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Introduction Controlled trials support the efficacy of exercise as a treatment modality for chronic conditions, yet effectiveness of real-world Exercise Physiology services is yet to be determined. This study will investigate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of services provided by Accredited Exercise Physiologists (AEPs) for clients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in clinical practice. Methods and analysis A non-randomised, opportunistic control, longitudinal design trial will be conducted at ten Exercise Physiology Clinics. Participants will be individuals with T2D attending one of the Exercise Physiology Clinics for routine AEP services (exercise prescription and counselling) (intervention) or individuals with T2D not receiving AEP services (usual care) (control). The experimental period will be 6 months with measurements performed at baseline and at 6 months. Primary outcome measures will be glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), resting brachial blood pressure (BP), body mass index, waist circumference, 6 min walk test, grip strength, 30 s sit to stand, Medical Outcomes Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey and Active Australia Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes will be medication usage, out-of-pocket expenses, incidental, billable and non-billable health professional encounters and work missed through ill health. Healthcare utilisation will be measured for 12 months prior to, during and 12 months after trial participation using linked data from Medicare Benefits Schedule and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme data. Ethics and dissemination The study is a multicentre trial comprising: University of Tasmania, University of New South Wales Lifestyle Clinic, University of Canberra, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (covered under the ethics approval of University of Tasmania Health and Medical Ethics Committee H0015266), Deakin University (Approval number: 2016-187), Australian Catholic University (2016-304R), Queensland University of Technology (1600000049), University of South

A portable surface modular thermal transfer unit (MTTU) has been built and tested for 2 years at the Stobie mine in Ontario, Canada. Cold air is heated in the winter by spraying mine return water into the air to generate ice which is stored and used for cooling hot air in the summer. It was found that the unit could increase the sub-zero ambient air temperature from below -6 degrees C to zero, but operation of the system in reverse was less successful, with just a 4-5 degree C cooling effect on ambient temperature. The generation of large volumes of ice could not be guaranteed, and keeping it frozen until needed was also difficult. The operational limits led to difficulties in obtaining comprehensive data, and high water spray flows affected the quality of data measurement. Thermodynamics of steady flow was used to evaluate the heat exchange through the MTTU, and the results were verified by heating/cooling powers obtained from psychrometric relationships. The proposed ideal water flow rate methodology provides a guideline for heating sprays in winter operations, or could be used to define the initial water flow in a process control loop., A portable surface modular thermal transfer unit (MTTU) has been built and tested for 2 years at the Stobie mine in Ontario, Canada. Cold air is heated in the winter by spraying mine return water into the air to generate ice which is stored and used for cooling hot air in the summer. It was found that the unit could increase the sub-zero ambient air temperature from below -6 degrees C to zero, but operation of the system in reverse was less successful, with just a 4-5 degree C cooling effect on ambient temperature. The generation of large volumes of ice could not be guaranteed, and keeping it frozen until needed was also difficult. The operational limits led to difficulties in obtaining comprehensive data, and high water spray flows affected the quality of data measurement. Thermodynamics of steady flow was used to evaluate the heat exchange through the MTTU, and the results were verified by heating/cooling powers obtained from psychrometric relationships. The proposed ideal water flow rate methodology provides a guideline for heating sprays in winter operations, or could be used to define the initial water flow in a process control loop.

This article discusses and critiques recent research trends within the study of positive youth development (PYD) through sport in addition to proposing directions for future study. Specifically, it is suggested that future work in PYD through sport delve into its potential application to the study of community development. First this article explores early work providing the theoretical background for PYD followed by a discussion of sport psychology’s adoption of PYD concepts. Recent PYD research is then examined suggesting strong evidence supporting the enhancement of life skills through sport contingent on an appropriate set of contextual factors and coach/leader strategies being in place. Support for the enhancement of the 5Cs through sport is less consistent. Several steps are suggested to help substantiate the connection between PYD and community development through empirical research.

Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) are at markedly increased risk of coronary artery disease. Regular participation in three self-management behaviors, physical activity, healthy eating, and adherence to medication, can significantly reduce this risk in FH patients. We aimed to predict intentions to engage in these self-management behaviors in FH patients using a multi-theory, integrated model that makes the distinction between beliefs about illness and beliefs about self-management behaviors. Methods: Using a cross-sectional, correlational design, patients (N = 110) diagnosed with FH from a clinic in Perth, Western Australia, self-completed a questionnaire that measured constructs from three health behavior theories: the common sense model of illness representations (serious consequences, timeline, personal control, treatment control, illness coherence, emotional representations); theory of planned behavior (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control); and social cognitive theory (self-efficacy). Results: Structural equation models for each self-management behavior revealed consistent and statistically significant effects of attitudes on intentions across the three behaviors. Subjective norms predicted intentions for health eating only and self-efficacy predicted intentions for physical activity only. There were no effects for the perceived behavioral control and common sense model constructs in any model. Conclusions: Attitudes feature prominently in determining intentions to engage in self-management behaviors in FH patients. The prominence of these attitudinal beliefs about self-management behaviors, as opposed to illness beliefs, suggest that addressing these beliefs may be a priority in the management of FH.

Background: Lifestyle factors including inadequate physical activity may contribute to increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease in colorectal cancer survivors. Identification of the barriers to physical activity is important for forming an evidence base of factors to target in future physical activity programs aimed at improving cardiovascular health in this population. Methods: Colorectal cancer survivors (N = 24) from St. John of God Subiaco Hospital participated in semi-structured interviews about their current physical activity behaviors and perceived barriers to physical activity. Results: Inductive thematic analysis of interviews revealed 5 overarching themes relating to barriers to physical activity: psychological barriers, environmental barriers, knowledge of guidelines, lack of practitioner support, and energy/age barriers. Conclusions: Novel findings revealed participants' dependence on practitioner support, including a reliance on practitioners to recommend lifestyle change. Survivors also revealed that regular checkups to monitor cardiovascular risk replaced the need for healthy lifestyle changes. Implications: With survivors holding the advice of clinicians in high regard, an opportunity exists for clinicians to facilitate lifestyle change. Health care professionals such as nurses can implement motivational strategies and provide additional health information during follow-up visits, to ensure long-term adherence. Individuals who reported psychological, motivational, and environmental barriers may benefit from interventions to improve self-regulation, planning, and problem-solving skills.

© 2016 Japan Atherosclerosis Society.Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most common and serious form of inherited hyperlipidaemia. Dominantly inherited with high penetrance, untreated FH leads to premature death from coronary artery disease due to accelerated atherosclerosis from birth. Despite its importance, there is still a major shortfall in awareness, detection and treatment of FH worldwide. International models of care for FH have recently been published, but their effective implementation requires the garnering of more knowledge about the condition. The “Ten Countries Study” aims to investigate diagnostic, epidemiological and service aspects, as well as physician practices and patient experiences of FH in several countries in the Asia-Pacific Region and the Southern Hemisphere. Five observational studies are being undertaken that will systematically investigate the following aspects of FH: the phenotypic predictors of low-density lipoprotein receptor mutations, the point prevalence in available community populations, current knowledge and clinical practices among primary care physicians, availability and utilisation of services and facilities, and patient perceptions and personal experiences of the condition. The information gathered will inform better clinical practice and will enable the development of country-specific models of care for FH.

Objectives This study examined the modal salient behavioral, normative, and control beliefs within the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in the context of anti-doping in sport. We tested the efficacy of four hypothesized expectancy-value models as predictors of the directly-measured social-cognitive components of the TPB toward doping avoidance: attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and intention. Methods After developing the belief-expectancy and belief-value of modal salient beliefs items based on a pilot belief-elicitation study of young elite athletes (N = 57, mean age = 18.02), 410 young athletes (mean age = 17.70) completed questionnaire items of the modal salient beliefs and direct measures of the social-cognitive components of doping avoidance. Variance-based structural equation modeling was used to examine the four proposed expectancy-value models. Results Belief-expectancies, belief-values, and the expectancy-belief multiplicative composites formed positive associations with their corresponding social cognitive variables. The model in which belief-expectancies were the sole predictors of the social cognitive provided the most parsimonious and reliable model to explain the relationship between modal salient beliefs and directly-measured social-cognitive variables for doping avoidance in sport. Conclusion Belief-expectancies including behavioral belief strength (e.g., “doping avoidance is likely to ease the worry of being caught doping”), normative belief strength (“my coach thinks that I should avoid doping”) and control belief strength (“I expect I have power to ‘say no’ to doping”) are the belief-based components that underpin direct measures of the social-cognitive variables from the TPB with respect to doping avoidance.

