1,009 results on '"Harrison, Lee"'
Search Results
2. Evolution of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing ST131 Escherichia coli at a single hospital over 15 years
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Cho, Shu-Ting, Mills, Emma G., Griffith, Marissa P., Nordstrom, Hayley R., McElheny, Christi L., Harrison, Lee H., Doi, Yohei, and Van Tyne, Daria
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- 2024
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3. Six years of fluvial response to a large dam removal on the Carmel River, California, USA
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East, Amy E, Harrison, Lee R, Smith, Douglas P, Logan, Joshua B, and Bond, Rosealea M
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Hydrology ,Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience ,Earth Sciences ,Geology ,dam removal ,floods ,fluvial geomorphology ,river management ,sediment transport ,Geography ,Physical geography and environmental geoscience - Abstract
Measuring river response to dam removal affords a rare, important opportunity to study fluvial response to sediment pulses on a large field scale. We present a before–after/control–impact study of the Carmel River, California, measuring fluvial geomorphic and grain-size evolution over 8 years, six of which postdated removal of a 32 m-high dam (one of the largest dams removed worldwide) and included 11 flow events exceeding the 2-year flood magnitude. We find that the reservoir-sediment pulse following dam removal was relatively small (97 000 ± 24 000 t over 4 years), owing to deliberate reservoir-sediment stabilization. Scaled to the size of the Carmel River watershed and compared against long-term bedrock denudation rates, the post-dam-removal sediment release was slightly less than the annualized long-term sediment export from this basin. New sediment transited >30 km to the river mouth in less than 2 years, assisted by floods 2 and 4 years after dam removal. The sediment pulse fined the downstream riverbed while causing mostly low-magnitude bed-elevation changes: commonly 0.5 to 1 m or smaller, occurring as discontinuous sediment patches or interstitial deposits, aside from the filling and subsequent partial scour of deep pools. There was no major geomorphic reset downstream from the dam site. Geomorphic changes were driven almost entirely by flow rather than by the modest increase in sediment supply, in contrast to recent examples from other large dam removals. The relatively minor disturbance caused by dam removal on the Carmel River is likely analogous to many future dam removals: a relatively small sediment pulse after deliberate limitation of reservoir-sediment erosion, and with an upstream dam remaining in place. Thus, a large dam removal need not lead to major downstream impacts.
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- 2023
4. Epidemiology of Invasive Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Disease-United States, 2008-2019.
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Oliver, Sara, Rubis, Amy, Soeters, Heidi, Reingold, Arthur, Barnes, Meghan, Petit, Susan, Farley, Monica, Harrison, Lee, Como-Sabetti, Kathy, Khanlian, Sarah, Wester, Rachel, Thomas, Ann, Schaffner, William, Marjuki, Henju, Wang, Xin, and Hariri, Susan
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Haemophilus influenzae ,Haemophilus influenzae vaccines ,epidemiology ,nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae ,Infant ,Child ,Infant ,Newborn ,Humans ,Female ,Pregnancy ,United States ,Aged ,Haemophilus influenzae ,Haemophilus Infections ,Serotyping ,Incidence ,Postpartum Period ,Infant ,Newborn ,Diseases - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is the most common cause of invasive H. influenzae disease in the United States (US). We evaluated the epidemiology of invasive NTHi disease in the US, including among pregnant women, infants, and people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). METHODS: We used data from population- and laboratory-based surveillance for invasive H. influenzae disease conducted in 10 sites to estimate national incidence of NTHi, and to describe epidemiology in women of childbearing age, infants aged ≤30 days (neonates), and PWH living in the surveillance catchment areas. H. influenzae isolates were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for species confirmation, serotyping, and whole genome sequencing of select isolates. RESULTS: During 2008-2019, average annual NTHi incidence in the US was 1.3/100 000 population overall, 5.8/100 000 among children aged
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- 2023
5. Changes in the Incidence of Invasive Bacterial Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States, 2014-2020.
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Prasad, Namrata, Rhodes, Julia, Deng, Li, McCarthy, Natalie, Moline, Heidi, Baggs, James, Reddy, Sujan, Jernigan, John, Havers, Fiona, Sosin, Daniel, Thomas, Ann, Lynfield, Ruth, Schaffner, William, Reingold, Arthur, Burzlaff, Kari, Harrison, Lee, Petit, Susan, Farley, Monica, Herlihy, Rachel, Nanduri, Srinivas, Pilishvili, Tamara, McNamara, Lucy, Schrag, Stephanie, Fleming-Dutra, Katherine, Kobayashi, Miwako, and Arvay, Melissa
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COVID-19 ,United States ,invasive bacterial disease ,nonpharmaceutical intervention ,United States ,Humans ,Infant ,Incidence ,Pandemics ,COVID-19 ,Bacterial Infections ,Streptococcus pneumoniae ,Haemophilus influenzae ,Streptococcus agalactiae - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Descriptions of changes in invasive bacterial disease (IBD) epidemiology during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States are limited. METHODS: We investigated changes in the incidence of IBD due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, group A Streptococcus (GAS), and group B Streptococcus (GBS). We defined the COVID-19 pandemic period as 1 March to 31 December 2020. We compared observed IBD incidences during the pandemic to expected incidences, consistent with January 2014 to February 2020 trends. We conducted secondary analysis of a health care database to assess changes in testing by blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture during the pandemic. RESULTS: Compared with expected incidences, the observed incidences of IBD due to S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, GAS, and GBS were 58%, 60%, 28%, and 12% lower during the pandemic period of 2020, respectively. Declines from expected incidences corresponded closely with implementation of COVID-19-associated nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Significant declines were observed across all age and race groups, and surveillance sites for S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. Blood and CSF culture testing rates during the pandemic were comparable to previous years. CONCLUSIONS: NPIs likely contributed to the decline in IBD incidence in the United States in 2020; observed declines were unlikely to be driven by reductions in testing.
