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This paper explores the production and mechanical analysis of hemp bi-grid cores designed for use in sandwich structures, using an ad hoc continuous manufacturing process. The proposed customised manufacturing process allows for the production of cores with varying density values (ranging from 0.37 to 0.63 g/cm3). Both graded cores, with varying fibre content through the thickness, and non-graded cores were produced. The mechanical properties of these cores were evaluated under flexural and compressive testing with specific flexural strength reaching approximately 80 MPa·cm3/g and specific compressive elastic modulus around 340 MPa·cm3/g. Additionally, to assess their impact performance in sandwich panels, hybrid panels with CFRP skins were fabricated and subjected to Low Velocity Impact tests at 25 J, 45 J and 50 J. The results revealed that optimizing core density had increasingly beneficial effects as the impact energy increased. These findings suggest that the possibility of customising failure modes and tailor energy absorption capabilities of the proposed structures open the way for new, exciting perspectives for the development of innovative sandwich structures, broadening the application of natural fibres in various industrial sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a new method for fabricating biphasic architectured structures using self-developed hybrid material extrusion (MEX) process. This approach involves filling the voids of closed-cell structures with a powder material in a single process. The architectured structures were 3D printed using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and subsequently filled with polyamide 12 (PA12) powder in two distinct configurations: partially filled (50%) and fully filled (100%), named as biphasic architectured structures. Experimental and numerical uniaxial quasistatic compression tests were conducted on partially filled and fully filled local and global closed-cell architectured structures, and their results were compared with those of empty architectured structures. The comparative analysis revealed that the partially filled structures, representing a transitional phase, exhibit enhanced properties which is influenced by the amount of powder filling within the structure. A substantial enhancement in stiffness and specific energy absorption (SEA) was observed in the consolidation phase. The fully filled architectured structures exhibit rapid increase in its loading response, characterized by high stiffness and SEA. Furthermore, this study paves the way for future exploration into strategic filling of multiple powders in different regions, thereby tailoring the mechanical and functional responses. Potential applications include manufacturing components and equipment that absorb energy, provide impact protection, and offer vibration damping and soundproofing capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sealing treatment provides a strategy for the long-term performance of thermal spray coatings under actual working conditions. However, common sealants are mainly limited to improving the corrosion resistance of coatings, neglecting applications in more complex environments where they are subject to simultaneous corrosion and wear. Herein, a novel organic-inorganic hybrid composite sealant, composed of self-lubricating MoS 2 nanoparticles and environmentally friendly waterborne silicone modified acrylic resin (WBS-ACR), was successfully prepared in the pores and micro-defects of plasma-sprayed HEA coatings by one-step hydrothermal method. The results indicate that MoS 2 nanosheets are uniformly synthesized in resin materials through precursor hydrothermal reactions. The hybrid sealants are filled densely in the micro-defects of HEA coatings with a maximum penetration depth greater than 180 μm. The tribological and electrochemical results indicate that the hybrid sealant exhibits similar anti-wear performance, but two orders of magnitude lower corrosion currents than that of pure MoS 2 sealant. In comparison to the pure resin sealant, the hybrid sealant retains its excellent corrosion resistance while increasing its wear resistance. The superior comprehensive performance of the novel organic-inorganic hybrid sealant could expand the application of thermal spray coatings into new fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hybrid material consisting of an array of vertically ordered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in porous anodic alumina was fabricated directly on oxidized Si substrates. Individual CNTs with vertical orientation were grown using the catalyst Ni nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in the pore walls of a thin template based on porous anodic alumina with a pore diameter of 40 ± 5 nm. The initial film was a two-layer Ti-Al structure on a Si/SiO 2 substrate. A vertically oriented porous structure was formed by anodizing the Al layer. Electrochemical deposition was used to form the catalyst Ni-NPs with dimensions of 30 ± 5 nm. CNTs were synthesized by high-temperature chemical vapor deposition. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the surface morphology and microstructure of the composite nanostructures. The CNT length was (0.6–1.5) μm, and the CNT spacing was 110 ± 10 nm. It is expected that the resulting structure will serve as a basis for the development of CNT-based electrodes for electrochemical impedance biosensors. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used for the electrochemical characterization of the fabricated CNT-based electrodes. The results showed that the CNT-based electrodes are characterized by improved electron transfer kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • ETTA-DFP@TCBP-HOF in situ one-spot preparation of ETTA-DFP COF to TCBP-HOF. • ETTA-DFP@TCBP-HOF for both monitoring and adsorbing 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and metamitron (MET) • ETTA-DFP@TCBP-HOF with dual-emission for sensing 4-NP and MET with different response modes. • ETTA-DFP@TCBP-HOF with desirable specific surface area for efficient removal of 4-NP and MET. A multifunctional COF@HOF (ETTA-DFP@TCBP-HOF) composite is prepared by adding red-fluorescent ETTA-DFP COF to the blue-fluorescent TCBP-HOF preparation system through molecular hydrogen bonding or π − π stacking interactions in situ one-pot synthesis. ETTA-DFP@TCBP-HOF is a multifunctional material for the quantitative detection and simultaneous adsorption of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and metamitron (MET) in aqueous solution. As a dual-emission fluorescent sensor, the ETTA-DFP@TCBP-HOF has both fluorescence of TCBP-HOF at 474 nm and ETTA-DFP COF at 592 nm, which shows a ratiometric response to 4-NP and MET with high selectivity, good sensitivity, good anti-interference performance and fast response. As a adsorbent, ETTA-DFP@TCBP-HOF displays rapid adsorption kinetics, and acceptable adsorption capacity for 4-NP and MET. In conclusion, this work constructs a novel multifunctional hybrid material with dual-emission center of HOF and COF, which can not only be used as a ratiometric fluorescent probe for detection, but also for removal of hazardous pollutants, suggesting a new strategy for environmental remediation and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The interlayer distances in layered electrode materials, influenced by the chemical composition of the confined interlayer regions, have a significant impact on their electrochemical performance. Chemical preintercalation of inorganic metal ions affects the interlayer spacing, yet expansion is limited by the hydrated ion radii. Herein, we demonstrate that using varying concentrations of decyltrimethylammonium (DTA+) and cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA+) cations in chemical preintercalation synthesis followed by hydrothermal treatment, the interlayer distance of hybrid bilayered vanadium oxides (BVOs) can be tuned between 11.1 Å and 35.6 Å. Our analyses reveal that these variations in interlayer spacing are due to different amounts of structural water and alkylammonium cations confined within the interlayer regions. Increased concentrations of alkylammonium cations not only expand the interlayer spacing but also induce local bending and disordering of the V-O bilayers. Electrochemical cycling of hybrid BVO electrodes in non-aqueous lithium-ion cells show that specific capacities decrease as interlayer regions expand, suggesting that the densely packed alkylammonium cations obstruct intercalation sites and hinder Li+ ion transport. Furthermore, we found that greater layer separation facilitates the dissolution of active material into the electrolyte, resulting in rapid capacity decay during extended cycling. This study emphasizes that layered electrode materials require both spacious interlayer regions as well as high structural and chemical stabilities, providing guidelines for structural engineering of organic–inorganic hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basalt-based natural fiber hybrid composites with fillers are always the most anticipated composite material candidates for lightweight structural applications. Current work focusses on the preparation, characterization and testing of Basalt (B)/Hibiscus vitifolius (HV) based epoxy biocomposites with and without cashew nutshell fillers. Individual fiber reinforced composites (with 40 vol% of fibers) and hybrid composites (with 40 vol% of fibers in the ratio 1:1) filled with 10–30 vol% of fillers were manufactured using compression moulding techniques. The X-ray diffraction spectrum showed the crystal size and crystallinity index for all biocomposites. It showed a monoclinic crystal structure with an irregular surface of the fiber and filler. The FTIR spectrum showed the chemical composition presented in the biocomposites. The presence of filler and fibers was confirmed by different spectral peaks. Hybrid biocomposites were then subjected to mechanical and thermal investigations. The mechanical properties of the biocomposites showed that the tensile, flexural, and impact strength of the biocomposites varies with the concentration of the cashew nutshell filler. The surface morphology of the fractured sample showed the presence of fabric layer, fiber fracture and pull out, and homogenous dispersion of the fillers in the biocomposites. Thermal degradation curves showed that the thermal stability of biocomposites is improved by adding filler up to 20 vol% because the filler acted as a barrier element for the thermal degradation of biocomposites. From the results, it could be understood that these biocomposites find their applications probably in lightweight structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic water splitting for green hydrogen production necessitates effective electrocatalysts. Currently, commercial catalysts are primarily platinum-based. Therefore, finding catalysts with comparable catalytic activity but lower cost is essential. This paper describes spinel-structured catalysts containing nickel cobaltite NiCo2O4, graphene, and additionally doped with heteroatoms. The structure and elemental composition of the obtained materials were analyzed by research methods such as TEM, SEM-EDX, XRD, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical measurements showed that hybrid materials containing nickel cobaltite NiCo2O4 doped with graphene are highly active catalysts in the hydrogen evolution reaction (Tafel slopes = 91 mV dec−1, overpotential = 468 mV and onset potential = -339 mV), while in the oxygen evolution reaction (Tafel slopes = 51 mV dec−1, overpotential = 1752 mV and onset potential = 370 mV), bare NiCo2O4 without the addition of carbon has a worse activity (for HER: Tafel slopes = 120 mV dec−1, overpotential - does not achieve and onset potential = -404 mV, for OER: Tafel slopes = 54 mV dec−1, overpotential = 1796 mV and onset potential = 410 mV). In terms of stability, comparable results were obtained for each synthesized compound for both the HER and OER reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various aspects of the new development of organic-inorganic hybrid [N(CH3)4]2MnCl4 single crystals have been discussed. The phase transition temperatures were determined to be 268 K (TC2) and 291 K (TC1), and the thermodynamic stability was maintained at temperatures up to 669 K. The crystal structures at 250 K (phase III), 275 K (phase II), and 300 K (phase I) are monoclinic, orthorhombic, and orthorhombic, respectively. Notably, while the 1H and 13C chemical shifts gradually changed near TC1 and TC2, the 14N resonance frequency exhibited a split in the number of signals near TC1. Furthermore, the shorter spin-lattice relaxation time T1ρ of 1H than that of 13C suggests facile energy transfer for1H. Additionally, analysing the temperature dependencies of T1ρ for 13C revealed that the activation energy Ea in phase I is approximately five times greater than those in phases III and II. The high Ea observed in phase I primarily stems from the collective motion of the N(CH3)4 group, which contrasts with the considerable freedom observed for the CH3 group in phases III and II. These distinctive physical properties suggest potential applications for [N(CH3)4]2MnCl4 as an organic‒inorganic hybrid material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern polymer‐based technical components not only have to fulfill demanding mechanical‐structural properties but need to integrate different functions to yield hybrid systems for complex operations. Typically, neither materials nor processing technologies are fully compatible with each other. The aim of the work is to combine the advantages of seemingly incompatible manufacturing processes such as high‐volume injection molding (IM) and precision additive manufacturing to produce functional and customized hybrid materials. IM is widely used for polymer processing but stands against high investment costs for tailor‐made molds with high‐resolution features. They focus on overprinting of injection‐molded parts made of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with microstructures via projection‐microstereolithography (PµSL) to generate hybrid polymer materials with spatially tailored stiffness, enabling selective reinforcement, resulting in an E modulus increase of 195% compared to mere IM‐processed TPU. With that, the hybridization of processing methods is showcased to extend the product properties of polymer materials obtained via either IM or PµSL printing that have, prospectively, a maximum degree of individualization as well as a multitude of structural and functional features at the same time. To achieve optimum interfacial adhesion, the influence of surface roughness is studied, and reinforcement effects of different overprinted microstructure types are evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Needle-like CoO nanowires have been successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal process on an electrospun carbon nanofibers substrate. The as-prepared sample mesoporous CoO nanowires aligned vertically on the surface of carbon nanofibers and cross-linked with each other, producing loosely porous nanostructures. These hybrid composite electrodes exhibit a high specific capacitance of 1068.3 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 and a good rate capability of 613.7 F g−1 at a scan rate of 60 mV s−1 in a three-electrode cell. The CoO NWs@CNF//CNT@CNF asymmetric device exhibits remarkable cycling stability and delivers a capacitance of 79.3 F/g with a capacitance retention of 92.1 % after 10,000 cycles. The asymmetric device delivers a high energy density of 37 Wh kg−1 with a power density of 0.8 kW kg−1 and a high power density of 16 kW kg−1 with an energy density of 23 Wh kg−1. This study demonstrated a promising strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of flexible supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the fire safety performance in polystyrene (PS), a novel organic–inorganic hybrid material (FGO–AHP) was successfully prepared by the combination of functionalized graphene oxide (FGO) and aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) via a chemical deposition method. The resulting FGO–AHP nanohybrids were incorporated into PS via a masterbatch-melt blending to produce PS/FGO–AHP nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscope images confirm the homogeneous dispersion and exfoliation state of FGO–AHP in the PS matrix. Incorporating FGO–AHP significantly improves the thermal behavior and fire safety performance of PS. By incorporating 5 wt% FGO–AHP, the maximum mass loss rate (MMLR) in air, total heat release (THR), and maximum smoke density value (Dsmax) of PS nanocomposite achieve a reduction of 53.1%, 23.4%, and 50.9%, respectively, as compared to the pure PS. In addition, thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared (TG–FTIR) results indicate that introducing FGO–AHP notably inhibits the evolution of volatile products from PS decomposition. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy were employed to investigate the char residue of PS nanocomposite samples, elaborating the flame-retardant mechanism in PS/FGO–AHP nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tremendous amount of waste black tea bags (BTBs) and date palm surface fibers (DPSFs), at the end of their life cycle, end up in landfills, leading to increased pollution and an increase in the negative impact on the environment. Therefore, this study aims to utilize these normally wasted materials efficiently by developing new composite materials for thermal insulation and sound absorption. Five insulation composite boards were developed, two were bound (BTB or DPSF with polyvinyl Acetate resin (PVA)) and three were hybrids (BTB, DPSF, and resin). In addition, the loose raw waste materials (BTB and DPSF) were tested separately with no binder. Thermal conductivity and sound absorption coefficients were determined for all boards. Thermal stability analysis was reported for the components of the tea bag (string, label, and bag) and one of the composite hybrid boards. Mechanical properties of the boards such as flexural strain, flexural stress, and flexural elastic modulus were determined for the bound and hybrid composites. The results showed that the thermal conductivity coefficients for all the hybrid composite sample boards are less than 0.07 at the ambient temperature of 24 °C and they were enhanced as the BTB ratio was reduced in the hybrid composite boards. The noise reduction coefficient for bound and all hybrid composite samples is greater than 0.37. The composite samples are thermally stable up to 291 °C. Most composite samples have a high flexure modulus between 4.3 MPa and 10.5 MPa. The tea bag raw materials and the composite samples have a low moisture content below 2.25%. These output results seem promising and encouraging using such developed sample boards as eco-friendly thermal insulation and sound absorption and competing with the synthetic ones developed from petrochemicals in building insulation. Moreover, returning these waste materials to circulation and producing new eco-friendly composites can reduce the number of landfills, the level of environmental pollution, and the use of synthetic materials made from fossil resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental awareness has driven a crucial search for biodegradable materials. Over the past few decades, the machining of these materials, particularly through drilling, has garnered significant research interest. This study presents an evaluation of the drilling performance of a hybrid composite (jute/glass), considering factors such as the concentration of chemical treatment with sodium bicarbonate, the type of glass fiber (random or woven), the degree of hybridization between the jute and glass fibers, and cutting parameters like rotation speed, feed rate, and drill diameter. Drilling operations were conducted to determine the maximum temperature in the cutting zone, the surface roughness of the drilled holes, and the maximum delamination factor. A Sobol sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the input parameters influencing these responses studied. Predictive modeling of the results based on the input factors was then conducted using the deep neural network (DNN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) approaches. The results show that the type of glass fiber significantly affects surface roughness, while rotation speed primarily influences cutting temperature. Similarly, the drill diameter directly impacts the maximum delamination factor. Finally, the predictive modeling demonstrates that the ANN-IGWO models provide the best predictions of drilling parameters compared to the ANN-GA and ANFIS models, with mean absolute errors ranging from 1.22 to 12%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observing the degradation rate of the bone fillers upon implantation enables us to predict the next stages of healing process. Strong luminescent property of the biocompatible carbon quantum dots accompanied by the high bioactivity of the 45S5 bioglass, bearing an antibiotic drug, can form reliable bone filler with detectable degradation rate via bioimaging. This study reported the preparation of fluorescent carbon quantum dots/45S5 (CQDs/45S5) nanohybrids via the chemical precipitation procedure for the first time. The pyrolysis of the citric acid was carried out to achieve the fluorescent N-doped CQDs with an average size of around 11 nm. The physicochemical and microstructural characteristics of the obtained materials were studied by XRD, FTIR and FESEM, respectively, Ultraviolet visible (UV–Vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies were employed to investigate the features of the carbon dots as well as hybrid materials. The PL spectroscopy analysis indicated the in-vitro luminescent emission of the CQDs/45S5 nanohybrids compared to 45S5 bioglass. Around 22 μg of DOX could adhere to 1 mg of the nanohybrids after 12 h of contact, proposed that more quantity of particles were needed to adsorb higher amount of drug. The drug release study indicated a fast release pattern of DOX (90 %) during the first hours. The in-vitro bioactivity and biocompatibility results revealed the high capability of the BG/15 mL CQDs sample to deposit calcium phosphate with no toxic effects on the fibroblast cells. Consequently, the obtained nanohybrids could be promising trackable drug-vehicle candidates, as well as bone fillers, bone cements and implant coating materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bistable composite shells are suitable candidates for deployable space structures due to high stiffness to weight ratio as well as large volume reduction. Nevertheless, impact performance of bistable composite shells conflicting with space debris have been rarely studied. In this paper deployable hybrid composites constructed with combinations of carbon–carbon, carbon–kevlar, kevlar–kevlar, high-energy-absorption graphene-reinforced polyurethane elastomers are developed, and their ballistic penetration behaviors are experimentally and computationally studied. The influences of ballistic velocity on the absorbed energy, the residual velocity and damage morphology of the targets are investigated in both deployed and coiled stable states. The results show that severe local damages were observed for the carbon–carbon and carbon–kevlar samples after penetration with various velocities even first cosmic velocity, and the sample of deployable hybrid composite shell yielded the best ballistic impact resistance. The total energy absorption performance of the hybrid composite structure was greatly improved by introducing graphene-reinforced polyurethane elastomers without losing the deployability. Additionally, investigation on the energy absorption capability of deployed laminated shells with various curvature radii indicated that the curvature radius had a significant effect on the anti-penetration performance. • Development of deployable composite shell structures. • Experimental and numerical penetration and damage analysis of deployable composite shells. • Effects of curvature radius and elastomer ply thickness on the energy absorption of deployable laminated shells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid interaction/co‐working mechanisms of waste cellulose (WC) fibers and expanded vermiculite (V) in polypropylene (PP) resulted in stronger, stiffer, and thermally durable composites are presented. Fibrous WC and particulate V inclusions were mixed with the PP matrix via high shear thermokinetic mixer under 4000 rpm. Thermal and mechanical characterization efforts assisted with fractographic investigations are performed on five sample sets such as (i) two‐phase WC fibrous PP composites and (ii) three‐phase WC–V hybrid composites. Results suggested that as the main reinforcement agent WC is able to increase the axial stiffness of PP (1.7 GPa) up to 4 GPa (30WC) as the weight fraction increases with a reduction in ductility. However, a strength threshold due to WC cluster entanglement, which leaves partially non‐wet clusters of WC and limited crystallization volume for PP at high WC weight fractions, is noted. In situ formed V platelets placed between WC fibers are proven to provide PP crystallization loci to further increase the axial stiffness (4.1 GPa) and matrix brittleness. When used with 10WC, they significantly increased the ability of PP matrix r to resist the failure events associated with the presence of randomly aligned WC fibers. Such ability is further highlighted in the 20WC10V case where the inherent problem of WC entanglement increased the contribution of polymer shear failure to the overall tensile response of manufactured composites. A significant increase in tensile strength (55%) for this case was recorded which makes the proposed hybridization effort more advantageous to conventional short fiber reinforcing strategies. Highlights: Stiffer and stronger PP‐based hybrid composites with waste cellulose and vermiculite.Tensile failure/toughening mechanisms in hybrid PP compositesSustainable approach for reinforcement selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the experimental results of a quasi-static penetration test of laminates on a polyurea-polyurethane matrix, reinforced with aramid, carbon and flax fibers. A total of 15 series of samples with different reinforcement configurations were prepared. A quasi-static penetration test was performed for coefficient SPR = 5. The SPR = Ds/Dp was calculated as the ratio of the support hole diameter (Ds) to the punch diameter (Dp). A punch with a rounded 9-mm diameter tip was used to penetrate the material. Percentage changes of penetration energy (%E) and maximum load (%P) compared to a non-hybrid laminate were calculated in order to estimate the impact of hybridization on the properties of laminates. The energy absorbed during the quasi-static penetration test was used to calculate the PSS (punch shear strength) of the laminates. Damage