Search

We present here the first study documenting the variability in growth and pigment signature with fluctuating light in a tropical surf-zone (coastal Bay of Bengal) phytoplankton assemblage. In response to an 8.5 times light cut-off for 3 days, 50% of the particulate organic matter (POC)-based growth rate (μPOC d−1) was maintained. Chlorophyll a (Chla) and light-harvesting pigment (LHP) contents exhibited a reverse trend without increasing POC contents, suggesting that the Chla-based growth rate can be biased under fluctuating light. Certain commonly occurring diatoms like Skeletonema, Leptocylindrus and Chaetoceros exhibited high light preference, whereas another diatom Thalassiosira proliferated at low light. Phytoplankton pigment signature was also monitored on an hourly basis over a day and the lowest LHP contents were associated with the highest photon flux densities, whereas the highest values were noticed during morning and evening hours. The ratio between photo-protective to LHP remained

Pseudohimantidium pacificum, an epizoic diatom has been reported from different parts of the global oceans, however, has not been reported from the shelf waters of India. This symbiotic association of P. pacificum with a specific copepod species (Ditrichocorycaeus affinis) was repeatedly noticed from the shelf waters of the Arabian Sea during the winter monsoon from three locations in the South East Arabian Sea. Our study suggests towards host specificity of P. pacificum and additionally reveals their preference towards male hosts which is consistent with the earlier reports from other regions. Most importantly, this report extends the range of geographic distribution of the epibiont and this is the third report on this epibiont from the Indian Ocean region. It also suggests that epibiosis in marine zooplankton is much frequent phenomenon that has the potential to play an important role in the marine zooplankton population dynamics.

This study analyzed the diversity and abundance of diatom frustules including the ancillary parameters using the core top sediments from five locations (21, 19, 15, 13, and 11°N) along the central Arabian Sea (64°E), an area profoundly influenced by atmospheric forcing (monsoons) and oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) with high spatial variability. Significantly higher organic carbon (0.97 ± 0.05%) and diatom frustules (5.92 ± 0.57 × 10

Automated Meter reading systems are an invaluable technological advancement that can lead to a better standard of living, owing to the fact that metering has become a part and parcel of our mundane lives. It solves many issues of the traditional meter reading system like need for human resources, efficiency, accuracy, delayed work, unavailability of customer during metering visit by employee, etc. Moreover it is more economical and helps to save energy in a more efficient and effective way. Furthermore it has a very notable advantage of having the ability to predict the energy demands of the future, starting from every household to the entire planet. The main objective of the smart energy meter is to not only measure the consumer’s power consumption but also to transmit the readings of the meter to utility office every week/day/hour with the help of GSM module or by uploading it onto the cloud. Readings of the meter will be taken out using Rs485 Module and will be given to Raspberry pi and transmitted further to utility office with the help of GSM module or by uploading it onto cloud and at the same time consumption in terms of units as well as rupees will be transmitted to consumer which they can access in SMS or application. Electrical power has become indispensable to human survival and progress which leads to the enhancement of the people’s standard of life by the introduction of automation in to energy distribution and management. With the constant development in technology, the need of automated meter reading systems is also increasing.it is basically Raspberry pi based operational system. The technology of e-metering (Electronic Metering) has gone through rapid technological advancements and there is increased demand for a reliable and efficient Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system.

Abnormalities and Electricity Theft are a major concern for power and economic chaos of one's country. The reason here is, the fraudulent usage of electricity power by customers and broken electric meters or billing errors. Currently, electrical transmission and distribution losses remain a hurdle to the development and sustainability of the sector despite several techniques of energy conservation and electricity distribution analysis that have been employed. While technical failures are regular and predictable, non-technical losses, which are responsible for 80% energy losses, are random and hard to identify and evaluate. Hence it requires more advanced technology. For these reasons, the problem has attracted research interests in many fields, including artificial intelligence, including machine learning and expert knowledge approaches. Here, we have used a linear regression method for anomaly detection. The project therefore showed that the method has improved detection accuracy, sensitivity and reduced magnitude of data required.