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- 2023
6. Secondary Cases of Invasive Disease Caused by Encapsulated and Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae — 10 U.S. Jurisdictions, 2011–2018
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Oliver, Sara E, Rubis, Amy B, Soeters, Heidi M, Reingold, Arthur, Barnes, Meghan, Petit, Susan, Moore, Ashley E, Harrison, Lee H, Lynfield, Ruth, Angeles, Kathy M, Burzlaff, Kari E, Thomas, Ann, Schaffner, William, Marjuki, Henju, Wang, Xin, and Hariri, Susan
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Infectious Diseases ,Immunization ,Prevention ,Vaccine Related ,Clinical Research ,Pediatric ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Humans ,United States ,Infant ,Haemophilus influenzae ,Incidence ,Haemophilus Infections ,Serogroup ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Haemophilus Vaccines ,General & Internal Medicine - Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) can cause meningitis and other serious invasive disease. Encapsulated Hi is classified into six serotypes (a-f) based on chemical composition of the polysaccharide capsule; unencapsulated strains are termed nontypeable Hi (NTHi). Hi serotype b (Hib) was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children in the pre-Hib vaccine era, and secondary transmission of Hi among children (e.g., to household contacts and in child care facilities) (1,2) led to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendation for antibiotic chemoprophylaxis to prevent Hib disease in certain circumstances.* High Hib vaccination coverage since the 1990s has substantially reduced Hib disease, and other serotypes now account for most Hi-associated invasive disease in the United States (3). Nevertheless, CDC does not currently recommend chemoprophylaxis for contacts of persons with invasive disease caused by serotypes other than Hib and by NTHi (non-b Hi). Given this changing epidemiology, U.S. surveillance data were reviewed to investigate secondary cases of invasive disease caused by Hi. The estimated prevalence of secondary transmission was 0.32% among persons with encapsulated Hi disease (≤60 days of one another) and 0.12% among persons with NTHi disease (≤14 days of one another). Isolates from all Hi case pairs were genetically closely related, and all patients with potential secondary infection had underlying medical conditions. These results strongly suggest that secondary transmission of non-b Hi occurs. Expansion of Hi chemoprophylaxis recommendations might be warranted to control invasive Hi disease in certain populations in the United States, but further analysis is needed to evaluate the potential benefits against the risks, such as increased antibiotic use.
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- 2023
7. Impact of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among Adults With HIV—United States, 2008–2018
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Kobayashi, Miwako, Matanock, Almea, Xing, Wei, Adih, William K, Li, Jianmin, Gierke, Ryan, Almendares, Olivia, Reingold, Arthur, Alden, Nisha, Petit, Susan, Farley, Monica M, Harrison, Lee H, Holtzman, Corinne, Baumbach, Joan, Thomas, Ann, Schaffner, William, McGee, Lesley, and Pilishvili, Tamara
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Infectious Diseases ,Clinical Research ,Immunization ,Prevention ,Lung ,Vaccine Related ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adult ,Child ,HIV Infections ,Humans ,Incidence ,Infant ,Middle Aged ,Pneumococcal Infections ,Pneumococcal Vaccines ,Serogroup ,United States ,Vaccines ,Conjugate ,Young Adult ,13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ,invasive pneumococcal disease ,indirect effects ,direct effects ,HIV infection ,Clinical Sciences ,Public Health and Health Services ,Virology - Abstract
BackgroundPeople with HIV (PWH) are at increased risk for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Thirteen-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was recommended for use in US children in 2010 and for PWH aged 19 years or older in 2012. We evaluated the population-level impact of PCV13 on IPD among PWH and non-PWH aged 19 years or older.MethodsWe identified IPD cases from 2008 to 2018 through the Active Bacterial Core surveillance platform. We estimated IPD incidence using the National HIV Surveillance System and US Census Bureau data. We measured percent changes in IPD incidence from 2008 to 2009 to 2017-2018 by HIV status, age group, and vaccine serotype group, including serotypes in recently licensed 15-valent (PCV15) and 20-valent (PCV20) PCVs.ResultsIn 2008-2009 and 2017-2018, 8.4% (552/6548) and 8.0% (416/5169) of adult IPD cases were among PWH, respectively. Compared with non-PWH, a larger proportion of IPD cases among PWH were in adults aged 19-64 years (94.7%-97.4% vs. 56.0%-60.1%) and non-Hispanic Black people (62.5%-73.0% vs. 16.7%-19.2%). Overall and PCV13-type IPD incidence in PWH declined by 40.3% (95% confidence interval: -47.7 to -32.3) and 72.5% (95% confidence interval: -78.8 to -65.6), respectively. In 2017-2018, IPD incidence was 16.8 (overall) and 12.6 (PCV13 type) times higher in PWH compared with non-PWH; PCV13, PCV15/non-PCV13, and PCV20/non-PCV15 serotypes comprised 21.5%, 11.2%, and 16.5% of IPD in PWH, respectively.ConclusionsDespite reductions post-PCV13 introduction, IPD incidence among PWH remained substantially higher than among non-PWH. Higher-valent PCVs provide opportunities to reduce remaining IPD burden in PWH.
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- 2022
8. Real-time genomic epidemiologic investigation of a multispecies plasmid-associated hospital outbreak of NDM-5-producing Enterobacterales infections
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Raabe, Nathan J., Valek, Abby L., Griffith, Marissa P., Mills, Emma, Waggle, Kady, Srinivasa, Vatsala Rangachar, Ayres, Ashley M., Bradford, Claire, Creager, Hannah M., Pless, Lora L., Sundermann, Alexander J., Van Tyne, Daria, Snyder, Graham M., and Harrison, Lee H.
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- 2024
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9. Capacity of Two Sierra Nevada Rivers for Reintroduction of Anadromous Salmonids: Insights from a High‐Resolution View
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Boughton, David A, Harrison, Lee R, John, Sara N, Bond, Rosealea M, Nicol, Colin L, Legleiter, Carl J, and Richardson, Ryan T
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Agricultural ,Veterinary and Food Sciences ,Fisheries Sciences ,Life on Land ,Fisheries ,Fisheries sciences - Abstract
Abstract: Historically, anadromous steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and spring‐run Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha used high‐elevation rivers in the Sierra Nevada of California but were extirpated in the 20th century by construction of impassable dams. Plans to reintroduce the fish by opening migratory passage across the dams and reservoirs can only succeed if upstream habitats have the capacity to support viable populations of each species. To estimate capacity in the Tuolumne and Merced rivers of the central Sierra Nevada, we used a high‐resolution approach based on remote sensing and dynamic habitat modeling. Our results suggested that for both species in both systems, sediment grain sizes would support widespread spawning and the water temperatures, depths, and velocities would generate ample capacity for fry and juveniles. However, the unregulated Merced River was consistently too warm for adult Chinook Salmon to hold in the dry season prior to spawning, while the regulated Tuolumne River maintained a cooler, more stable thermal regime with a capacity for thousands of holding adults. In our high‐resolution approach, we also discovered several specific physical controls on life history expression, including thermal constraints on the timing of spawning, hydraulic prompts for downstream migration of fry, divergence of the hydraulic niches of steelhead and Chinook Salmon, and a key but uncertain role for thermal tolerance in adult Chinook Salmon. Our results suggested that steelhead reintroduction could succeed in either system and Chinook Salmon could succeed in the Tuolumne River if passage strategies account for large numbers of migrant fry and juveniles driven downstream by winter storms and snowmelt. The Merced River appeared too warm for adult Chinook Salmon, which raises questions about the current limited understanding of thermal tolerance in holding adults. Our study shows how a high‐resolution approach can provide valuable insights on specific limiting factors that must be addressed for reintroduction to succeed.
