synthesis offers several advantages over other preparation techniques to overcome the low reaction yield of exfoliation and drawbacks of expensive equipment and processes used in chemical vapor deposition. In this work, we report an efficient synthesis of alloyed Re$_x$Mo$_{1-x}$S$_2$ nanoflakes with an enlarged interlayer distance, among which the composition Re$_{0.55}$Mo$_{0.45}$S$_2$ exhibits excellent catalytic performance with overpotentials as low as 79 mV at 10 mA/cm2 and a small Tafel slope of 42 mV/dec. Density functional theory calculations prove that enlarging the distance between layers in the Re$_x$Mo$_{1-x}$S$_2$alloy can greatly improve its catalytic performance due to a significantly reduced free energy of hydrogen adsorption. The developed approach paves the way to design advanced transition metal dichalcogenide-based catalysts for hydrogen evolution and to promote their large-scale practical application.

A novel approach for creating tool paths for continuous carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic 3D printing is introduced. The aim is to enable load-bearing connections while avoiding non-manufacturable crossings of paths by generating layer specific patterns. We require a graph representation of the structural design with given desired continuous fiber connections. From this, optimal fiber patterns are obtained for each printing layer by solving linear integer optimization problems. Each layer may have a unique solution based on the history of the previous layers. Additionally, a path planning approach is presented which interprets the obtained layers via curves based on quadratic and cubic B\'ezier splines and their offset curves in constant distance. The single parameter for the construction of the paths is the minimal turning radius of the fibers. The path planning provides a new interpretation for the final geometry of the design to be printed., Comment: 29 pages (single column), 29 figures

The Message-Passing Interface (MPI) and C++ form the backbone of high-performance computing, but MPI only provides C and Fortran bindings. While this offers great language interoperability, high-level programming languages like C++ make software development quicker and less error-prone. We propose novel C++ language bindings that cover all abstraction levels from low-level MPI calls to convenient STL-style bindings, where most parameters are inferred from a small subset of parameters, by bringing named parameters to C++. This enables rapid prototyping and fine-tuning runtime behavior and memory management. A flexible type system and additional safety guarantees help to prevent programming errors. By exploiting C++'s template metaprogramming capabilities, this has (near) zero overhead, as only required code paths are generated at compile time. We demonstrate that our library is a strong foundation for a future distributed standard library using multiple application benchmarks, ranging from text-book sorting algorithms to phylogenetic interference., Comment: Published at SC24, November 17-22, 2024, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

An appropriate data basis grants one of the most important aspects for training and evaluating probabilistic trajectory prediction models based on neural networks. In this regard, a common shortcoming of current benchmark datasets is their limitation to sets of sample trajectories and a lack of actual ground truth distributions, which prevents the use of more expressive error metrics, such as the Wasserstein distance for model evaluation. Towards this end, this paper proposes a novel approach to synthetic dataset generation based on composite probabilistic B\'ezier curves, which is capable of generating ground truth data in terms of probability distributions over full trajectories. This allows the calculation of arbitrary posterior distributions. The paper showcases an exemplary trajectory prediction model evaluation using generated ground truth distribution data.

In increasingly autonomous and highly distributed multi-agent systems, centralized coordination becomes impractical and raises the need for governance and enforcement mechanisms from an agent-centric perspective. In our conceptual view, sanctioning norm enforcement is part of this agent-centric approach and they aim at promoting norm compliance while preserving agents' autonomy. The few works dealing with sanctioning norm enforcement and sanctions from the agent-centric perspective present limitations regarding the representation of sanctions and the comprehensiveness of their norm enforcement process. To address these drawbacks, we propose the NPL(s), an extension of the NPL normative programming language enriched with the representation of norms and sanctions as first-class abstractions. We also propose a BDI normative agent architecture embedding an engine for processing the NPL(s) language and a set of capabilities for approaching more comprehensively the sanctioning norm enforcement process. We apply our contributions in a case study for improving the robustness of agents' decision-making in a production automation system.