Automation or IoT is the new technology which is used to making security of different type of firm planning all over the world. The device inaugurated of designing such kind of help for farm owner or farmers and as well as different type of farmhouse holder can get benefited with this device. Structure of device which has arduino based operational function that can make security of farming area from various type of intruders that may reach harm or destruction for farm related goods such as crops, paddy, barley etc, by their activities or nature. As clear words animal can destroy all crops by eating or doing incoherent activities. As same not only animal every kind of intruder can be detected by this device and can be able to notify owner of farms. It is an unconventional approach for giving security to farm for relieving destruction of crops. That will be less costly and as well as more production will be secured by using this device. The farm security method which is right now going that is more unplanned typical way adopted time consuming and as well as laborious. Actually it has been followed from earlier era to till right now as in analog way. This device operation is indication of digitalization, in analog way of security of firm by using arduino, GSM module and ultrasonic sensor etc. There is a fundamental need to develop such environmental friendly device which can give ensure of safety of farm that will be make advantage for farmers as well as farm owners. This device will able to give less physical effort and pollution free output of farm security. Design style device is more simple as with workable capability. the methodology of work of this device is where intruders is recorded by using camera attached with sensors that is capturing images of animals and other intruder and sends the notification to mobile.

This paper attempts to measure and find out the quality of services and customer satisfaction level in terms of private sector banks. The paper also slightly shows the comparison between Public sector and Private sector banks related to the customer satisfaction. The research is based on Gujarat which is a state of India. Data collection, data formulation and structuring and data interpretation is based on 423 samples. In terms of private sector banks ICICI, IDBI, HDFC, AXIS Bank, YES Bank, RBI Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank, IDFC Banks are taken as they are market leaders. ATM facility, Online banking facility, Mobile Banking Facility, Current account, Fixed Deposit, Saving Account, Physical Environment, Competitive Interest Rate etc. has been taken as parameters. From the research, it has been found that there is relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction. We are living in digital era. Almost all the banks are trying to acquire and implement digital facilities. From our research, we also found that majority of the clients are satisfied with mobile banking, online banking and ATM services of the private sector banks. The paper also reveals that the clients are not much satisfied with the behavior of the bank staff of the public sector banks. Age, gender, occupation of the clients are also taken into consideration while preparing the paper.

Increasing dissolution of CO2 in the surface ocean is rapidly decreasing its pH and changing carbon chemistry which is further affecting marine biota in several ways. Phytoplankton response studies under the combination of elevated CO2 and trace metals are rare. We have conducted two consecutive onboard incubation experiments (R. V. Sindhu Sadhana; August 2017) in the eastern Arabian Sea (SW coast of India) during an upwelling event. A nutrient enriched diatom bloom was initiated onboard and grown under ambient (approximate to 400 mu atm, A-CO2) and high CO 2 levels (approximate to 1000 patm; H-CO2) with different zinc (Zn; 1 nM) and copper (Cu) concentrations (1 nM, 2 nM and 8 nM). Phytoplankton community composition and the dominant genera were different during these two experiments. CO2 enrichment alone did not show any significant growth stimulating impact on the experimental community except enhanced cell density in the first experiment. Addition of Zn at A-CO2 level revealed no noticeable responses; whereas, the same treatment under H-CO2 level significantly reduced cell number. Considerably high protein content under H-CO2+Zn treatment was possibly counteracting Zn toxicity which also caused slower growth rate. Cu addition did not show any noticeable impact on growth and biomass production except increased protein content as well as decreased carbohydrate: protein ratio. This can be attributed to relatively higher protein synthesis than carbohydrate to alleviate oxidative stress generated by Cu. The centric diatom Chaetoceros and toxin producing pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia showed no significant response to either CO2 or Zn enrichment. Large centric diatom Leptocylindrus and Skeletonema responded positively to Zn addition in both CO2 levels. The former species showed the most sensitive response at the highest Cu and H-CO2 treatment; whereas, the pennate diatoms Mtzschia and Pseudo-nttzschia (toxigenic diatom) showed higher resilience under elevated CO2 and Cu levels. This observation indicated that in future ocean, increasing CO2 concentrations and trace metal pollution may potentially alter phytoplankton community structure and may facilitate toxigenic diatom bloom in the coastal waters.