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- 2022
10. Empirically derived sequence similarity thresholds to study the genomic epidemiology of plasmids shared among healthcare-associated bacterial pathogens
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Evans, Daniel, Sundermann, Alexander, Griffith, Marissa, Rangachar Srinivasa, Vatsala, Mustapha, Mustapha, Chen, Jieshi, Dubrawski, Artur, Cooper, Vaughn, Harrison, Lee, and Van Tyne, Daria
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- 2023
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11. Physical Controls on Salmon Redd Site Selection in Restored Reaches of a Regulated, Gravel‐Bed River
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Harrison, Lee R, Bray, Erin, Overstreet, Brandon, Legleiter, Carl J, Brown, Rocko A, Merz, Joseph E, Bond, Rosealea M, Nicol, Colin L, and Dunne, Thomas
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Hydrology ,Earth Sciences ,Life on Land ,river restoration ,salmonid spawning ,fluvial geomorphology ,hyporheic exchange ,sediment transport ,Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience ,Civil Engineering ,Environmental Engineering ,Civil engineering ,Environmental engineering - Abstract
Abstract: Large‐scale river restoration programs have emerged recently as a tool for improving spawning habitat for native salmonids in highly altered river ecosystems. Few studies have quantified the extent to which restored habitat is utilized by salmonids, which habitat features influence redd site selection, or the persistence of restored habitat over time. We investigated fall‐run Chinook salmon spawning site utilization and measured and modeled corresponding habitat characteristics in two restored reaches: a reach of channel and floodplain enhancement completed in 2013 and a reconfigured channel and floodplain constructed in 2002. Redd surveys demonstrated that both restoration projects supported a high density of salmon redds, 3 and 14 years following restoration. Salmon redds were constructed in coarse gravel substrates located in areas of high sediment mobility, as determined by measurements of gravel friction angles and a grain entrainment model. Salmon redds were located near transitions between pool‐riffle bedforms in regions of high predicted hyporheic flows. Habitat quality (quantified as a function of stream hydraulics) and hyporheic flow were both strong predictors of redd occurrence, though the relative roles of these variables differed between sites. Our findings indicate that physical controls on redd site selection in restored channels were similar to those reported for natural channels elsewhere. Our results further highlight that in addition to traditional habitat criteria (e.g., water depth, velocity, and substrate size), quantifying sediment texture and mobility, as well as intragravel flow, provides a more complete understanding of the ecological benefits provided by river restoration projects.
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- 2019
12. Cost-Effectiveness of Newly Recommended Pneumococcal Vaccination Strategies in Older Underserved Minority Adults in the USA
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Smith, Kenneth J., Wateska, Angela R., Nowalk, Mary Patricia, Lin, Chyongchiou J., Harrison, Lee H., Schaffner, William, and Zimmerman, Richard K.
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- 2022
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13. River response to large‐dam removal in a Mediterranean hydroclimatic setting: Carmel River, California, USA
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Harrison, Lee R, East, Amy E, Smith, Douglas P, Logan, Joshua B, Bond, Rosealea M, Nicol, Colin L, Williams, Thomas H, Boughton, David A, Chow, Kaitlyn, and Luna, Lauren
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Hydrology ,Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience ,Earth Sciences ,fluvial geomorphology ,dam removal ,channel evolution ,river sediment ,floods ,fish habitat ,Geology ,Geography ,Physical geography and environmental geoscience - Abstract
Abstract: Dam removal provides a valuable opportunity to measure the fluvial response to changes in both sediment supply and the processes that shape channel morphology. We present the first study of river response to the removal of a large (32‐m‐high) dam in a Mediterranean hydroclimatic setting, on the Carmel River, coastal California, USA. This before‐after/control‐impact study measured changes in channel topography, grain size, and salmonid spawning habitat throughout dam removal and subsequent major floods. During dam removal, the river course was re‐routed in order to leave most of the impounded sediment sequestered in the former reservoir and thus prevent major channel and floodplain aggradation downstream. However, a substantial sediment pulse occurred in response to base‐level fall, knickpoint migration, and channel avulsion through sediment in the former reservoir above the newly re‐routed channel. The sediment pulse advanced ~3.5 km in the first wet season after dam removal, resulting in decreased riverbed grain size downstream of the dam site. In the second wet season after dam removal, high flows (including a 30‐year flood and two 10‐year floods) transported sediment > 30 km downstream, filling pools and reducing cross‐channel relief. Deposition of gravel in the second wet season after dam removal enhanced salmonid spawning habitat downstream of the dam site. We infer that in dam removals where most reservoir sediment remains impounded and where high flows follow soon after dam removal, flow sequencing becomes a more important driver of geomorphic and fish‐habitat change than the dam removal alone. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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- 2018
14. Abstract Number ‐ 163: Underlying ICAD is associated with worse outcomes in acute large vessel occlusion undergoing endovascular thrombectomy
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Rami Z. Morsi, Sonam Thind, Theodore Karrison, Harrison Lee, Fadi Nahab, Rishi Gupta, Julián Carrión‐Penagos, Issam A Awad, Elisheva Coleman, James R Brorson, Cedric McKoy, Jacqueline Morales, Scott J Mendelson, Ali Mansour, Shyam Prabhakaran, and Tareq Kass‐Hout
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Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system ,RC346-429 ,Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system ,RC666-701 - Abstract