Background: Excessive alcohol consumption has significant adverse economic, social, and health outcomes. Recent estimates suggest that the annual economic costs of alcohol in Australia are up to AUD $36 billion. Policies influencing price have been demonstrated to be very effective in reducing alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms. Interest in minimum pricing has gained traction in recent years. However, there has been little research investigating the level of support for the public interest case of minimum pricing in Australia. Objective: This article describes protocol for a study exploring Western Australian (WA) public knowledge, understanding, and reaction to a proposed minimum price policy per standard drink. Methods: The study will employ a qualitative methodological design. Participants will be recruited from a wide variety of backgrounds, including ethnic minorities, blue and white collar workers, unemployed, students, and elderly/retired populations to participate in focus groups. Focus group participants will be asked about their knowledge of, and initial reactions to, the proposed policy and encouraged to discuss how such a proposal may affect their own alcohol use and alcohol consumption at the population level. Participants will also be asked to discuss potential avenues for increasing acceptability of the policy. The focus groups will adopt a semi-structured, open-ended approach guided by a question schedule. The schedule will be based on feedback from pilot samples, previous research, and a steering group comprising experts in alcohol policy and pricing.Results: The study is expected to take approximately 14 months to complete. Conclusions: The findings will be of considerable interest and relevance to government officials, policy makers, researchers, advocacy groups, alcohol retail and licensed establishments and organizations, city and town planners, police, and other stakeholder organizations.

Elite athletes’ beliefs about, and attitudes toward, taking banned performance enhancing substances were explored in 8 focus-group discussions with 57 athletes from 7 different sports. Discussion was initiated by 3 broad open-ended questions pertaining to 3 important themes likely to affect beliefs and attitudes toward banned performance enhancing substances. Thematic content analysis of interview transcripts revealed 9 lower-order themes emerging under the 3 global themes: personal attitudes (reputation and getting caught, health effects, and financial incentives and rewards), social influences (coaches, parents, and medical staff and sport scientists), and control beliefs (i.e., insufficiency of doping testing, resource availability, and sport level and type). Findings provide insight into the beliefs and attitudes that likely underpin motives and intentions to take banned performance-enhancing substances. Results are generally consistent with, and complement, research adopting quantitative approaches based on social– cognitive models examining the beliefs and attitudes linked to taking banned performance-enhancing substances.

Self-determination theory has been applied to the prediction of a number of health-related behaviors with self-determined or autonomous forms of motivation generally more effective in predicting health behavior than non-self-determined or controlled forms. Research has been confined to examining the motivational predictors in single health behaviors rather than comparing effects across multiple behaviors. The present study addressed this gap in the literature by testing the relative contribution of autonomous and controlling motivation to the prediction of a large number of health-related behaviors, and examining individual differences in self-determined motivation as a moderator of the effects of autonomous and controlling motivation on health behavior. Participants were undergraduate students (N=140) who completed measures of autonomous and controlled motivational regulations and behavioral intention for 20 health-related behaviors at an initial occasion with follow-up behavioral measures taken four weeks later. Path analysis was used to test a process model for each behavior in which motivational regulations predicted behavior mediated by intentions.Some minor idiosyncratic findings aside, between-participants analyses revealed significant effects for autonomous motivational regulations on intentions and behavior across the 20 behaviors. Effects for controlled motivation on intentions and behavior were relatively modest by comparison. Intentions mediated the effect of autonomous motivation on behavior. Within-participants analyses were used to segregate the sample into individuals who based their intentions on autonomous motivation (autonomy-oriented) and controlled motivation (control-oriented). Replicating the between-participants path analyses for the process model in the autonomy- and control-oriented samples did not alter the relative effects of the motivational orientations on intention and behavior. Results provide evidence for consistent effects of autono

UK drinkers regularly consume alcohol in excess of guideline limits. One reason for this may be the high availability of low-cost alcoholic beverages. The introduction of a minimum price per unit of alcohol policy has been proposed as a means to reduce UK alcohol consumption. However, there is little in-depth research investigating public attitudes and beliefs regarding a minimum pricing policy. The aim of the present research was to investigate people's attitudes and beliefs toward the introduction of a minimum price per unit of alcohol policy and their views on how the policy could be made acceptable to the general public.