Privacy Impact Assessments (PIAs) offer a systematic process for assessing the privacy impacts of a project or system. As a privacy engineering strategy, PIAs are heralded as one of the main approaches to privacy by design, supporting the early identification of threats and controls. However, there is still a shortage of empirical evidence on their uptake and proven effectiveness in practice. To better understand the current state of literature and research, this paper provides a comprehensive Scoping Review (ScR) on the topic of PIAs "in the wild", following the well-established Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. As a result, this ScR includes 45 studies, providing an extensive synthesis of the existing body of knowledge, classifying types of research and publications, appraising the methodological quality of primary research, and summarising the positive and negative aspects of PIAs in practice, as reported by studies. This ScR also identifies significant research gaps (e.g., evidence gaps from contradictory results and methodological gaps from research design deficiencies), future research pathways, and implications for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers developing and evaluating PIA frameworks. As we conclude, there is still a significant need for more primary research on the topic, both qualitative and quantitative. A critical appraisal of qualitative studies (n=28) revealed deficiencies in the methodological quality, and only four quantitative studies were identified, suggesting that current primary research remains incipient. Nonetheless, PIAs can be regarded as a prominent sub-area in the broader field of Empirical Privacy Engineering, warranting further research toward more evidence-based practices., Comment: 67 pages, 10 figures

The wettability of surfaces determines their antifouling, antifogging, anti-icing, and self-cleaning properties as well as their usability for sensing, oil-water separation, water collection, and water purification. Solvent-free high-temperature capillary stamping of stimuli-responsive polymers yielding arrays of stimuli-responsive polymer microdots on differently modified substrates enables the flexible generation of switchable surfaces with different water contact angles (WCAs). Potential problems associated with the deposition of polymer solutions, such as the handling of volatile organic solvents, phase separation induced by solvent evaporation, and capillarity-driven flow processes, are circumvented. We used composite stamps with topographically patterned contact surfaces consisting of metallic nickel cores and porous MnO2 coatings taking up the stimuli-responsive polymers. The short transport paths from the MnO2 contact layers to the counterpart substrates enabled the stamping of polymer melts containing components impeding flow, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Thus-obtained arrays of polymer-CNT hybrid microdots prevent problems associated with continuous coatings including delamination and crack propagation. Moreover, the range within which the properties of the stamped stimuli-responsive polymer microdots are switchable can be tuned by orthogonal substrate modification. As an example, we stamped hybrid microdots consisting of poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl ferrocenecarboxylate) (PFcMA) and CNTs onto indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. Coating the ITO substrates with a poly(ethylene oxide)-terminated silane shifted the WCAs obtained by switching the PFcMA between its oxidized and reduced states by nearly 50{\deg}.

The rise of micro/nanooptics and lab-on-chip devices demands the fabrication of three-dimensional structures with decent resolution. Here, we demonstrate the combination of grayscale electron beam lithography and direct forming methodology to fabricate antimony sulfide structures with free form for the first time. The refractive index of the electron beam patterned structure was calculated based on an optimization algorithm that is combined with genetic algorithm and transfer matrix method. By adopting electron irradiation with variable doses, 4-level Fresnel Zone Plates and metalens were produced and characterized. This method can be used for the fabrication of three-dimensional diffractive optical elements and metasurfaces in a single step manner., Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, 1 scheme. The Supplement Information will be given in a second Arxiv submission or the published journal

We study the holographic dual of a topological symmetry operator in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence. Symmetry operators arise from topological field theories localized on a subspace of the boundary CFT spacetime. We use bottom up considerations to construct the topological sector associated with their bulk counterparts. In particular, by exploiting the structure of entanglement wedge reconstruction we argue that the bulk counterpart has a non-topological worldvolume action, i.e., it describes a dynamical object. As a consequence, we find that there are no global $p$-form symmetries for $p \geq 0$ in asymptotically AdS spacetimes, which includes the case of non-invertible symmetries. Provided one has a suitable notion of subregion-subregion duality, our argument for the absence of bulk global symmetries applies to more general spacetimes. These considerations also motivate us to consider for general QFTs (holographic or not) the notion of lower-form symmetries, namely, $(-m)$-form symmetries for $m \geq 2$., Comment: 29 pages, 10 figures