Introduction Acute large vessel occlusion (LVO) can be secondary to thromboembolism or intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD). Data on LVO management due to underlying ICAD are scarce. We hypothesized that patients with ICAD have worse clinical outcomes following mechanical thrombectomy (MT) than those without ICAD. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients who underwent MT for LVO in a large academic comprehensive stroke center between January 14, 2018 and October 24, 2021. Presence of ICAD at LVO site was determined by the interventionalist. We compared in‐hospital mortality, 90‐day mortality, and 90‐day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores between those with and without ICAD, in unadjusted and adjusting logistic regression models. Results Among 215 patients (mean age 67.1±16.0 years; 60.5% female; 80.5% Black, median NIHSS score 16), ICAD was present in 38 patients (17.7%). Diabetes and dyslipidemia were more common in those with ICAD (57.9% vs. 38.4%, p = 0.027 and 29.0% vs. 14.7%, p = 0.035, respectively). Substantial reperfusion (TICI ≥ 2b) was achieved less often (84.2% vs. 94.4%, p = 0.031) but symptomatic ICH was also less common in ICAD patients (0% vs. 9.0%, p = 0.054). In‐hospital and 90‐day mortality were more common (36.8% vs. 15.8%, p = 0.003 and 52.6% vs. 26.6%, p = 0.002, respectively) and favorable functional outcome (mRS 0–2) at 90 days was less common (7.9% vs. 33.9%, p = 0.001) in ICAD patients. After adjusting for prognostic variables, ICAD was independently associated with in‐hospital mortality (OR = 4.1, 95% CI 1.7‐9.7), 90‐day mortality (OR = 3.7, 95% CI 1.6‐8.6), and poor functional outcome at 90 days (OR = 5.5, 95% CI 1.6‐19.4). Conclusions Symptomatic ICAD in a predominantly African American cohort is associated with increased odds of mortality and poor functional outcome at 90 days in patients with LVO undergoing MT. Further research is warranted to understand factors associated with worse outcomes and investigate alternative interventional approaches and medical management in this high‐risk population.
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- 2023
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15. North to south gradient and local waves of influenza in Chile
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Garcia-Calavaro, Christian, Harrison, Lee H., Pokutnaya, Darya, Mair, Christina F., Brooks, Maria M., and van Panhuis, Wilbert
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- 2022
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16. Modulation of macrophage inflammatory function through selective inhibition of the epigenetic reader protein SP140
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Ghiboub, Mohammed, Koster, Jan, Craggs, Peter D., Li Yim, Andrew Y. F., Shillings, Anthony, Hutchinson, Sue, Bingham, Ryan P., Gatfield, Kelly, Hageman, Ishtu L., Yao, Gang, O’Keefe, Heather P., Coffin, Aaron, Patel, Amish, Sloan, Lisa A., Mitchell, Darren J., Hayhow, Thomas G., Lunven, Laurent, Watson, Robert J., Blunt, Christopher E., Harrison, Lee A., Bruton, Gordon, Kumar, Umesh, Hamer, Natalie, Spaull, John R., Zwijnenburg, Danny A., Welting, Olaf, Hakvoort, Theodorus B. M., te Velde, Anje A., van Limbergen, Johan, Henneman, Peter, Prinjha, Rab K., de Winther, Menno P. J., Harker, Nicola R., Tough, David F., and de Jonge, Wouter J.
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- 2022
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17. Exploring the effectiveness of neuropsychological assessment and cognitive-behavioural treatment approaches for offenders with intellectual disabilities
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Harrison, Lee and Beail, Nigel
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150 - Published
- 2018
18. Current Epidemiology and Trends in Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease-United States, 2009-2015.
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Soeters, Heidi M, Blain, Amy, Pondo, Tracy, Doman, Brooke, Farley, Monica M, Harrison, Lee H, Lynfield, Ruth, Miller, Lisa, Petit, Susan, Reingold, Arthur, Schaffner, William, Thomas, Ann, Zansky, Shelley M, Wang, Xin, and Briere, Elizabeth C
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Pediatric ,Immunization ,Prevention ,Vaccine Related ,Infectious Diseases ,Emerging Infectious Diseases ,Clinical Research ,2.4 Surveillance and distribution ,Aetiology ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Age Factors ,Aged ,Child ,Child ,Preschool ,Cost of Illness ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,Female ,Haemophilus Infections ,Haemophilus Vaccines ,Haemophilus influenzae ,Haemophilus influenzae type b ,Humans ,Incidence ,Infant ,Infant ,Newborn ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Public Health ,Serotyping ,United States ,Young Adult ,invasive disease ,surveillance ,epidemiology ,Biological Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Microbiology - Abstract
BackgroundFollowing Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) conjugate vaccine introduction in the 1980s, Hib disease in young children dramatically decreased, and epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae changed.MethodsActive surveillance for invasive H. influenzae disease was conducted through Active Bacterial Core surveillance sites. Incidence rates were directly standardized to the age and race distribution of the US population.ResultsDuring 2009-2015, the estimated mean annual incidence of invasive H. influenzae disease was 1.70 cases per 100000 population. Incidence was highest among adults aged ≥65 years (6.30) and children aged
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- 2018
19. Impact of discontinuation of contact precautions on surveillance- and whole genome sequencing-defined methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus healthcare-associated infections
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Karunakaran, Sharon, primary, Pless, Lora Lee, additional, Ayres, Ashley M., additional, Ciccone, Carl, additional, Penzelik, Joseph, additional, Sundermann, Alexander J., additional, Martin, Elise M., additional, Griffith, Marissa P., additional, Waggle, Kady, additional, Hodges, Jacob C., additional, Harrison, Lee H., additional, and Snyder, Graham M., additional
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- 2024
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20. Prolonged bacterial carriage and hospital transmission detected by whole genome sequencing surveillance
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Sundermann, Alexander J., primary, Griffith, Marissa P., additional, Srinivasa, Vatsala Rangachar, additional, Waggle, Kady, additional, Snyder, Graham M., additional, Van Tyne, Daria, additional, Pless, Lora, additional, and Harrison, Lee H., additional
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- 2024
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21. The Factors That Influence Dietary Habits among International Students in the United States
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Alakaam, Amir A., Castellanos, Diana C., Bodzio, Jessica, and Harrison, Lee
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This study examines the dietary intake changes and factors related to dietary acculturation in international students attending an urban university in the United States. The researchers administered seven focus groups of college-age international students (n = 32) between June and August 2012. The participants were enrolled in Northeastern and Midwestern U.S. universities. A qualitative research inquiry was used for data collection, presentation, and analysis. An interview guide was developed to explore the dietary habits of international students. The results show the participants face many dietary challenges as a result of adapting to American culture. The major dietary-related influences include: the food environment, campus environment, religion, and individual preferences. Additionally, the consequences of dietary changes were associated with undesirable health outcomes including weight gain, increased blood glucose levels, increased cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and mental problems.