The protection of the health of athletes is one of the three criteria taken into account when registering a substance in the World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited list. Nevertheless, in elite-level cycling, banned substance use is widespread. The present research adopted a psychological approach to examine how or whether perceived health risks influence elite-level cyclists' decisions to use banned substances. Sixteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with cyclists hoping to join a professional team (n=6), neo-professional cyclists (n=2), and former professional cyclists (n=8). Although an evolution was observed in the organization of doping and perceptions of doping over the last decade, the perceived health hazards did not influence, most of the time, decisions to use banned substances among the sample of cyclists. There was a systematization of exogenous substance use in the cycling environment and a trivialization of the side effects of the banned substances. Finally, younger cyclists were not concerned about the long-term health consequences of banned substances; they were more focused on the short-term performance-enhancing benefits. There is a need to implement more effective preventive programs to change athletes' attitudes toward doping and its health risks.

Ventilation systems can be the primary consumers of energy in underground mining operations. Systematically reducing ventilation costs without impinging on production will significantly improve the profitability of an operation. This paper presents an application of a mixed integer programming model (MIP) to assist in the selection of the optimum auxiliary fan to supply the required pressure and airflow to an underground mining activity across multiple time periods. The MIP model considers the pressures and airflows required to be delivered by the fan for each time period, along with the associated capital and operational expenditure in selecting the optimum fan, based on cost, across all the operating conditions. In the presented approach, the nonlinear performance characteristic curves of the fans are discretized to permit the implementation of linear techniques in the selection of the fan operational points for every period. A case study is presented to test the proposed MIP model and its applicability, plus show the potential savings that can be generated even over short time periods. The solution obtained is optimal in the discretized solution space, but in the ‘real life’ solution space, the fan selection is feasible and near optimal, outperforming the current practices.

Historically, mine planning schedules have been based on the most efficient extraction of ore. This can lead to a sub-optimal schedule if the schedule has to be altered when the required ventilation is not available. The architecture of a multiple-period ventilation planning tool is outlined, which can optimise the ventilation infrastructure and operation for a multi-level mine. A comparison between single- and multiple-period approaches to improving mine ventilation is presented. Both approaches are then used to resolve a real-sized problem. The two methods both produced feasible improved solutions, with the single-period approach taking less computer time., Historically, mine planning schedules have been based on the most efficient extraction of ore. This can lead to a sub-optimal schedule if the schedule has to be altered when the required ventilation is not available. The architecture of a multiple-period ventilation planning tool is outlined, which can optimise the ventilation infrastructure and operation for a multi-level mine. A comparison between single- and multiple-period approaches to improving mine ventilation is presented. Both approaches are then used to resolve a real-sized problem. The two methods both produced feasible improved solutions, with the single-period approach taking less computer time.

CANMET-MMSL and Penguin Technologies have been investigating how process simulation and mine ventilation software can be combined to reduce mine ventilation costs. Many systems are designed to meet peak demand and are then run at that level. The benefits and drawbacks of tailoring the system to meet actual demand at any given time in the life of the mine can be evaluated by means of process simulation models. The development of a generic mining process model is described and the model used for evaluating a simple form of on-demand control., CANMET-MMSL and Penguin Technologies have been investigating how process simulation and mine ventilation software can be combined to reduce mine ventilation costs. Many systems are designed to meet peak demand and are then run at that level. The benefits and drawbacks of tailoring the system to meet actual demand at any given time in the life of the mine can be evaluated by means of process simulation models. The development of a generic mining process model is described and the model used for evaluating a simple form of on-demand control.

