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Introduction: Hair is the most noticeable part of one’s beauty and enhances individual’s personality. Hair loss is largely the result of genetics and hormones, however, lifestyle (hair colouring, fashion etc.) and environmental factors such as hair styling, eating habits and chemical exposure has major role. As more women are embracing their natural hair by exposing them to chemical relaxers resulting in an untold havoc with our physical health. Aims and Objectives: To examine the patients undergoing repeated chemical relaxing and curling Methodology: A cross-sectional observational hospital based study was carried out on purposively selected patients diagnosed with telogen effluvium. Forty seven patients of either sex, aged between 18 to 50 yrs those who had undergone relaxing and curling more than once over a period of 12 months Result: Out of 47 patients diagnosed to have hair fall, 13 were male and 34 were female. 49% belonged to the age group of 25-31 years. 42% of patients applied relaxers up to 4 times while 7% used up to 10 times. The commonest adverse events associated with the use of chemical hair relaxers were hair loss (61%), dry hair (45%), dandruff (20%), thinning of hair (30%), greying of hair (25%) and split ends in only (15%). Conclusion: Hair fall, lack of hair growth, hair breakage, hair thinning, scalp irritation are the main adverse effects faced due to the continuous use of hair relaxers and curlers. However, chemical hair relaxers have been know to cause adverse effects is not a false belief and affected the society badly.Therefore one should be very careful while using and applying any sort of chemical to your hairs. Keywords: Chemical Hair Relaxers, Falling of Hair, Hair loss, Scalp Irritation, Hair Breakage.

Introduction: Male baldness is genetically determined, most common gradually progressive hair disorder leading to miniaturization of hair follicles. Various modalities have been used in various studies without significant results. Objective: The aim was to study and compare the two modalities of treatment and to evaluate their results. Materials and Methods: This is prospective, comparative study. Sample size was 40, twenty in each group. Group 1 was given 5% topical minoxidil solution two times in a day till six months and platelet rich plasma (PRP), Group 2 was given only PRP at three weekly interval for six months. Parameters evaluated before starting, after three months and after six months for - Hair pull test, anagen/telogen ratio, Patient’s, Physician’s assessment and clinical photographs. Results: On evaluating group 1 showed relatively more significant improvement. On hair pull test significant reduction of hair breakage in group 1. Anagen/telogen ratio showed 8.9 ± 0.3% improvement in anagen hair in group 1 while 5.9 ± 0.5% was in group 2. Improvement was seen in patients of group 1 more than patients of group 2 based on patient’s assessment and photographs. Conclusion: 5% minoxidil when given with platelet rich plasma was superior and better when compared to platelet rich plasma alone. Keywords: AGA, PRP, Minoxidil.

Background: Hair coloring, or hair coloring, is the follow of fixing the hair color. The most reasons for this area unit cosmetic: to hide gray or white hair, to alter to a color thought to be additional modern or fascinating, or to revive the initial hair color once, it's been stained by hairdressing process or sun bleaching. Hair coloring is often done professionally by a stylist or severally reception. Celtic folks colored their hair blonde; they bleach it by laundry them in lime and brushing it back from their foreheads. The coloring of hair is associate ancient art that involves treatment of the hair with varied chemical compounds. In history, the dyes were obtained from plants. The event of artificial dyes for hair is derived from the legendary discovery of the reactivity of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) with air. Results: Hair dyes are cosmetic compounds that make contact with the skin throughout application. As a result of this skin contact, there exists some health risk related to use of hair dyes. People allergic to protein as an example, can have to be compelled to take care once buying hair color since bound dye includes protein. Protein doesn't have to be compelled to be eaten for it to cause associate hypersensitivity reaction. Skin contact with protein might cause a reaction; thus, resulting in associate hypersensitivity reaction. Symptoms of those reactions will embody redness, sores, itching, burning sensation, and discomfort. Symptoms can typically not be apparent instantly following the appliance and process of the tint, however may arise once hours or maybe daily later. Conclusion: Pigments of the hair got colored by the tactic of removing, replacing, or covering up. Employment of those chemicals may cause varied adverse effects, at the facet of temporary skin irritation and hypersensitivity, hair breakage, skin discoloration, and explosive hair color results. The ultimate color of every strand of hair can depend upon its original color and body. As a result of hair's color and body across the pinnacle and on the length of a hair strand, there'll be delicate variations in shade across the complete head. This provides an additional natural-looking result than the solid, everywhere color of a permanent color. Thus, hair dyes area unit regulated within the industrial marketplace and, as new toxicity knowledge is generated for a few hair dye, and health risks area unit discovered, in a controlled people, employment of hair coloring may end up in aversions and/or skin irritation.