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- 2015
22. MALT1 regulates Th2 and Th17 differentiation via NF-κB and JNK pathways, as well as correlates with disease activity and treatment outcome in rheumatoid arthritis
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Qiubo Wang, Yapeng Wang, Qingyang Liu, Ying Chu, Rui Mi, Fengying Jiang, Jingjing Zhao, Kelong Hu, Ran Luo, Yufeng Feng, Harrison Lee, Dong Zhou, Jingyi Mi, and Ruoyu Deng
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MALT1 ,rheumatoid arthritis ,Th1/2/17 cells ,treatment outcome ,NF-κB and JNK pathways ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
ObjectiveMALT1 regulates immunity and inflammation in multiple ways, while its role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is obscure. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of MALT1 with disease features, treatment outcome, as well as its effect on Th1/2/17 cell differentiation and underlying molecule mechanism in RA.MethodsTotally 147 RA patients were enrolled. Then their blood Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells were detected by flow cytometry. Besides, PBMC MALT1 expression was detected before treatment (baseline), at week (W) 6, W12, and W24. PBMC MALT1 in 30 osteoarthritis patients and 30 health controls were also detected. Then, blood CD4+ T cells were isolated from RA patients, followed by MALT1 overexpression or knockdown lentivirus transfection and Th1/2/17 polarization assay. In addition, IMD 0354 (NF-κB antagonist) and SP600125 (JNK antagonist) were also added to treat CD4+ T cells.ResultsMALT1 was increased in RA patients compared to osteoarthritis patients and healthy controls. Meanwhile, MALT1 positively related to CRP, ESR, DAS28 score, Th17 cells, negatively linked with Th2 cells, but did not link with other features or Th1 cells in RA patients. Notably, MALT1 decreased longitudinally during treatment, whose decrement correlated with RA treatment outcome (treatment response, low disease activity, or disease remission). In addition, MALT1 overexpression promoted Th17 differentiation, inhibited Th2 differentiation, less affected Th1 differentiation, activated NF-κB and JNK pathways in RA CD4+ T cells; while MALT1 knockdown exhibited the opposite effect. Besides, IMD 0354 and SP600125 addition attenuated MALT1’s effect on Th2 and Th17 differentiation.ConclusionMALT1 regulates Th2 and Th17 differentiation via NF-κB and JNK pathways, as well as correlates with disease activity and treatment outcome in RA.
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- 2022
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23. Parallel cortical-brainstem pathways to attentional analgesia
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Oliva, Valeria, Gregory, Rob, Davies, Wendy-Elizabeth, Harrison, Lee, Moran, Rosalyn, Pickering, Anthony E., and Brooks, Jonathan C.W.
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- 2021
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24. Generalisability of vaccine effectiveness estimates: an analysis of cases included in a postlicensure evaluation of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the USA.
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Link-Gelles, Ruth, Westreich, Daniel, Aiello, Allison E, Shang, Nong, Weber, David J, Rosen, Jennifer B, Motala, Tasneem, Mascola, Laurene, Eason, Jeffery, Scherzinger, Karen, Holtzman, Corinne, Reingold, Arthur L, Barnes, Meghan, Petit, Susan, Farley, Monica M, Harrison, Lee H, Zansky, Shelley, Thomas, Ann, Schaffner, William, McGee, Lesley, Whitney, Cynthia G, and Moore, Matthew R
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Humans ,Streptococcus pneumoniae ,Pneumococcal Infections ,Pneumococcal Vaccines ,Vaccines ,Conjugate ,Immunization Schedule ,Case-Control Studies ,Reproducibility of Results ,Parents ,Residence Characteristics ,Social Class ,Child ,Preschool ,Infant ,Educational Status ,Insurance ,Health ,United States ,Vaccination Coverage ,Outcome Assessment ,Health Care ,external validity ,generalisability ,matched case control ,pneumococcus ,socioeconomic status ,vaccine effectiveness ,Child ,Preschool ,Insurance ,Health ,Outcome Assessment ,Health Care ,Vaccines ,Conjugate ,Clinical Sciences ,Public Health and Health Services ,Other Medical and Health Sciences - Abstract
ObjectivesExternal validity, or generalisability, is the measure of how well results from a study pertain to individuals in the target population. We assessed generalisability, with respect to socioeconomic status, of estimates from a matched case-control study of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine effectiveness for the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease in children in the USA.DesignMatched case-control study.SettingThirteen active surveillance sites for invasive pneumococcal disease in the USA.ParticipantsCases were identified from active surveillance and controls were age and zip code matched.Outcome measuresSocioeconomic status was assessed at the individual level via parent interview (for enrolled individuals only) and birth certificate data (for both enrolled and unenrolled individuals) and at the neighbourhood level by geocoding to the census tract (for both enrolled and unenrolled individuals). Prediction models were used to determine if socioeconomic status was associated with enrolment.ResultsWe enrolled 54.6% of 1211 eligible cases and found a trend toward enrolled cases being more affluent than unenrolled cases. Enrolled cases were slightly more likely to have private insurance at birth (p=0.08) and have mothers with at least some college education (p
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- 2017
25. Effectiveness and Duration of Protection of One Dose of a Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine
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Cohn, Amanda C, MacNeil, Jessica R, Harrison, Lee H, Lynfield, Ruth, Reingold, Arthur, Schaffner, William, Zell, Elizabeth R, Plikaytis, Brian, Wang, Xin, and Messonnier, Nancy E
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Pediatric ,Immunization ,Vaccine Related ,Prevention ,Rare Diseases ,Biotechnology ,Prevention of disease and conditions ,and promotion of well-being ,3.4 Vaccines ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adolescent ,Antibodies ,Bacterial ,Carrier State ,Case-Control Studies ,Child ,Female ,Follow-Up Studies ,Humans ,Immunization ,Secondary ,Male ,Meningococcal Infections ,Meningococcal Vaccines ,Population Surveillance ,Treatment Outcome ,United States ,Young Adult ,Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) Team and MeningNet Surveillance Partners ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Psychology and Cognitive Sciences ,Pediatrics ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences ,Psychology - Abstract