A prototype system was tested at Kidd Creek, Ontario, to verify its ability to keep oxygen and carbon dioxide levels at acceptable concentrations in an emergency situation. 25 volunteers were in the refuge station for 24 hours without a standard compressed air supply. The prototype system was designed to be operated for at least 27 hours supplying O2 at a metered rate and removing CO2 by re-circulating the refuge station air through soda lime scrubbing beds. The unit performed well, was easy to operate and the system was started up in less than 10 minutes. It was found that the chemical scrubber should be changed every 10 hours to maintain CO2 and O2 levels. Some design changes were made and more work is needed to assess the impact of low or negative pressure conditions inside the refuge station and gas migration into the chamber., A prototype system was tested at Kidd Creek, Ontario, to verify its ability to keep oxygen and carbon dioxide levels at acceptable concentrations in an emergency situation. 25 volunteers were in the refuge station for 24 hours without a standard compressed air supply. The prototype system was designed to be operated for at least 27 hours supplying O2 at a metered rate and removing CO2 by re-circulating the refuge station air through soda lime scrubbing beds. The unit performed well, was easy to operate and the system was started up in less than 10 minutes. It was found that the chemical scrubber should be changed every 10 hours to maintain CO2 and O2 levels. Some design changes were made and more work is needed to assess the impact of low or negative pressure conditions inside the refuge station and gas migration into the chamber.

The results are presented of investigations to define the costs/benefits associated with capital purchases, operations (electrical/diesel, mine air heating fuel, ventilation, openings, surface and underground infrastructure, maintenance, labour, etc.), delivery of energy, regulatory obligations, and mine production. Consideration was given to the type and size of a mining operation, the depth and location in North America. Significant ventilation power, equipment, and infrastructure savings are possible with the application of fuel cells for shallower mine applications. At depth, where heat is an issue, there is a reduction in benefit. Specific qualifiers such as minimum air velocities, dust dilution, shaft, and heating system velocity limits must be considered on an individual mine basis. The capital cost for fuel cell mining equipment is currently higher than for diesel versions but the high cost of fuel cells is expected to reduce significantly in the near future. Case studies are presented for a deep, large base metals operation and a medium size gold operation, both in Ontario and ventilation benefit analyses are described for a proposed underground gold mine and the Deep Post mine, Nevada, the Henderson mine, Colorado, the Avery Island salt mine, Louisiana, and the Meikle-Rodeo mines, Nevada., The results are presented of investigations to define the costs/benefits associated with capital purchases, operations (electrical/diesel, mine air heating fuel, ventilation, openings, surface and underground infrastructure, maintenance, labour, etc.), delivery of energy, regulatory obligations, and mine production. Consideration was given to the type and size of a mining operation, the depth and location in North America. Significant ventilation power, equipment, and infrastructure savings are possible with the application of fuel cells for shallower mine applications. At depth, where heat is an issue, there is a reduction in benefit. Specific qualifiers such as minimum air velocities, dust dilution, shaft, and heating system velocity limits must be considered on an individual mine basis. The capital cost for fuel cell mining equipment is currently higher than for diesel versions but the high cost of fuel cells is expected to reduce significantly in the near future. Case studies are presented for a deep, large base metals operation and a medium size gold operation, both in Ontario and ventilation benefit analyses are described for a proposed underground gold mine and the Deep Post mine, Nevada, the Henderson mine, Colorado, the Avery Island salt mine, Louisiana, and the Meikle-Rodeo mines, Nevada.