International audience; Marine life is controlled by multiple physical and chemical drivers and by diverse ecological processes. Many of these oceanic properties are being altered by climate change and other anthropogenic pressures. Hence, identifying the influences of multifaceted ocean change, from local to global scales, is a complex task. To guide policy‐making and make projections of the future of the marine biosphere, it is essential to understand biological responses at physiological, evolutionary and ecological levels. Here, we contrast and compare different approaches to multiple driver experiments that aim to elucidate biological responses to a complex matrix of ocean global change. We present the benefits and the challenges of each approach with a focus on marine research, and guidelines to navigate through these different categories to help identify strategies that might best address research questions in fundamental physiology, experimental evolutionary biology and community ecology. Our review reveals that the field of multiple driver research is being pulled in complementary directions: the need for reductionist approaches to obtain process‐oriented, mechanistic understanding and a requirement to quantify responses to projected future scenarios of ocean change. We conclude the review with recommendations on how best to align different experimental approaches to contribute fundamental information needed for science‐based policy formulation.

In recent decades, material fluxes to coastal waters from various land based anthropogenic activities have significantly been enhanced around the globe which can considerably impact the coastal water quality and ecosystem health. Hence, there is a critical need to understand the links between anthropogenic activities in watersheds and its health. Kakinada Bay is situated at the SW part of the Bay of Bengal, near to the second largest mangrove cover in India with several fertilizer industries along its bank and could be highly vulnerable to different types of pollutants. However, virtually, no data is available so far reporting its physicochemical status and microalgal diversity at this bay. In order to fill this gap, we conducted three time series observations at a fixed station during January, December and June 2012, at this bay measuring more than 15 physical, chemical and biological parameters in every 3 h over a period of 36 h in both surface (0 m) and subsurface (4.5 m) waters. Our results clearly depict a strong seasonality between three sampling months; however, any abnormal values of nutrients, biological oxygen demand or dissolved oxygen level was not observed. A Skeletonema costatum bloom was observed in December which was probably influenced by low saline, high turbid and high Si input through the river discharge. Otherwise, smaller diatoms like Thalassiosira decipiens, Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii, and Thalassionema nitzschioides dominated the bay. It is likely that the material loading can be high at the point sources due to intense anthropogenic activities, however, gets diluted with biological, chemical and physical processes in the offshore waters.

The present study investigated the impacts of treated effluent discharge on physicochemical and biological properties of coastal waters from three pharmaceuticals situated along the coast of Visakhapatnam (SW Bay of Bengal). Seawater samples were collected (during the months of December 2013, March 2014 and April 2014) from different sampling locations (Chippada (CHP), Tikkavanipalem (TKP) and Nakkapalli (NKP)) at 0- and 30-m depths within 2-km radius (0.5 km = inner, 1 km = middle and 2 km = outer sampling circles) from the marine outfall points. Physicochemical and biological parameters, which differed significantly within the stations, were likely to be influenced by strong seasonality rather than local discharge. Dissolved oxygen variability was tightly coupled with both physical and biological processes. Phytoplankton cell density and total chlorophyll (TChla) concentrations were significantly correlated with dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations. CHP (December) represented a diatom bloom condition where the highest concentrations of diatom cells, total chlorophyll (TChla), dissolved oxygen coupled with lower zooplankton abundance and low nutrient levels were noticed. The centric diatom, Chaetoceros sp. (> 50%) dominated the phytoplankton community. TKP (March) represented a post-diatom bloom phase with the dominance of Pseudo-nitzschia seriata; zooplankton abundance and nutrient concentrations were minimum. Conversely, NKP (April) represented a warm well-stratified heterotrophic period with maximum zooplankton and minimum phytoplankton density. Dinoflagellate abundance increased at this station. Relatively higher water temperature, salinity, inorganic nutrients coupled with very low concentrations of dissolved oxygen, TChla and pH were observed at this station. Copepods dominated the zooplankton communities in all stations and showed their highest abundance in the innermost sampling circles. Treated effluent discharge did not seem to have any significant impact at these discharge points.