Meningococcal conjugate vaccines were licensed beginning in 2005 on the basis of serologic end points and recommended for use in adolescents. A single dose at age 11 to 12 years was expected to provide protection through late adolescence. We conducted a case-control evaluation of vaccine effectiveness (VE) and duration of protection of a meningococcal (groups A, C, W, and Y) polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-D). Cases of culture- or polymerase chain reaction-confirmed serogroup A, C, W, and Y meningococcal disease among adolescents were identified through meningococcal disease surveillance sites in the United States from January 1, 2006, through August 31, 2013. Attempts were made to enroll 4 friend and school controls per case. VE was calculated using the generalized estimating equation, controlling for underlying medical conditions and smoking. Serogroup C accounted for 88 (49%), serogroup Y 80 (44%), and serogroup W 13 (7%) of enrolled cases. Thirty-six (20%) cases and 87 (44%) controls received MenACWY-D. The overall VE estimate 0 to 8 years postvaccination was 69% (51% to 80%); VE was 79% (49% to 91%) at
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- 2017
26. Bias with respect to socioeconomic status: A closer look at zip code matching in a pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness study
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Link-Gelles, Ruth, Westreich, Daniel, Aiello, Allison E, Shang, Nong, Weber, David J, Holtzman, Corinne, Scherzinger, Karen, Reingold, Arthur, Schaffner, William, Harrison, Lee H, Rosen, Jennifer B, Petit, Susan, Farley, Monica, Thomas, Ann, Eason, Jeffrey, Wigen, Christine, Barnes, Meghan, Thomas, Ola, Zansky, Shelley, Beall, Bernard, Whitney, Cynthia G, and Moore, Matthew R
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Epidemiology ,Health Sciences ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Vaccine Related ,Lung ,Clinical Research ,Prevention ,Immunization ,Good Health and Well Being ,Matched case-control ,PCV13 ,Pneumococcal vaccine ,Pneumococcus ,Socioeconomic status ,Vaccine effectiveness ,Public Health and Health Services ,Public health ,Sociology - Abstract
In 2010, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was introduced in the US for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease in children. Individual-level socioeconomic status (SES) is a potential confounder of the estimated effectiveness of PCV13 and is often controlled for in observational studies using zip code as a proxy. We assessed the utility of zip code matching for control of SES in a post-licensure evaluation of the effectiveness of PCV13 (calculated as [1-matched odds ratio]*100). We used a directed acyclic graph to identify subsets of confounders and collected SES variables from birth certificates, geo-coding, a parent interview, and follow-up with medical providers. Cases tended to be more affluent than eligible controls (for example, 48.3% of cases had private insurance vs. 44.6% of eligible controls), but less affluent than enrolled controls (52.9% of whom had private insurance). Control of confounding subsets, however, did not result in a meaningful change in estimated vaccine effectiveness (original estimate: 85.1%, 95% CI 74.8-91.9%; adjusted estimate: 82.5%, 95% CI 65.6-91.1%). In the context of a post-licensure vaccine effectiveness study, zip code appears to be an adequate, though not perfect, proxy for individual SES.
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- 2016
27. Meningococcal Disease in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Review of Cases Reported Through Active Surveillance in the United States, 2000–2008
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Harris, Christine M, Wu, Henry M, Li, Jianmin, Hall, H Irene, Lee, Adria, Zell, Elizabeth, Harrison, Lee H, Petit, Susan, Farley, Monica M, Lynfield, Ruth, Miller, Lisa, Nichols, Megin, Reingold, Arthur, Schaffner, William, Thomas, Ann, MacNeil, Jessica R, Clark, Thomas A, and Cohn, Amanda C
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Medical Microbiology ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Immunology ,HIV/AIDS ,Prevention ,Infectious Diseases ,Aging ,Clinical Research ,2.4 Surveillance and distribution ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Aetiology ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,HIV ,disease surveillance ,meningitis ,meningococcal disease ,Clinical sciences ,Medical microbiology - Abstract
BackgroundAlthough human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is an established risk factor for several bacterial infections, the association between HIV infection and meningococcal disease remains unclear.MethodsExpanded chart reviews were completed on persons with meningococcal disease and HIV infection reported from 2000 through 2008 from 9 US sites participating in an active population-based surveillance system for meningococcal disease. The incidence of meningococcal disease among patients meeting Centers for Disease Control and Prevention acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) surveillance criteria was estimated using data from the National HIV Surveillance System for the participating sites.ResultsThirty-three cases of meningococcal disease in individuals with HIV infection were reported from participating sites, representing 2.0% of all reported meningococcal disease cases. Most (75.8%) persons with HIV infection were adult males aged 25 to 64 years old. Among all meningococcal disease cases aged 25 to 64 years old, case fatality ratios were similar among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons (13.3% vs 10.6%; P = .6). The cumulative, mean incidence of meningococcal disease among patients aged 25 to 64 years old with HIV infection ever classified as AIDS was 3.5 cases per 100000 person years (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1-5.6), compared with 0.3 cases per 100000 person years (95% CI, 0.3-0.3) for persons of the same age group not reported to have AIDS (relative risk = 12.9; 95% CI, 7.9-20.9).ConclusionsIndividuals with HIV infection meeting the AIDS surveillance case definition have a higher incidence of meningococcal disease compared with the general adult population.
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- 2016
28. Evaluating the potential for efficient, UAS-based reach-scale mapping of river channel bathymetry from multispectral images.
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Legleiter, Carl J. and Harrison, Lee R.