analysis was performed after the puncture test. It was observed that both the type of reinforcement and the configuration of the reinforcement layers have a potential impact on the obtained results and the laminate damage mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐repairing catalysts are useful for achieving alkaline water electrolyzers with long lifetimes under intermittent operation. However, rational methodologies for designing self‐repairing catalysts have not yet been established. Herein, hybrid cobalt hydroxide nanosheets (Co‐ns), with a high deposition (repairing) rate, and β‐FeOOH nanorods (Fe‐nr), with high oxygen evolution reaction (OER) ability, are electrostatically self‐assembled into composite catalysts. This strategy is developed to integrate multifunctionality in self‐repairing catalysts. Positively charged Co‐ns and negatively charged Fe‐nr form uniform composites when dispersed in an electrolyte. These composites are electrochemically deposited on a nickel electrode by electrolysis at 800 mA cm−2. Co‐ns form a conductive mesoporous assembly of CoOOH nanosheets as a support. Fe‐nr are then distributed on the CoOOH nanosheets as active sites for the OER. Because of the high deposition rate of Co‐ns, the amount of Fe‐nr deposited increases 22 times compared to when Fe‐nr is deposited alone, and the OER current density increases 14 times compared to that of Co‐ns alone. The composite self‐repair catalyst shows the highest activity and durability under an accelerated durability test (ADT), and its degradation rate decreases from 84 μV cycle−1 (Fe‐nr only) to 60 μV cycle−1 (composite catalyst) under ADT conditions without repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium carbide (Ti3C2) MXenes due to their structural and optical characteristics rapidly emerged as the preferred material, particularly in catalysis and energy applications. On the other hand, because of its enormous surface/volume ratio and porosity, Metal-organic Frameworks (MOFs) show promise in several areas, including catalysis, delivery, and storage. The potential to increase the applicability of these magic compounds might be achieved by taking advantage of the inherent flexibility in design and synthesis, and optical characteristics of MXenes. Thus, coupling MOF with Ti3C2 MXenes to construct hybrid composites is considered promising in a variety of applications, including energy conversion and storage. This paper presents a systematic discussion of current developments in Ti3C2 MXenes/MOF composites for photocatalytic reduction of CO2, and production of hydrogen through water splitting. Initially, the overview and characteristics of MXenes and MOFs are independently discussed and then a detailed investigation of efficiency enhancement is examined. Different strategies such as engineering aspects, construction of binary and ternary composites and their efficiency enhancement mechanism are deliberated. Finally, different strategies to explore further in various other applications are suggested. Although Ti3C2 MXenes/MOF composites have not yet been thoroughly investigated, they are potential photocatalysts for the production of solar fuel and ought to be looked into further for a range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces the synthesis of a hybrid thermoelectric material with enhanced conductivity and a high Seebeck coefficient, leveraging the properties of Te nanowires (NWs) and the conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS. Te NWs were synthesized using the galvanic displacement reaction. To further enhance conductivity, Ag-Te NWs were synthesized under optimized conditions via the Ag topotactic reaction, achieving desired results within 7 min using ethylene glycol and AgNO3. This hybrid material exhibited an electrical conductivity of 463 S/cm, a Seebeck coefficient of 69.5 μV/K at 300 K, and a power factor of 260 μW/mK2. These metrics surpassed those of conventional Te/PEDOT:PSS hybrids by a factor of 3.6, highlighting the superior performance of our approach. This study represents a significant advancement in thermoelectric materials, improving both conductivity and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to produce hybrid materials with potential applications in dye photodegradation. Therefore, hybrid films were obtained by incorporating cobalt (II, III) oxide (Co3O4) or cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) with 18 ± 1.6 nm and 26 ± 1.3 nm, respectively, into a poly 3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) polymeric matrix. The Co3O4@P3HB and CoFe2O4@P3HB hybrid films were fabricated by solvent casting in a ratio of 85 mg to 15 mg (P3HB-NPs). Different spectroscopic and microscopy techniques characterized the Co3O4 and CoFe2O4 NPs and the P3HB, Co3O4@P3HB and CoFe2O4@P3HB films. The optical band gap for Co3O4 and CoFe2O4 NPs was estimated from their diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) around 2.5 eV. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the hybrid films revealed that the nanometric sizes of the Co3O4 and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles incorporated into the P3HB are preserved. The magnetic hysteresis curve of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles and CoFe2O4@P3HB film showed a ferromagnetic behaviour at 300 K. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the formation of nanocrystals, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided evidence for the successful incorporation of the NPs into the P3HB matrix. The surface roughness and hydrophilicity of the hybrid films are increased compared to the P3HB film. The impact of the nanoparticles and the hybrid films on the photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) in its acidic form was studied. The photodegradation tests were carried out by direct sunlight exposure. The CoFe2O4@P3HB hybrid film achieved 85% photodegradation efficiency of a methyl orange solution of 20 ppm after 15 minutes of exposure to sunlight. After 30 minutes of exposure to sunlight, the nanoparticles and the hybrid films reached about 90% of the MO degradation. The results suggest that combining nanoparticles with the polymer significantly enhances photodegradation compared to isolated nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multistage plate subduction plays a crucial role in magmatism; however, the mechanisms by which deep geodynamic processes govern volcanism in the Alaska subduction zone remain controversial. Using numerous travel-time data from several seismic arrays, we constructed high-resolution tomographic models to investigate the velocity structure of the Pacific Plate and Yakutat slab. Our tomographic results revealed high-velocity anomalies in the Pacific Plate and Yakutat slab, while the low-velocity areas within the Pacific Plate were identified as slab tears. We suggest that the Pacific Plate transitioned from oblique subduction along the Aleutian volcano chain to lower-angle subduction beneath the Pacific-Yakutat Plate interaction zone, forming two slab tears that enhance hot asthenosphere materials upwelling. The partial melting of the mantle wedge induced by Pacific slab dehydration and the concurrent upwelling of mantle materials jointly drove volcanism in the transition zone. Conversely, the flat subduction of the Yakutat slab into the mantle wedge overlying the Pacific slab effectively hindered the upwelling of hot hybrid materials, cooling the Pacific mantle wedge. These results offer a new perspective on the influence of slab dynamics on volcanic and magmatic processes in the region and represent an advancement in our understanding compared to previous studies, which did not resolve the tears within the slab or their geodynamic implications at this level of detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is a significant need for affordable coatings that are both authentic and ecofriendly, with the goal of reducing pollution. In order to mitigate frictional loss, researchers have produced hybrid coating based on carbon through the utilization of the high‐velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spray technique. The results showed that the coefficients of friction (COFs) varied in the range of 0.1–0.5, and the wear rates ranged from 40 to 115 μm. The experiments were performed under different situations, encompassing temperatures ranging from 50°C to 200°C, loads ranging from 40 to 55 N, and sliding speeds ranging from 0.3 to 1.2 m/s. The corrosion tests showed a decrease in mass loss from 0.15 to 0.02 g after 1 h of immersion and from 0.20 to 0.04 g after 5 h of immersion. The tribological testing revealed significant improvements in various properties. The microhardness increased by 78.7%, residual stress decreased by 78%, mass loss due to corrosion decreased by 60% after 1 h and 62.5% after 5 h, coefficient of friction decreased by 76.9%, and wear rate reduced by 62.