Inter-annual variations of phytoplankton abundance and community organization were observed over a two-decade period along with the ancillary parameters at the land–ocean boundary associated with the Sundarban mangrove forest (21°32′ and 22°40′ N and 88°05′ and 89° E), along the NE Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The number of definable Bacillariophyceae species exceeded Dinophyceae taxa, and the total number of bloom-forming species declined from a maximum of ten in 2000 and a minimum of two in 2007. Blooms of the diatom Coscinodiscus radiatus were common in 2000 and 2007. Tide cycles and the onset of the monsoon season played important roles in diurnal and seasonal variability of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton biovolume showed seasonality, with the highest levels during post-monsoon periods and lowest levels during the monsoon period. Phytoplankton abundance was correlated to rainfall patterns, which may be altered by long-term changes in climate.

The Sundarban mangrove forest (4264 km 2 ) is about 3% of the total area of the world mangrove is interdependent on the coastal aquatic subecosystem (1781 km 2 ). Ammonia concentration and flux measurements in the mangrove ecosystem and measurements in such tropical land–ocean boundary conditions are few and far between. A micrometeorological method was used to measure ammonia exchange over Sundarban mangrove forest and aquatic subecosystem. Results showed both emission and gaseous dry deposition in the forest area at a rate 1.79×10 3 and 2.26×10 3 kg N km –2 yr −1 , respectively. Flux of ammonia in the aquatic subecosystem was found always from air to water with a rate of 775.7 kg N km –2 yr −1 . The annual particulate dry and wet atmospherically deposited ammonia flux were calculated to be 69.0 and 21.5 kg N km –2 yr −1 , respectively. Exchange of gaseous ammonia in the mangrove forest showed net deposition with a rate of 4.90×10 2 kg N km –2 yr −1 . Annual imported flux from the proximate terrestrial source to this virgin forest was found to be 4.26×10 6 kg N yr −1 out of which 32.9% was deposited to the coastal water. Ammonia compensation point for mangrove vegetation was found to occur between 51 and 421 nmol m −3 and its variation was related to wind velocity, temperature, and humidity.

The Sundarban mangrove forest (4,264 km 2 ) constitutes about 3% of the total area of the world mangrove. We measured diurnal and seasonal variations of air‐water CO2 exchange in relation to the occurrence of phytoplankton during January‐December 2001. Diurnal variations of airflows showed that the minimum and maximum CO2 flux of 216.2 mmol m 22 h 21 and 49.9 mmol m 22 h 21 , respectively, occurred during the higher sea breeze. The average ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN 5 13.85 6 7.19 mmol L 21 ) to dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP 5 1.23 6 0.57 mmol L 21 ) was 11 6 4 and the surface water was undersaturated with respect to dissolved oxygen. The mean value of 0.1 6 0.08 for the ratio of phytoplankton production (P) to community respiration (R) indicated that the ecosystem was heterotrophic. The saturation of dissolved carbon dioxide with respect to the atmosphere varied seasonally between 59% and 156%, with minimum levels in postmonsoon and maximum levels in premonsoon/early monsoon (June/July). Out of the 36 genera of diatoms, 1 blue green alga, and 3 dinoflagellates that occurred throughout the year, only 6 reached bloom proportions in postmonsoon, when mangrove water was a sink of atmospheric CO2. Although 59.3% of the emitted CO2 was removed from the atmosphere by biological processes, on an annual basis, the Sundarban mangrove forest supplies 13.8 kg C ha 21 yr 21 of CO2 from water surface to the atmosphere. Even though it is important to compare all in and out fluxes, there is no direct link between CO 2 emission and the later CO2 removal by biological processes.