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MULTISPECTRAL imaging ,RIVER channels ,BATHYMETRY ,WATER depth ,REMOTE sensing ,IMAGE retrieval - Abstract
Introduction: Information on spatial patterns of water depth in river channels is valuable for numerous applications, but such data can be difficult to obtain via traditional field methods. Ongoing developments in remote sensing technology have enabled various image-based approaches for mapping river bathymetry; this study evaluated the potential to retrieve depth from multispectral images acquired by an uncrewed aircraft system (UAS). Methods: More specifically, we produced depth maps for a 4 km reach of a clearflowing, relatively shallow river using an established spectrally based algorithm, Optimal Band Ratio Analysis. To assess accuracy, we compared image-derived estimates to direct measurements of water depth. The field data were collected by wading and from a boat equipped with an echo sounder and used to survey cross sections and a longitudinal profile. We partitioned our study area along the Sacramento River, California, USA, into three distinct sub-reaches and acquired a separate image for each one. In addition to the typical, self-contained, per-image depth retrieval workflow, we also explored the possibility of exporting a relationship between depth and reflectance calibrated using data from one site to the other two sub-reaches. Moreover, we evaluated whether sampling configurations progressively more sparse than our full field survey could still provide sufficient calibration data for developing robust depth retrieval models. Results: Our results indicate that under favorable environmental conditions like those observed on the Sacramento River during low flow, accurate, precise depth maps can be derived from images acquired by UAS, not only within a sub-reach but also across multiple, adjacent sub-reaches of the same river. Discussion: Moreover, our findings imply that the level of effort invested in obtaining field data for calibration could be significantly reduced. In aggregate, this investigation suggests that UAS-based remote sensing could facilitate highly efficient, cost-effective, operational mapping of river bathymetry at the reach scale in clear-flowing streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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29. Penicillin Use in Meningococcal Disease Management: Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Sites, 2009.
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Blain, Amy, Mandal, Sema, Wu, Henry, MacNeil, Jessica, Harrison, Lee, Farley, Monica, Lynfield, Ruth, Miller, Lisa, Nichols, Megin, Petit, Sue, REINGOLD, Arthur L., Schaffner, William, Thomas, Ann, Zansky, Shelley, Anderson, Raydel, Harcourt, Brian, Mayer, Leonard, Clark, Thomas, and Cohn, Amanda
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Neisseria meningitidis ,antimicrobial resistance ,meningitis ,meningococcal disease - Abstract
In 2009, in the Active Bacterial Core surveillance sites, penicillin was not commonly used to treat meningococcal disease. This is likely because of inconsistent availability of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and ease of use of third-generation cephalosporins. Consideration of current practices may inform future meningococcal disease management guidelines.
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- 2016
30. 1443. Characteristics of nursing homes with higher rates of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections
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See, Isaac, primary, Jackson, Kelly A, additional, Li, Rongxia, additional, Paul, Prabasaj, additional, Hatfield, Kelly M, additional, Nadle, Joelle, additional, Petit, Susan, additional, Wurm, Daniel, additional, Pall, Allison, additional, Ray, Susan M, additional, Harrison, Lee, additional, Jeffrey, Laura, additional, Bernu, Carmen, additional, Lynfield, Ruth, additional, Dumyati, Ghinwa, additional, Gellert, Anita, additional, Markus, Tiffanie M, additional, Schaffner, William, additional, Jacobs Slifka, Kara M, additional, and Stone, Nimalie D, additional
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- 2023
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31. 2185. In vitro activity of aztreonam-avibactam (ATM-AVI), cefiderocol (FDC), and cefepime-taniborbactam (FEP-TAN) against multi-species, NDM-producing Enterobacterales causing a local outbreak
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Kline, Ellen G, primary, Squires, Kevin M, additional, Haidar, Ghady, additional, Snyder, Graham, additional, Harrison, Lee, additional, Van Tyne, Daria, additional, and Shields, Ryan K, additional
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- 2023
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32. 742. Strain Replacement of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium over 6 years at a Large Tertiary Care Center
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Mills, Emma, primary, Griffifth, Marrisa P, additional, Rangachar, Vatsala, additional, Waggle, Kady, additional, Pless, Lora, additional, Snyder, Graham M, additional, Sundermann, Alexander, additional, Harrison, Lee, additional, and Van Tyne, Daria, additional
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- 2023
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33. 1721. BCG Vaccination Impact on Mortality: a 71 year Follow-up of a US BCG Controlled Trial
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Costello, Varea H, primary, raiciulescu, Sorana, additional, Santosham, Mathuram, additional, Harrison, Lee, additional, and Aronson, Naomi E, additional
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- 2023
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34. 1718. Effectiveness of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease among children in the United States between 2010 and 2019: an indirect cohort study
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Andrejko, Kristin, primary, Gierke, Ryan, additional, Rowlands, Jemma, additional, Rosen, Jennifer, additional, Thomas, Ann, additional, Landis, Zachary, additional, Rosales, Maria, additional, Petit, Susan, additional, Schaffner, William, additional, Holtzman, Corinne, additional, Farley, Monica M, additional, Barnes, Meghan, additional, Harrison, Lee, additional, McGee, Lesley, additional, Chochua, Sopio, additional, Verani, Jennifer, additional, Cohen, Adam, additional, Pilishvili, Tamara, additional, and Kobyashi, Miwako, additional
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- 2023
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35. Population-Based Active Surveillance for Culture-Confirmed Candidemia — Four Sites, United States, 2012–2016
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Toda, Mitsuru, Williams, Sabrina R., Berkow, Elizabeth L., Farley, Monica M., and Harrison, Lee H.
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- 2019
36. Cooling Tower Maintenance Practices and Legionella Prevalence, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 2016
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Orkis, Lauren T., Mertz, Kristen J., Brink, LuAnn L., Brooks, Maria M., Wadowsky, Robert M., Gatto, Stacy, Marsh, Jane W., Ezeonwuku, Chinelo D., Bibby, Kyle J., Harrison, Lee H., and Stout, Janet E.
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- 2018
37. Secondary Cases of Invasive Disease Caused by Encapsulated and Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae--10 U.S. Jurisdictions, 2011-2018
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Oliver, Sara E., Rubis, Amy B., Soeters, Heidi M., Reingold, Arthur, Barnes, Meghan, Petit, Susan, Moore, Ashley E., Harrison, Lee H., Lynfield, Ruth, Angeles, Kathy M., Burzlaff, Kari E., Thomas, Ann, Schaffner, William, Marjuki, Henju, Wang, Xin, and Hariri, Susan
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Meningitis -- Prevention ,Vaccination ,Jurisdiction ,Polysaccharides ,Hemophilus infections -- Prevention ,Vaccines ,Child care ,Antibiotics ,Health - Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) can cause meningitis and other serious invasive disease. Encapsulated Hi is classified into six serotypes (a--f) based on chemical composition of the polysaccharide capsule; unencapsulated strains are [...]