Background and Aim: Interaction of hair with water is common. This study was conducted to compare changes in baseline strength of hair after treating it with hard water and deionized water. Material and Methods: Hardness level of water samples collected from 10 districts of KP, Pakistan was determined, and that with maximum hardness was considered our sample hard water. Hair samples of 70 male individuals, from district with minimum hardness levels, were collected. Each hair sample was divided into three equal parts, and three groups of hair were established, each group containing 70 hairs. Group A was considered control. Group B was treated with deionized water and Group C was treated with hard water. Tensile strength of all three groups was measured using the universal testing machine and compared using paired t-test. Results: The mean age of all 70 participants were 23.87 ± 3. The mean values of tensile strength for hairs of Groups A, B, and C were 255.49, 254.84, and 234.16 with a standard deviation of 57.55, 58.74, and 56.25, respectively. Results were significant in case of hard water (P = 0.001) as compared to deionized water (P = 0.609). Conclusion: Hard water decreases strength of hair and thus increases breakage.

Friction alopecia is a non-scarring alopecia that causes hair breakage and may cause trichorrhexis nodosa. We report a case of a 15-year-old girl with self-inflicting friction alopecia that demonstrated broken hairs and proximal trichorrhexis nodosa on dermoscopy. We review various causes of friction alopecia and clinical findings, as well as trichorrhexis nodosa.

Pili annulati is generally classified as a hair shaft disorder without fragility. However, increased susceptibility to weathering is common. Severe breakage due to trichorrhexis nodosa is uncommon. We report a case and review the literature on this topic.

Hair is an important part of body and a major factor in self-image. A wide variety of hair cosmetic preparations are available and are used regularly by most of the world’s population. Hair colouring is one of the commonly done procedure. However, any chemical treatment, normal grooming habits and environmental exposure can produce changes in hair texture or hair breakage. It is necessary for a dermatologist to know the basis of hair colouring, the procedure and the possible side effects it can cause. Also post colour care is also to be known about to prevent further damage to treated hair. This article explains the basic chemistry and mechanism involved in hair dyeing and the basic facts a dermatologist should know.

Background In 2005, the L'Oreal Institute for hair and skin research carried out a multiethnic study to investigate hair breakage in women residing in the U.S.A. In this study it was reported that a large percentage (96%) of the African-American respondents experience breakage. A combination of structural differences and grooming-induced stresses seem to contribute to the higher breakage incidence in the African-American group as the chemical composition of African-American hair is not significantly different from other ethnic groups. Some authors have proposed that the repeated elongation, torsion and flexion actions may affect the components of the hair fibre. However, considering the different properties of cuticle and cortex, one would expect a different wearing mechanism of each, leading to the ultimate failure of hair. Knowing in detail how each part of the structure fails can potentially lead to better ways to protect the hair from physical insults. Objective To investigate crack propagation and fracture mechanisms in African-American hair. Methods Virgin hair of excellent quality was collected, with informed consent, from a female African-American volunteer. A series of controlled mechanical stresses was applied to 10-mm hair sections using a high-resolution mechanical stage (20 mN) up to the fracture of the fibre. The surface was monitored using scanning electron microscopy imaging during the stress application. X-ray tomographic microscopy images were acquired and quantified to detect changes in energy absorption as a function of applied stress that could be linked to increase in crack density. Results Analysis of the mechanical response of hair combined with the two imaging techniques led us to propose the following mechanism of hair breakage: cuticle sliding; failure of the cuticle-cortex interface; nucleation of intercellular cracks and growth of cracks at the cuticle-cortex junction; and propagation of intercellular cracks towards the surface of the hair and final breakage when these cracks merge at the cuticular junction. Conclusions The combination of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray tomography provided new information about the fracture of hair. Mechanical damage from grooming and some environmental factors accumulate in hair creating internal cracks that eventually result in breakage at unpredictable sites and therefore a continuous care regimen for the hair throughout the life cycle of the fibres is recommended.

IntroductionA consumer internet survey conducted by our Institute in2005, of over 1200 women that self-identified as AfricanAmerican, Caucasian, Chinese, or Mexican, determinedthat African-American women experience hair breakageat a statistically higher rate as compared with their Chi-nese, Mexican, and Caucasian counterparts. In fact, 96%said they experienced hair breakage while 23% agreed itwas their biggest hair problem. To better understand thisreported phenomenon of increased fragility, one mustconsider that mechanical fragility of hair may be relatedto innate differences in the structure, the result of variousdiseases, or related to grooming habits and practices. Inthis paper, we review some of the previously reportedstructural differences observed in curly hair, laboratorymeasurements used to evaluate fragility, and the potentialimpact of grooming practices.Historically, human hair was classified along raciallines of Caucasian, Mongolian (Asian), and Negroid(African or of African descent). Early studies investigatedhair diameter, geometric shape, strength, and chemicalreactivity.