Diurnal and seasonal variations in carbon dioxide and methane fluxes between Sundarban biosphere and atmosphere were measured using micrometeorological method during 1998–2000. Study of the diurnal variation of micrometeorological conditions in the atmosphere was found to be necessary to determine the duration of neutral stability when flux estimation was reliable. Neutral stability of the atmosphere occurred in the limited micrometeorological conditions, when friction velocity ranged between 0.360 and 0.383 m s −1 . The value of drag coefficient (1.62–20.6)×103 obtained at variable wind speed could be deemed specific for this particular surface. 58.2% drop of carbon dioxide and 63.4% drop of methane in the atmosphere at 1 m height were observed during day time, between dawn and early evening. Diurnal variations in methane and carbon dioxide mixing ratios showed a positive correlation with Richardson's number (Ri). This environment acted as a net source for carbon dioxide and methane. The mixing ratios of methane were found to vary between 1.42 and 2.07 ppmv , and that of carbon dioxide, between 324.3 and 528.7 ppmv during the study period. The biosphere–atmosphere flux of carbon dioxide ranged between −3.29 and 34.4 mg m −2 s −1 , and that of methane, between −4.53 and 8.88 μg m −2 s −1 . The overall annual estimate of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from this ecosystem to atmosphere were estimated to be 694 Tg yr −1 and 184 Gg yr −1 , respectively. Considerable variations in mixing ratios of carbon dioxide and methane at the NE coast of Bay of Bengal were observed due to the seasonal variations of their fluxes from the biosphere to the atmosphere. The composition was inferred by fitting model prediction to measurements.

Diazotrophic (N2-fixing) cyanobacteria provide the biological source of new nitrogen for large parts of the ocean. However, little is known about their sensitivity to global change. Here we show that the single most important nitrogen fixer in today's ocean, Trichodesmium, is strongly affected by changes in CO2 concentrations. Cell division rate doubled with rising CO2 (glacial to projected year 2100 levels) prompting lower carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cellular contents, and reduced cell dimensions. N2 fixation rates per unit of phosphorus utilization as well as C:P and N:P ratios more than doubled at high CO2, with no change in C:N ratios. This could enhance the productivity of N-limited oligotrophic oceans, drive some of these areas into P limitation, and increase biological carbon sequestration in the ocean. The observed CO2 sensitivity of Trichodesmium could thereby provide a strong negative feedback to atmospheric CO2 increase.

Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations due to anthropogenic fossil fuel combustion are currently changing the ocean's chemistry. Increasing oceanic [CO2] and consequently decreasing seawater pH have the potential to significantly impact marine life. Here we describe and analyze the build-up and decline of a natural phytoplankton bloom initiated during the 2005 mesocosm Pelagic Ecosystem CO2 Enrichment study (PeECE III). The draw-down of inorganic nutrients in the upper surface layer of the mesocosms was reflected by a concomitant increase of organic matter until day t11, the peak of the bloom. From then on, biomass standing stocks steadily decreased as more and more particulate organic matter was lost into the deeper layer of the mesocosms. We show that organic carbon export to the deeper layer was significantly enhanced at elevated CO2. This phenomenon might have impacted organic matter remineralization leading to decreased oxygen concentrations in the deeper layer of the high CO2 mesocosms as indicated by deep water ammonium concentrations. This would have important implications for our understanding of pelagic ecosystem functioning and future carbon cycling.