The papers, plenary session and discussions covered a number of strategic themes: effective hydrogen production and delivery for mining operations, safety and risk aspects for underground application, mine standards and regulatory development, operational requirements, minesite infrastructure, fuel-cell power plant design, vehicles and in-situ equipment testing, cost benefits, impact on mining extraction strategies, and introduction of the technology. The following summaries are included: Introduction, by Betournay M.C., chairman; Selecting effective hydrogen production and delivery options for mining applications, by Curran K.M., p.100; Industry requirements for introduction of alternate energies with emphasis on hydrogen fuel cells, by Delabbio F. et al., p.101; Mine site H2 storage and delivery models, by Betournay M.C. et al., p.102, 1 diagr.; Fuel cell aspects and future developments needed for mining, by Miller A.R. et al., p.103; Underground fuel cell loader design and performance, by Barnes D.L. et al., p.104, 1 fig.; Environmental and ventilation benefits for underground mining operations using fuel cell-powered production equipment, by Kocsis C. et al., p.105; Economic aspects to fuel cell mine applications, by Lacroix R. et al., p.106, 1 tab.; Storage and safety issues of H2 as an energy vector, by Benard P., p.107; and Ensuring adequate safety when using H2 as a fuel, by Coutts D.A., p.108, 1 fig., The papers, plenary session and discussions covered a number of strategic themes: effective hydrogen production and delivery for mining operations, safety and risk aspects for underground application, mine standards and regulatory development, operational requirements, minesite infrastructure, fuel-cell power plant design, vehicles and in-situ equipment testing, cost benefits, impact on mining extraction strategies, and introduction of the technology. The following summaries are included: Introduction, by Betournay M.C., chairman; Selecting effective hydrogen production and delivery options for mining applications, by Curran K.M., p.100; Industry requirements for introduction of alternate energies with emphasis on hydrogen fuel cells, by Delabbio F. et al., p.101; Mine site H2 storage and delivery models, by Betournay M.C. et al., p.102, 1 diagr.; Fuel cell aspects and future developments needed for mining, by Miller A.R. et al., p.103; Underground fuel cell loader design and performance, by Barnes D.L. et al., p.104, 1 fig.; Environmental and ventilation benefits for underground mining operations using fuel cell-powered production equipment, by Kocsis C. et al., p.105; Economic aspects to fuel cell mine applications, by Lacroix R. et al., p.106, 1 tab.; Storage and safety issues of H2 as an energy vector, by Benard P., p.107; and Ensuring adequate safety when using H2 as a fuel, by Coutts D.A., p.108, 1 fig.

Tele-remote operation of production equipment from the surface will change the design criteria for underground mines. Conventional planning to dilute and remove air pollutants will be unnecessary. In addition, mining equipment is being designed with minimal requirements for water and compressed air. Natural Resources Canada are investigating the new mine environment requirements and whether it is possible to eliminate completely conventional auxiliary ventilation. Findings to date show that the cooling of the drilling equipment's hydraulics is the most demanding element, especially in dead-ends and when the equipment is stationary. Revised ventilation-based heat control strategies are being developed. It is doubtful whether auxiliary ventilation systems can be eliminated completely, unless other cooling schemes are provided for the equipment., Tele-remote operation of production equipment from the surface will change the design criteria for underground mines. Conventional planning to dilute and remove air pollutants will be unnecessary. In addition, mining equipment is being designed with minimal requirements for water and compressed air. Natural Resources Canada are investigating the new mine environment requirements and whether it is possible to eliminate completely conventional auxiliary ventilation. Findings to date show that the cooling of the drilling equipment's hydraulics is the most demanding element, especially in dead-ends and when the equipment is stationary. Revised ventilation-based heat control strategies are being developed. It is doubtful whether auxiliary ventilation systems can be eliminated completely, unless other cooling schemes are provided for the equipment.

Ventilation, which typically accounts for 40% of underground energy consumption, is generally designed for a worst-case scenario and operated at peak level due to lack of appropriate controls. The advent of remotely controlled mining can make conventional ventilation systems redundant and may bring further cost savings through automation of air-flow distribution. An indication is given of the new air-flow requirements in stopes and dead-end developments for teleremote and automated mining processes, calculated on the basis of climatic modelling. A cost-benefit analysis is carried out by comparing the operating costs of ventilating a conventional underground metal mine using diesel-powered equipment with those of a newly redesigned ventilation system for Inco's automated 175 Orebody Ni-Cu research mine, based on heat-management criteria., Ventilation, which typically accounts for 40% of underground energy consumption, is generally designed for a worst-case scenario and operated at peak level due to lack of appropriate controls. The advent of remotely controlled mining can make conventional ventilation systems redundant and may bring further cost savings through automation of air-flow distribution. An indication is given of the new air-flow requirements in stopes and dead-end developments for teleremote and automated mining processes, calculated on the basis of climatic modelling. A cost-benefit analysis is carried out by comparing the operating costs of ventilating a conventional underground metal mine using diesel-powered equipment with those of a newly redesigned ventilation system for Inco's automated 175 Orebody Ni-Cu research mine, based on heat-management criteria.