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of the recent developments in the field of lasing with liquid crystals (LCs) is presented. After an introduction into the principle of lasing the different relevant liquid crystal phases to the field are introduced, namely, the nematic and chiral nematic phase, Blue Phases, twist grain boundary and ferroelectric liquid crystals. The classic examples of liquid crystal lasing are shortly discussed, together with a variety of possibilities for tuning the lasing wavelength, before the modern trends in LC lasing are discussed in detail. These are particularly random lasers, where the effects of nanoparticles, quantum dots and solitons are highlighted, as well as localized surface plasmon resonance. Other modern laser systems that have attracted recent interest, white lasers, whispering gallery mode lasers and those with biological materials, for example, cellulose nanocrystals, are also introduced and the latest developments outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystals can be found in many shapes but do not usually grow as spirals. Here we show that applying a non-uniform layer of a polymer blend onto slender centimeter-size organic crystals prestrains the crystals into hybrid dynamic elements with spiral shapes that respond reversibly to environmental variations in temperature or humidity by curling. Exposure to humidity results in partial uncurling within several seconds, whereby a logarithmic-type spiral crystal is transformed into an Archimedean one. Conical helices obtained by lateral pulling of the spirals can wind around solid objects similar to plant tendrils or lift suspended objects with a positive correlation between the actuator's elongation and the cargo mass. The morphological, kinematic, and kinetic attributes turn these hybrid materials into an attractive platform for flexible sensors and soft robots, while they also provide an approach to morph crystalline fibers in non-natural spiral habits inaccessible with the common crystallization approaches. The growth of crystals as spirals is unusual and this morphology can be applied to the development of flexible sensors and soft robots when the crystals respond to external stimuli. Here, the authors report the incorporation of a non-uniform layer of a polymer blend onto slender centimeter-size organic crystals to produce crystals having spiral shapes that respond reversibly to environmental variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article focuses on the potential of cobalt oxide composites with conducting polymers, particularly polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI), as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors, batteries, and supercapatteries. Cobalt oxide, known for its high theoretical capacitance, is limited by poor conductivity and structural degradation during cycling. However, the integration of PPy and PANI has been proven to enhance the electrochemical performance through improved conductivity, increased pseudocapacitive effects, and enhanced structural integrity. This synergistic combination facilitates efficient charge transport and ion diffusion, resulting in improved cycling stability and energy storage capacity. Despite significant progress in synthesis techniques and composite design, challenges such as maintaining structural stability during prolonged cycling and scalability for mass production remain. This review highlights the synthesis methods, latest advancements, and electrochemical performance in cobalt oxide/PPy and cobalt oxide/PANI composites, emphasizing their potential to contribute to the development of next-generation energy storage devices. Further exploration into their application, especially in battery systems, is necessary to fully harness their capabilities and meet the increasing demands of energy storage technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the innovation of modern electronics, heat dissipation in the devices faces several problems. In our work, boron nitride (BN) with good thermal conductivity (TC) was successfully fabricated by constructing the BN along the axial direction and the surface-grafted BN hybrid composite fibers via the wet-spinning and hot-pressing method. The unique inter-outer and inter-interconnected hybrid structure of composite fibers exhibited 176.47% thermal conductivity enhancement (TCE), which exhibits good TC, mechanical resistance, and chemical resistance. In addition, depending on the special structure of the composite fibers, it provides a new strategy for fabricating thermal interface materials in the electronic device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of incorporating pistachio shell powder and a mixture of Aquilaria agallocha Roxb (AAR) resin with epoxy on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical, thermal, and biodegradability properties of an epoxy composite. Filler loadings ranged from 10 to 35% by volume, in 5% increments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a uniform distribution of the hybrid polymer materials, particularly at 30% natural resin content, enhancing the load-bearing capacity of the composites. The addition of pistachio shell powder and AAR resin significantly improved the flexural modulus and strength of the composites. At a filler volume of 35%, the hybrid polymer exhibited a maximum impact resistance of 2,718 J/m2, demonstrating increased energy absorption. Moreover, the hybrid system enhanced the damping factor by up to 30%, suggesting superior dynamic mechanical performance. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the hybrid composites displayed better thermal stability compared to pure epoxy resin. These findings suggest that the combination of pistachio shell powder and AAR natural resin offers a sustainable approach to reinforcing epoxy-based composites, providing improved mechanical and thermal performance for potential industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Washingtonia fibres (AW) and Kenaf fibres (KF) were utilized as environmentally friendly fillers to improve the quality of the resin matrix. The mechanical, morphological, and physical properties of the WA/KF biocomposites were assessed throughout this research. The mechanical tests (tensile strength and moduli, elongation at break, flexural strength along with moduli, and the impact properties) were carried out. The hybrid biocomposites (3AW/7KF) exhibited the highest tensile strength (16.05 MPa) and modulus (4.6 GPa) among pure and other hybrid biocomposites. The impact strength and resistance of hybrid biocomposites (1AW/1KF and 7AW/3KF) showed the highest impact strength (1694 J/m2) while the 3AW/7KF hybrid biocomposite, the impact strength value was 1630 J/m2 (17.2 J/m). SEM images indicated good distribution and bonding of hybrid biocomposites. The investigation using morphological tests (Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)) displays the longitudinal roughness on the surface, which acts as a very significant function in the adhesion between the AW/KF fibres and the resin. Furthermore, the results of SEM confirm better bonding in the biocomposites, fibre fracture, pull-out, fibre shearing, and tearing in the pure and hybrid composites. From the water absorption test, it was observed that, when increasing the immersion time of biocomposites, the WA percentage of KF biocomposite significantly increased (37%) compared to other biocomposites. However, the hybrid and pure biocomposites exhibited more resistance to increase the WA percentage after increasing the immersion times, compared to other biocomposites. Furthermore, the thickness swelling (TS) of hybrid biocomposites increased compared to pure biocomposites. The biocomposite sample (3AW/7KF) was thicker on the 7th day exhibiting the greatest increases in thickness swelling (4.98%) while the hybrid biocomposite exhibited greater WA value compared to other correspondence samples. Finally, the KF and AW hybrid blends can be appropriate for several applications, for example, textiles, machinery part production industries, medicine, and automobiles, and construction, specifically buildings, bridges, and structures such as boat hulls, swimming pool panels, racing car bodies, shower stalls, bathtubs, storage tanks. Overall, the findings exhibit that the hybridisation of natural fibres (KF/AW) is a sustainable approach for obtaining biocomposites with advanced mechanical and thermal performance. Hence, they could be used in numerous specific applications, including automobile panels, structural products, sporting goods and furniture tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the Al/B 4 C/Y 2 O 3 hybrid composites were produced by Al 2 O 3 and Y 2 O 3 interaction via hot pressing. Moreover, the influence of Y 2 O 3 on the properties of Al/B 4 C 10 wt% was investigated. The hot pressing was performed at 600 °C with pre-oxidized aluminium powder to produce the composites. The microstructure analyses revealed that Al/B 4 C/Y 2 O 3 hybrid composite production was achieved by Al 2 O 3 and Y 2 O 3 interaction, and the Y 4 Al 2 O 9 (YAM) phase was obtained in the Al–B 4 C/Y 2 O 3 5 % sample. The Y 2 O 3 addition increased the porosity content of the Al/B 4 C structure. However, wear rate and corrosion resistance of the Al/B 4 C were enhanced owing to the presence of Y 2 O 3. The wear rate of Al/B 4 C was reduced from 26.55·10−7 cm3/Nm to 5.68·10−7 cm3/Nm at 15 N test load. The increasing Y 2 O 3 content and the formation of the Y 4 Al 2 O 9 decreased the corrosion rate of the Al/B 4 C fom 0.0179 mm/year to 0.0051 mm/year. Also, corrosion damage was shifted from the matrix to the reinforcement zone in Al–B 4 C/Y 2 O 3 5 % sample, and the aluminium was protected owing to the presence of Y 2 O 3 and Y 4 Al 2 O 9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various green materials like biochar and Fe0 (nano-scale zerovalent iron, nZVI) have been applied to remediate aqueous Cr(VI) contamination, but few studies have tried to further improve the performance of nZVI and/or biochar composites with different sulfidation methods. Here, we modified a hybrid material of nZVI@biochar with Na2S and pyrite (FeS2), applied it to remove aqueous Cr(VI) under different experimental conditions, and revealed key factors influencing Cr(VI) removal performance. The results show that pyrite loading is an effective sulfidation method to increase the Fe and S contents in composites. FeSx-nZVI@BC (1:1) had a Cr(VI) removal efficiency of ~95% with 5 mg/L Cr(VI) loaded, which was much higher than other hybrid composites. The Cr(VI) removal efficiency of FeSx-nZVI@BC showed a decreasing trend under pH conditions that increased from pH 3 to pH 9. The presence of dissolved oxygen and aqueous Cu2+ and Cd2+ could significantly suppress the removal of aqueous Cr(VI), while humic acids at different concentrations did not suppress Cr(VI) removal. After the reaction, it was observed with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) that most Cr in the solid phase was closely associated with pyrite minerals. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra, together with the Fe2+-quenching method, confirmed that Fe (Fe2+ or Fe0) acted as the main electron donor, contributing to ~90% of the Cr(VI) reduction. Our study indicates that pyrite loading could further improve the performance of remediation materials and that the pyrite-loaded nZVI@BC composite is a green material with strong potential to be applied in the remediation of water contaminated by Cr(VI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in composites lead to the growth of advanced composites like titanium matrix composite (TMC) as it possesses excellent properties like lightweight and high temperature corrosion resistance, without compromising their strength and hardness. It is used widely in contemporary industries like automobile, biomedical and aerospace. Prime goals lead to the development of a novel material by laser engineering net shaping (LENS), experimental and microstructural analysis, and ranking analysis using a novel optimization algorithm. Laser power (P) and scan speed (V) provide deeper contribution when compared to energy input/area (E). The microstructural characterization illustrates an excellent bonding inside the Ti-matrix. A hybrid mathematical model is proposed on the optimality analysis of laser process parameters to laser performance measures like cooling rate (CR) and hardness (H) and the optimality set is identified. The novelty lies in the comparative and ranking analysis of the experimental runs of the laser responses of the developed novel composite by a novel optimization algorithm like desirable gray relational analysis (DGRA). Rank 1 of desirability 0.843 is obtained and contrasted with rank 2 of desirability 0.833 using DGRA when excellent melting is observed with miniature surface cracks, which can be compared with solo desirability of 0.838, with an improvement of 0.6%. To detect the contributing effects and significance parametric characteristics, ANOVA is incorporated. Optimized solution is additionally improved by 12.939% of CR and 0.253% of H. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces the synthesis of a hybrid thermoelectric material with enhanced conductivity and a high Seebeck coefficient, leveraging the properties of Te nanowires (NWs) and the conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS. Te NWs were synthesized using the galvanic displacement reaction. To further enhance conductivity, Ag-Te NWs were synthesized under optimized conditions via the Ag topotactic reaction, achieving desired results within 7 min using ethylene glycol and AgNO3. This hybrid material exhibited an electrical conductivity of 463 S/cm, a Seebeck coefficient of 69.5 µV/K at 300 K, and a power factor of 260 µW/Mk². These metrics surpassed those of conventional Te/PEDOT:PSS hybrids by a factor of 3.6, highlighting the superior performance of our approach. This study represents a significant advancement in thermoelectric materials, improving both conductivity and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures with excellent properties of stable energy absorption, light weight, and high specific strength could potentially spark immense interest for novel and programmable functions by combining smart materials, e.g. shape memory polymers (SMPs). This work proposes TPMS lattices with hybrid configurations and materials that are composed of viscoelastic and shape-memory materials with the aim to bring temperature-dependent mechanical properties and additional dissipation mechanisms. Different configurations and diverse materials of polylactic acid (PLA), fiber-reinforced PLA, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are induced, generating five types of TPMS lattices, including (Schoen’s I-WP) IWP uniform lattice, IWP lattice with density gradient, hybrid configurations, hybrid materials, and filled PDMS, which are fabricated by 3D printing. The fracture morphologies and the distribution of carbon fibers are demonstrated via scanning electron microscopy with a focus on the influence of carbon fiber on shape-memory and mechanical properties. Shape recovery tests are conducted, which proves good shape memory properties and reusable capability of TPMS lattice. The combined methods of experiments and numerical simulation are adopted to evaluate mechanical properties, which presents multi-stage energy absorption ability and tunable vibration isolation performances associated with temperature and hybridization designs. This work can promote extensive research and provide substantial opportunities for TPMS lattices in the development of functional applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vapor phase infiltration (VPI) has emerged as a promising tool for fabrication of novel hybrid materials. In the field of polymeric gas separation membranes, a beneficial impact on stability and membrane performance is known for several polymers with differing functional groups. This study for the first time investigates VPI of trimethylaluminum (TMA) into poly(1‐trimethylsilyl‐1‐propyne) (PTMSP), featuring a carbon–carbon double bond as functional group. Saturation of the precursor inside the polymer is already attained after 60 s infiltration time leading to significant densification of the material. Depth profiling proves accumulation of aluminum in the polymer itself, but a significantly increased accumulation is visible in the gradient layer between polymer and SiO2 substrate. A reaction pathway is proposed and supplemented by density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations. Infrared spectra derived from both experiments and simulation support the presented reaction pathway. In terms of permeance, a favorable impact on selectivity is observed for infiltration times up to 1 s. Longer infiltration times yield greatly reduced permeance values close or even below the detection limit of the measurement device. The present results of this study set a strong basis for the application of VPI on polymers for gas‐barrier and membrane applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in diabetic wounds are major contributors to chronic wounds and impaired healing, posing significant challenges in regenerative medicine. Developing innovative drug delivery systems is crucial to address these issues by modifying the adverse microenvironment and promoting effective wound healing. Methods: Herein, we designed a novel drug delivery platform using manganese dioxide nanoflower hybridized gold nanoparticle composites (MnO2-Au) synthesized via a hydrothermal reaction, and investigated the potential of MnO2-Au nanoflowers to relieve the high oxidative stress microenvironment and regulate diabetic wound tissue healing. Results: This hybrid material demonstrated superior catalytic activity compared to MnO2 alone, enabling the rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and a substantial reduction in ROS levels within dermal fibroblasts. The MnO2-Au nanoflowers also facilitated enhanced dermal fibroblast migration and Col-I expression, which are critical for tissue regeneration. Additionally, a hydrogel-based wound dressing incorporating MnO2-Au nanoflowers was developed, showing its potential as an intelligent drug delivery system. This dressing significantly reduced oxidative stress, accelerated wound closure, and improved the quality of neonatal epithelial tissue regeneration in a diabetic rat skin defect model. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the potential of MnO2-Au nanoflower-based drug delivery systems as a promising therapeutic approach for chronic wound healing, particularly in regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demetallation reaction of sulfanyl magnesium(II) porphyrazine with N-ethylphthalimide substituents, followed by remetallation with manganese(II) salts, yields the corresponding manganese(III) derivative (Pz3) with high efficiency. This novel manganese(III) sulfanyl porphyrazine was characterized by HPLC and analyzed using UV-Vis, MS, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Electrochemical experiments of Pz3 conducted in dichloromethane revealed electrochemical activity of the new complex due to both manganese and N-ethylphthalimide substituents redox transitions. Subsequently, Pz3 was deposited on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and this hybrid material was then applied to glassy carbon electrodes (GC). The resulting hybrid electroactive electrode material, combining manganese(III) porphyrazine with MWCNTs, showed a significant decrease in overpotential of H2O2 oxidation compared to bare GC or GC electrodes modified with only carbon nanotubes (GC/MWCNTs). This improvement, attributed to the electrocatalytic performance of Mn3+, enabled linear response and sensitive detection of H2O2 at neutral pH. Furthermore, a glucose oxidase (GOx)-containing biosensing platform was developed by modifying the prepared GC/MWCNT/Pz3 electrode for the electrochemical detection of glucose. The bioelectrode incorporating the newly designed Pz3 exhibited good activity in the presence of glucose, confirming effective electronic communication between the Pz3, GOx and MWCNT surface. The linear range for glucose detection was 0.2–3.7 mM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, sustainability plays a central role in the response to global challenges, strongly influencing decisions in various sectors. From this perspective, global efforts to explore inventive and eco-friendly solutions to address the demands of industrialization and large-scale production are being made. Bio-based composites needed for lightweight applications benefit from the integration of natural fibers, due to their lower specific weight compared to synthetic fibers, contributing to the overall reduction in the weight of such structures without compromising the mechanical performance. Nevertheless, challenges arise when using natural fibers in composite laminates and hybridization seems to be a solution. However, there is still a lack of knowledge in the literature regarding the strategies and possibilities for reducing laminate thickness, without sacrificing the mechanical performance. This work aims to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the possibility of reducing the laminate thickness in hybrid flax/basalt composites made of plies, organized in the same stacking sequence, through only varying their number. Tensile, Charpy, flexural, and drop-weight tests were carried out for the mechanical characterization of the composites. The results obtained confirm the feasibility of achieving thinner hybrid composites, thus contributing to sustainability, while still having acceptable mechanical properties for structural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite materials are used in many engineering applications and industrial fields due to their superior properties, such as high strength, lightweight, and stiffness. These outstanding properties have made these materials an alternative to metallic materials. The vital need for new lightweight and inexpensive materials with superior strength properties has led to research on "hybridisation". Hybrid composites with more than one type of polymer in the same structure are needed to achieve a better balance of properties and to combine many desired properties in a single material. Many researchers have studied the hybrid effect and contributed to the understanding and modelling of the subject. Studies to explain the primary mechanism of the hybrid effect are limited and insufficient to explain the complex interaction. In this study, a three-dimensional printer using fused deposition modelling technique was used to produce hybrid materials, and the influence of printing parameters on the mechanical, absorptive, and morphological properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA), Tough PLA, and PLA/Tough PLA hybrid materials were investigated. The hybrid material form exhibited superior properties when selecting specific production parameters from individual raw elements. It can be said that the mechanical properties of the PLA/Tough PLA hybrid material increased with the increase in production temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid manufacturing processes integrate multiple manufacturing techniques to leverage their respective advantages and mitigate their limitations. This study combines additive manufacturing and injection molding, aiming to efficiently produce components with extensive design flexibility and functional integration. The research explores the interfacial fusion bonding of hybrid additively manufactured components under torsional loading. Specifically, it examines the impact of various surface treatments on injection molded parts and the influence of different build chamber temperatures during additive manufacturing on torsional strength. Polycarbonate components, neat, with glass or carbon fiber-reinforcement, are produced and assessed for dimensional accuracy, torsional strength, and fracture behavior. The findings emphasize the critical role of surface treatment for the injection molded components before additive manufacturing. Additionally, the study identifies the influence of chamber temperatures on both dimensional accuracy and torsional strength. Among all investigated materials, plasma-treated neat samples exhibited the best torsional strength. The torsional strength was increased by up to 87 % by actively heating the build chamber to 186 °C for neat polycarbonate. These insights aim to advance the quality and performance of hybrid additively manufactured components, broadening their application potential across diverse fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actuator systems are among the most noteworthy aspects of the rapidly expanding field of smart and multifunctional materials, which is having a substantial impact on a number of application areas. Ionic liquids (ILs) are a particularly relevant option for the development of hybrid materials for actuator applications, because of their simple processing and tailored response. This review work focuses on ionic liquid‐based polymer blends for soft actuator applications. The main properties of IL for these applications are highlighted and the state of the art of actuator devices is presented by the type of polymer matrix. Finally, the main conclusions and future trends are presented, in order to properly tailor the characteristics and functional response of IL‐blends for actuator applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new generation of laser-based solid-state lighting (SSL) white light sources requires new material systems capable of withstanding, diffusing, and converting high intensity laser light. State-of-the-art systems use a blue light emitting diode or laser diode in combination with color conversion materials, such as yellow emitting Ce-doped phosphors or red and green emitting quantum dots (QD), to produce white light. However, for laser-based high-brightness illumination thermal management and uniform light diffusion are still major challenges in the quest to convert a highly focused laser beam into an efficient lighting solution. Here, we present a material system consisting of a highly open porous (> 99%) framework structure of hollow SiO2 microtubes. This framework structure enables efficient and uniform light distribution as well as ensuring good thermal management even at high laser powers of up to 5 W, while drastically reducing the speckle contrast. By further functionalizing the microtubes with halide perovskite QDs (SiO2@CsPbBr3 as model system) color conversion from UV to visible light is achieved. By depositing an ultrathin (~ 5.5 nm) film of poly(ethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate) (pEGDMA) via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD), the luminescent stability of the QDs against moisture is enhanced. The demonstrated hybrid material system paves the way for the design of advanced and functional laser light diffusers and converters that can meet the challenges associated with laser-based SSL applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plate girders are