We conducted a 24-week clinical study in 20 women with skin and scalp hair problems (e.g., skin dryness, pigmented spots, roughness, thinning hair, and hair loss) and symptoms of ketsuo or kekkyo to investigate the effects of kamishoyosangoshimotsuto extract (KGS1) on skin condition and hair properties. Skin evaluation revealed significant improvements in stratum corneum moisture content, skin texture score, and spot brightness. Hair evaluation showed significant increases in hair thickness and hair breakage strength. Furthermore, we visually analyzed the effects of KGS1 on skin condition using facial photographs taken before and after test product treatment. In almost half of subjects, facial color and the skin color of spots were visibly brightened, skin dullness was improved, and skin luster was increased.

Dermoscopy represents a useful technique for the diagnosis and follow-up of hair and scalp disorders. To date, little has been published regarding dermoscopy findings of hair disorders in patients of African descent. This article illustrates how dermoscopy allows fast diagnosis of hair breakage due to intrinsic factors and chemical damage in African descent patients.

Exposing wet hair to high temperatures can create gas bubbles within the hair shaft, leading to brittle, dry hairs in a disorder known as bubble hair abnormality. We present a case of a 61-year-old woman who presented for hair breakage over her crown. She regularly dried her damp hair with a blow dryer. Dermoscopy revealed multiple bubbles within the hair shaft, and diagnosis of bubble hair abnormality was confirmed by light microscopy. Our unusual case highlights the ease of acquisition of this abnormality by means of a common hair dryer, and the utility of dermoscopy to make a fast and accurate diagnosis within the office.

Purpose: To determine the relationship between pili annulati (PA) and acquired trichorrhexis nodosa (TN) seen in the same patient, considering the two main theories evoked by previous studies: greater stiffness of darker PA bands or associated cuticular damage. Procedures: Light microscopy of hair shafts from different regions of the patient's scalp. Results: TN was not superimposed to dark bands of PA. Conclusions: Greater stiffness of darker PA bands was excluded as the cause of hair breakage. Hair breakage in PA patients might be related to cuticular abnormalities, as previously reported. Because weathering of long thin chemically treated hairs is extremely common, coincidence cannot be completely ruled out in this case.

Objective To study the long-term outcome of adverse effects reported by persons who used a commercial hair-straightening product known as the Rio Hair Naturalizer System (World Rio Corporation). Design Survey of individuals who contacted the Food and Drug Administration in 1994 and 1995 to report adverse effects linked to using the product. Setting Persons residing in the United States. Patients A total of 464 (59% of 790 eligible) patients who returned a completed questionnaire. Main Outcome Measures Adverse effects associated with using the Rio Hair Naturalizer System products (neutral or color enhancer). Results Ninety percent of respondents were African American women between the ages of 15 and 55 years. The most common complaints associated with the use of the products were hair breakage and/or hair loss, reported by 95% of respondents. Three quarters of those experiencing hair loss reported losing 40% or more of their original hair. The median time between the loss of original hair and the growth of new hair was 8 months; however, 40 (9%) respondents reported having no new growth at the time of completing the survey, some 2 years after using the product. When mixed according to package instructions, the mean pH of a sample of 20 neutral product kits tested was 1.39 (range, 1.1-3.15). For the 21 color-enhancer products tested, the mean pH was 2.82 (range, 2.29-3.08). Conclusions A nationwide outbreak of alopecia and scalp injuries involving tens of thousands of women (and some men) occurred following the marketing of a chemical hair-relaxing product. Most of those affected reported substantial hair loss, with a majority indicating growth of new hair that was abnormal in both quantity and quality.

Hair breakage and fragility are a large problem for many patients as well as a treatment challenge to the dermatologist. Understanding the factors that lead to acquired hair shaft fragility and breakage is paramount to recommending appropriate treatment to affected patients. African or Black hair is known to be more affected by breakage with easily observed fragility in vivo. To date there are no known structural or chemical differences in Black hair as compared to Caucasian or Asian hair that explains this observed fragility. This review explores the impact of hair care practices on the development of hair breakage with a focus on patients of color. The examination and recommended ancillary testing for the process are discussed, and advances in the measurement of mechanical fracture of human hair are reviewed.