Mine ventilation systems can consume 30-40% of the electricity used in underground mines. El-Equip and Canmet are developing an air management system based on ventilation-on-demand, air quality and energy management principles. The process is centred on the integration of a control and monitoring system, a mine ventilation modelling and simulation system and an expert system. Three approaches are available, based on the types of expert system categories: a non real-time, interactive system which obtains data from user input and databases; an on-line, advisory system which uses real-time data to make decisions; and an on-line controlling system which uses real-time data to make and implement decisions. With such an air-management system, the mine will have a simple-to-use simulator to test ventilation scenarios, remote control for fans and other system parts, real-time monitoring of airflow and pollutant concentrations, and ventilation-on-demand based on vehicle location and air quality., Mine ventilation systems can consume 30-40% of the electricity used in underground mines. El-Equip and Canmet are developing an air management system based on ventilation-on-demand, air quality and energy management principles. The process is centred on the integration of a control and monitoring system, a mine ventilation modelling and simulation system and an expert system. Three approaches are available, based on the types of expert system categories: a non real-time, interactive system which obtains data from user input and databases; an on-line, advisory system which uses real-time data to make decisions; and an on-line controlling system which uses real-time data to make and implement decisions. With such an air-management system, the mine will have a simple-to-use simulator to test ventilation scenarios, remote control for fans and other system parts, real-time monitoring of airflow and pollutant concentrations, and ventilation-on-demand based on vehicle location and air quality.

Field investigations have been carried out to determine the Atkinson friction factor of auxiliary ventilation duct systems. This friction factor relates to the pressure drop measurable along a duct of a given material and takes account of air density and the length, perimeter, cross-sectional area, and volumetric flow rate through the duct. Quantifying leakage is important when undertaking field observations for the Atkinson friction factor. The study showed that leaky systems correspond to those with relatively low duct joint resistance of 104 Ns2/m8 for each joint; non-leaky systems correspond to those with duct joint resistances of 107 Ns2/m8 per joint. Distinct differences exist in the evolution of fan electrical motor power as ducts are lengthened, depending on whether the duct has leaky joints between its segments or not. Useful indicators of installation leakage and hence quality are presented that will lead to auxiliary ventilation system designs that operate more effectively, with lower cost., Field investigations have been carried out to determine the Atkinson friction factor of auxiliary ventilation duct systems. This friction factor relates to the pressure drop measurable along a duct of a given material and takes account of air density and the length, perimeter, cross-sectional area, and volumetric flow rate through the duct. Quantifying leakage is important when undertaking field observations for the Atkinson friction factor. The study showed that leaky systems correspond to those with relatively low duct joint resistance of 104 Ns2/m8 for each joint; non-leaky systems correspond to those with duct joint resistances of 107 Ns2/m8 per joint. Distinct differences exist in the evolution of fan electrical motor power as ducts are lengthened, depending on whether the duct has leaky joints between its segments or not. Useful indicators of installation leakage and hence quality are presented that will lead to auxiliary ventilation system designs that operate more effectively, with lower cost.

Exposure to airborne respirable silica in mine operations is known to cause industrial lung diseases. Silica is a regulated substance and worker exposure must be monitored regularly. Diesel exhaust also contains substances which are potential carcinogens. Underground, diesel particulate may be the main component of respirable combustible dust (RCD). Diesel particulate or soot is not a rigorously regulated substance, but new epidemiological data is prompting North American institutes to regulate diesel soot or RCD exposure. A method is described for the determination of silica and RCD exposure. An airborne respirable dust sample is analysed non-destructively for silica components using an on-filter x-ray diffraction method. Filters are then ashed at 500 degrees C in a muffle furnace over a 4 hour period to determine mass loss due to RCD burning. The results of a mine and mill survey are presented. These show that silica mass may be measured to an accuracy of 0.01 mg or 10% of the total silica mass (whichever is larger) and that RCD mass may be measured to within 0.05 mg., Exposure to airborne respirable silica in mine operations is known to cause industrial lung diseases. Silica is a regulated substance and worker exposure must be monitored regularly. Diesel exhaust also contains substances which are potential carcinogens. Underground, diesel particulate may be the main component of respirable combustible dust (RCD). Diesel particulate or soot is not a rigorously regulated substance, but new epidemiological data is prompting North American institutes to regulate diesel soot or RCD exposure. A method is described for the determination of silica and RCD exposure. An airborne respirable dust sample is analysed non-destructively for silica components using an on-filter x-ray diffraction method. Filters are then ashed at 500 degrees C in a muffle furnace over a 4 hour period to determine mass loss due to RCD burning. The results of a mine and mill survey are presented. These show that silica mass may be measured to an accuracy of 0.01 mg or 10% of the total silica mass (whichever is larger) and that RCD mass may be measured to within 0.05 mg.