Deformations of many-body Hamiltonians by certain products of conserved currents, referred to as $T\bar{T}$-deformations, are known to preserve integrability. Generalised $T\bar{T}$-deformations, based on the complete space of pseudolocal currents, were suggested [B. Doyon, J, Durnin, T. Yoshimura, Scipost Physics 13, 072 (2022)] to give rise to integrable systems with arbitrary two-body scattering shifts, going beyond those from known models or standard CDD factors. However, locality properties were not clear. We construct explicit generalised $T\bar{T}$-deformations of the system of classical free particles. We show rigorously that they are Liouville integrable Hamiltonian systems with finite-range interactions. We show elastic, factorised scattering, with a two-particle scattering shift that can be any continuously differentiable non-negative even function of momentum differences, fixed by the $T\bar{T}$-deformation function. We show that the scattering map (or wave operator) has a finite-range property allowing us to trace carriers of asymptotic momenta even at finite times - an important characteristics of many-body integrability. We evaluate the free energy and prove the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz with Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, including with space-varying potentials and in finite and infinite volumes. We give equations for the particles' trajectories where time appears explicitly, generalising the contraction map of hard rod systems: the effect of generalised $T\bar{T}$-deformations is to modify the local metric perceived by each particle, adding extra space in a way that depends on their neighbours. The systems generalise the gas of interacting Bethe ansatz wave packets recently introduced in the Lieb-Liniger model. They form a new class of models that, we believe, most clearly make manifest the structures of many-body integrability., Comment: 41 pages, 1 figure

Data pooling offers various advantages, such as increasing the sample size, improving generalization, reducing sampling bias, and addressing data sparsity and quality, but it is not straightforward and may even be counterproductive. Assessing the effectiveness of pooling datasets in a principled manner is challenging due to the difficulty in estimating the overall information content of individual datasets. Towards this end, we propose incorporating a data source prediction module into standard object detection pipelines. The module runs with minimal overhead during inference time, providing additional information about the data source assigned to individual detections. We show the benefits of the so-called dataset affinity score by automatically selecting samples from a heterogeneous pool of vehicle datasets. The results show that object detectors can be trained on a significantly sparser set of training samples without losing detection accuracy., Comment: Accepted at the International Conference on Robotics, Computer Vision and Intelligent Systems (ROBOVIS) 2024

We introduce and study a novel class of classical integrable many-body systems obtained by generalized $T\bar{T}$-deformations of free particles. Deformation terms are bilinears in densities and currents for the continuum of charges counting asymptotic particles of different momenta. In these models, which we dub ``semiclassical Bethe systems'' for their link with the dynamics of Bethe ansatz wave packets, many-body scattering processes are factorised, and two-body scattering shifts can be set to an almost arbitrary function of momenta. The dynamics is local but inherently different from that of known classical integrable systems. At short scales, the geometry of the deformation is dynamically resolved: either particles are slowed down (more space available), or accelerated via a novel classical particle-pair creation/annihilation process (less space available). The thermodynamics both at finite and infinite volumes is described by the equations of (or akin to) the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz, and at large scales generalized hydrodynamics emerge., Comment: v1: 5+5 pages, 2+1 figures. v2: 6+5 pages, 2+2 figures, extended SM including discussions on hard-rods. v3: minor corrections in the main text, published version

We present the Python package CELL, which provides a modular approach to the cluster expansion (CE) method. CELL can treat a wide variety of substitutional systems, including one-, two-, and three-dimensional alloys, in a general multi-component and multi-sublattice framework. It is capable of dealing with complex materials comprising several atoms in their parent lattice. CELL uses state-of-the-art techniques for the construction of training data sets, model selection, and finite-temperature simulations. The user interface consists of well-documented Python classes and modules (http://sol.physik.hu-berlin.de/cell/). CELL also provides visualization utilities and can be interfaced with virtually any ab initio package, total-energy codes based on interatomic potentials, and more. The usage and capabilities of CELL are illustrated by a number of examples, comprising a Cu-Pt surface alloy with oxygen adsorption, featuring two coupled binary sublattices, and the thermodynamic analysis of its order-disorder transition; the demixing transition and lattice-constant bowing of the Si-Ge alloy; and an iterative CE approach for a complex clathrate compound with a parent lattice consisting of 54 atoms.

The global symmetries of a $D$-dimensional QFT can, in many cases, be captured in terms of a $(D+1)$-dimensional symmetry topological field theory (SymTFT). In this work we construct a $(D+1)$-dimensional theory which governs the symmetries of QFTs with multiple sectors which have connected correlators that admit a decoupling limit. The associated symmetry field theory decomposes into a SymTree, namely a treelike structure of SymTFTs fused along possibly non-topological junctions. In string-realized multi-sector QFTs, these junctions are smoothed out in the extra-dimensional geometry, as we demonstrate in examples. We further use this perspective to study the fate of higher-form symmetries in the context of holographic large $M$ averaging where the topological sectors of different large $M$ replicas become dressed by additional extended operators associated with the SymTree., Comment: v2: 69 pages + appendices + references; typos corrected, references added