typically formed by the built-up of I-shaped plates. It is vulnerable and weak in resisting buckling. In this study, FE analysis models were developed to evaluate the flexural performance of a hybrid composite post-tension (HCPt) plate girder. The HCPt plate girder is made of double-web and in-fill concrete with pre-stressed tendon to prevent shear web buckling and improve flexural resistance. The sensitivity of design parameters to the performance of the girder was also investigated through a parametric study using four different configurations. The selected parameters are span length, steel grade, concrete grade, and level of pre-stressed force. The statistical analysis was performed using linear multiple regression model to predict the girder's flexural load and displacement. The results showed that web shear buckling was eliminated for models with in-fill concrete and pre-stressed tendon and failed by bending. Failure of the girder with double web was demonstrated by the combination of bending and web shear buckling. The concrete in-fill prevents the web plate from buckling and the beams generally fail in bending with high ductility. The load capacity of the hybrid composite plate girders with pre-stressing improved by 76% and 44% compared to conventional single-web plate girders and double-web plate girders, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pure natural kaolinite (K) was modified by intercalation and grafting into the interlayer space of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine (HEP). The resulting organo-inorganic hybrid material (referred as KHEP) was characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The electrochemical characterisation of K and KHEP materials was carried out by studying the electrochemical behaviour using cyclic voltammetry of [Fe(CN)6]3− ions on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a film of each of these materials (GCE/K and GCE/KHEP). The GCE/KHEP organokaolinite film electrode was successfully applied for the simultaneous detection of Pb(II) and Cu(II) in contaminated media. The peak currents of Pb(II) and Cu(II) obtained under the same optimal conditions on GCE/KHEP were much more intense than those obtained on GCE/K and bare GCE. Under optimal conditions, the influence of the concentration of Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions on the peak currents was studied for several concentration ranges. The obtained linear calibration curves were then used to calculate the different limits of detection (LOD) on the basis of a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Thus, in simultaneous detection and for the concentration range from 0.02 to 0.12 µmol L−1 (pH accumulation medium 5.0) and for each of the ions analysed, LODs of 1.942 nmol L−1 for Cu(II) and a LOD of 1.072 nmol L−1 for Pb(II) were obtained. The GCE/KHEP sensor developed in this work was successfully applied for the simultaneous detection of Pb(II) and Cu(II) in real samples. ASSWV signal corresponding to the simultaneous detection of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions recorded on unmodified GCE (black curve), GCE/K; (red curve) and GCE/KHEP (blue curve) in 0.2 mol L−1 NaNO3 (with pH adjusted at 2.5) after 7 min of accumulation in aqueous medium (pH 5.0) of each ion at the concentration at 2.0 µmol L−1. Other experimental conditions are as follows: telec: 80 s, Eelec: − 0.90 V, Potential amplitude: 0.05 V, Step potential (V): 0.005 V and Frequency: 50 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global water resource shortage has evolved into a pressing concern, necessitating the advancement of effective and environmentally sustainable water treatment techniques. Photocatalysis has surfaced as a hopeful technology for eliminating organic contaminants from wastewater because of its efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. Here, CeO 2 microspheres and Ni 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 (NiZn-ferrite) nanoparticles were synthesized using the hydrothermal method, followed by the fabrication of ternary hybrid composites CeO 2 /NiZn ferrite/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) via ultrasonic treatment. Various analytical techniques including XRD, FESEM, VSM, PL, BET and UV–Visible spectroscopy were employed to characterize the resulting synthesized samples. The hybrid ternary composites demonstrate remarkable efficiency in degradation of reactive red-35 dye through photocatalysis attributed to enhanced surface area. This efficiency is further enhanced when coupled with ultrasonic treatment, leading to a synergistic effect. The catalysts can be easily separated from the suspension due to their magnetic behaviour and thus hold great potential for utilizations in the field of wastewater treatment and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the supercapacitors' performance relies on the increased capacitance and voltage window, which are the current key challenges for developing new materials. In this study, the mononuclear NiII‐bis(oxamato) complex ([nBu4N]2[Ni(opba)], 1) has been synthesized and used as a template in polypyrrole (PPy) based conductive polymer as a novel electrode material for supercapacitor applications. The surface and structural properties of PPy and PPy/1 electrodes were studied using SEM and TEM to elucidate their interactions. The results of characterization techniques revealed that complex 1 altered the morphology, creating a prominent three‐dimensional globular structure in the PPy/1 hybrid material without significant chemical modification. The electrochemical properties of PPy and PPy/1 were investigated by CV, EIS, and GCD analyses. The PPy/1 electrode demonstrated intense pseudocapacitive behavior, showing a significantly widened potential window and increased current compared to the PPy electrode, resulting in enhanced energy storage capacity within the material. This improvement was evaluated by testing a symmetric supercapacitor in a coin cell architecture with an alginate‐based gel acting as both electrolyte and separator. The maximum specific cell capacitance reached 41.6 F g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1, with a remarkable capacity retention of 97 % after 1000 galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastics reinforced with glass fiber have a significant likelihood of being replaced by natural fiber hybrid composites (NFHCs). Making holes helps in part assembly, which is a crucial activity in the machining of composite constructions. As a result, choosing the right drill bit and cutting parameters is crucial to creating a precise and high-quality hole in composite materials. The present study employs the Taguchi approach to examine the delamination behavior and hole quality of ramie–bamboo composite laminates consisting of epoxy and nano-fillers (SiC, Al2O3) with feed, spindle speed, and three distinct drill bit types. Surface roughness and delamination are significantly influenced by feed and spindle speed, as indicated by the results of the analysis of variance. It was found that the spindle speed had a major impact on the delamination factor and surface roughness, while the feed and drill bit type had a minor influence. The surface roughness (76.5%) and delamination factor (66.7%) are significantly affected by the spindle speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of the present study was to transform discarded agricultural remnants and poultry waste into value-added materials. Rice straw and chicken feathers are disposed of after their primary consumption into landfills or are incinerated, causing pollution and environmental threats. In this study, epoxy composites were fabricated using different volume proportions (5–45%) of these raw and alkali-treated remnants, and their mechanical strength was tested. The flexural strength of the rice straw composites and chicken feather composites initially decreased with the addition of fibers from 5 to 35 vol% and then the values increased when the fiber content was more than 35 vol%. The chicken feather composites showed increased impact strength with fiber addition. Alkali treatment of the rice straw resulted in improved flexural and impact strengths of the composites due to the removal of the waxy layer on the fiber surface, which was observed in the FTIR studies. Alkali treatment of the chicken feathers did not produce any significant change in the flexural strength of the composites, but their impact strength increased with fiber addition. Hybrid composites fabricated using rice straw and chicken feathers exhibited enhanced flexural and impact strength properties both with and without the alkali treatment, corroborating the synergistic effect of these fibers. SEM analysis of the fractured samples showed noteworthy interfacial adhesion between the fibers and matrix. This study presents a better method for converting these disposable materials into value-added usable materials and increasing their life cycle in the circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]