A study was conducted at Rocanville Division of Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan to determine the feasibility of controlled recirculation for reducing winter heating costs by reducing the intake airflows. Recirculation of air was created by opening an existing ventilation door located between the return and intake airways. Two shifts were continuously monitored in the return airways and the local recirculation experiment was carried out for five hours while a continuous miner was cutting. With the recirculation system in operation, a slight increase in temperature (1 degree C) was recorded between the intake and the mixed intake. The overall quality of the exhaust air was found to be unchanged within the measurement limits despite the high percentage recirculation. A 5% increase in dustiness in the mixed intake was recorded., A study was conducted at Rocanville Division of Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan to determine the feasibility of controlled recirculation for reducing winter heating costs by reducing the intake airflows. Recirculation of air was created by opening an existing ventilation door located between the return and intake airways. Two shifts were continuously monitored in the return airways and the local recirculation experiment was carried out for five hours while a continuous miner was cutting. With the recirculation system in operation, a slight increase in temperature (1 degree C) was recorded between the intake and the mixed intake. The overall quality of the exhaust air was found to be unchanged within the measurement limits despite the high percentage recirculation. A 5% increase in dustiness in the mixed intake was recorded.

Dust measurements were made in a 250 m section of a drift containing a belt conveyor transporting ore or waste from a crushing plant. Average respirable dust concentrations in the drift were 0.43 mg/m3 and 0.19 mg/m3 for total and silica dust respectively. The average mass-median aerodynamic diameter of the airborne dust was 4.2 micron. Peak dust concentrations were closely associated with operation of the crushing plant., Dust measurements were made in a 250 m section of a drift containing a belt conveyor transporting ore or waste from a crushing plant. Average respirable dust concentrations in the drift were 0.43 mg/m3 and 0.19 mg/m3 for total and silica dust respectively. The average mass-median aerodynamic diameter of the airborne dust was 4.2 micron. Peak dust concentrations were closely associated with operation of the crushing plant.

An SF6 tracer gas injection technique has been employed to determine the post-blast integrity of the single-ended air distribution system. SF6 was injected into the compressed air line feed to the stopes and collected at borehole exhausts from the stopes in grab sampling bags. The system was designed to give a sufficiency of oxygen to sustain bacterial activities used to enhance the leaching recovery in the muck piles. The results obtained indicated that there is a minor anomaly in the distribution system that may not be critical to the operation. Compared to an idealised case, the over-all efficiency of aeration throughout the muck is estimated at 85%., An SF6 tracer gas injection technique has been employed to determine the post-blast integrity of the single-ended air distribution system. SF6 was injected into the compressed air line feed to the stopes and collected at borehole exhausts from the stopes in grab sampling bags. The system was designed to give a sufficiency of oxygen to sustain bacterial activities used to enhance the leaching recovery in the muck piles. The results obtained indicated that there is a minor anomaly in the distribution system that may not be critical to the operation. Compared to an idealised case, the over-all efficiency of aeration throughout the muck is estimated at 85%.

This study was a preliminarily investigation into the prevention of unintentional doping on the basis of self-determination theory (SDT). Specifically, we examined the relationship between athletes' motives for doping avoidance and their behavior when offered an unfamiliar food product. Participants were young Australian athletes (n = 410) that were offered a free lollipop prior to completing a questionnaire. It was noted whether participants refused to take or eat the lollipop and whether they read the ingredients of the lollipop. The questionnaire assessed autonomous and controlled forms of motivation, amotivation, doping intentions, and adherence regarding doping avoidance behaviors. The results showed that young athletes who adopted controlled reasons to avoid doping in sport (e.g., not getting caught) tended to report higher adherence to behaviors related to avoiding and monitoring banned substances, whereas those who adopted autonomous reasons (e.g., anti-doping being consistent with life goals) appeared to be more willing to read the ingredients of the provided food. The significant interaction effect between autonomous and controlled motivation indicated that autonomous motivation was more predictive to doping intention for athletes with low controlled motivation. It is concluded that SDT may help understand the motivational processes of the prevention of unintentional doping in sport.