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- 2023
38. Exploring the influence of sleep disturbance on pain and pain-related attention in clinical and experimental settings
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Harrison, Lee
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616 - Abstract
Aims: Sleep and pain share a complex relationship; pain can disrupt sleep and conversely, poor sleep can exaggerate pain intensity. At present, the exact temporal assoications sunderlying this relationship are not fully understood. Correlational data and preliminary experimental studies suggest that poor sleep augments pain in both acute and chronic situations. This thesis examines the reciprocal interaction between these two processes and the subsequent impact that sleep has on pain, at both the behavioural and brain level. Furthermore, the influence of co-morbid factors such as attention and affective state is considered. Developing an understanding of how sleep affects pain and pain-related attention may have implications for the treatment of chronic pain and its concomitants. Methods: A number of different settings were used to explore the relationship shared by sleep and pain. Epidemiological data was used to explore the association between sleep problems and the later development of musculoskeletal pain. The association between comorbid sleep and pain problems and pain-related complaints were also assessed in adolescent and adult clinical samples. An acute experimental model was used to explore the influence of non-stage-specific sleep disruption on pain and pain-related attention. The aim of this experiment was to explore the effects of sleep disruption on pain sensitivities, central pain modulation and distraction analgesia. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the effect of sleep disturbance on the cerebral signature of pain. Results: Data from a large birth cohort indicated that sleep problems were associated with the later development of musculoskeletal pain. Co-morbid sleep and pain problems were associated with a higher incidence of pain-related and psychological complaints in both adolescent and adult samples. The experimental disturbance of sleep resulted in mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. Sleep disruption was also found to compromise both conditioned pain modulation and the analgesic benefits of distraction analgesia. Imaging data suggested that sleep disturbance was associated with regional changes in activation in areas previously implicated in pain processing. Neural decoupling was also observed across regions of the cortex and brainstem, the implications of which could be critical for understanding pain processing following sleep disturbance. Conclusions: Results from this thesis suggest that sleep disturbance is an important risk factor in both the development and maintenance of clu'onic pain. The effects of sleep disturbance on both central pain modulation and distraction analgesia are possible pathways by which sleep disturbance facilitates vulnerability for the development of clu'onic pain. Sleep disturbance is reported by two thirds of chronic pain patients and should therefore be identified as a key modifiable target in the treatment of chronic pain. Further explorations of the relationship shared by sleep and pain, in addition to their related concomitants (e.g., mood disturbance) can help establish novel targets which can be manipUlated for diagnostic and therapeutic gain.
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- 2015
39. Cities should respond to the biodiversity extinction crisis
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Oke, Cathy, Bekessy, Sarah A., Frantzeskaki, Niki, Bush, Judy, Fitzsimons, James A., Garrard, Georgia E., Grenfell, Maree, Harrison, Lee, Hartigan, Martin, Callow, David, Cotter, Bernie, and Gawler, Steve
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- 2021
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40. Two Cases of Newly Characterized Neisseria Species, Brazil
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Mustapha, Mustapha M., Lemos, Ana Paula S., Griffith, Marissa P., Evans, Daniel R., Marx, Ramon, Coltro, Elizabeth S.F., Siebra, Christian A., Timm, Loeci, Ribeiro, Hamilton, Monteiro, Alessandro, Pasculle, A. William, Marsh, Jane W., Van Tyne, Daria, Harrison, Lee H., and Sacchi, Claudio T.
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Chromosomes -- Health aspects -- Analysis ,Vaccines -- Health aspects -- Analysis ,Polysaccharides -- Health aspects -- Analysis ,Medical schools ,Bacteremia ,Meningitis ,Infection ,Public health ,Public health movements ,Health - Abstract
Neisseria is a genus containing diverse organisms; most are rarely pathogenic. N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae are the most clinically relevant species. The polysaccharide capsule is the most critical meningococcal [...]
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- 2020
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41. Training in Infectious Disease Epidemiology through the Emerging Infections Program Sites - Volume 21, Number 9—September 2015 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
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Vugia, Duc J, Meek, James I, Danila, Richard N, Jones, Timothy F, Schaffner, William, Baumbach, Joan, Lathrop, Sarah, Farley, Monica M, Tobin-D'Angelo, Melissa, Miller, Lisa, Harrison, Lee H, Bennett, Nancy M, Cieslak, Paul R, Cartter, Matthew L, and Reingold, Arthur L
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Health Services and Systems ,Public Health ,Clinical Sciences ,Health Sciences ,Prevention ,Infectious Diseases ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ,U.S. ,Communicable Diseases ,Emerging ,Education ,Humans ,Public Health Surveillance ,United States ,Emerging Infections Program ,epidemiology ,public health ,training ,Medical Microbiology ,Public Health and Health Services ,Microbiology ,Clinical sciences ,Epidemiology ,Health services and systems - Abstract
One objective of the Emerging Infections Program (EIP) of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is to provide training opportunities in infectious disease epidemiology. To determine the extent of training performed since the program's inception in 1995, we reviewed training efforts at the 10 EIP sites. By 2015, all sites hosted trainees (most were graduate public health students and physicians) who worked on a variety of infectious disease surveillance and epidemiologic projects. Trainee projects at all sites were used for graduate student theses or practicums. Numerous projects resulted in conference presentations and publications in peer-reviewed journals. Local public health and health care partners have also benefitted from EIP presentations and training. Consideration should be given to standardizing and documenting EIP training and to sharing useful training initiatives with other state and local health departments and academic institutions.
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- 2015
42. Twenty Years of Active Bacterial Core Surveillance - Volume 21, Number 9—September 2015 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
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Langley, Gayle, Schaffner, William, Farley, Monica M, Lynfield, Ruth, Bennett, Nancy M, Reingold, Arthur, Thomas, Ann, Harrison, Lee H, Nichols, Megin, Petit, Susan, Miller, Lisa, Moore, Matthew R, Schrag, Stephanie J, Lessa, Fernanda C, Skoff, Tami H, MacNeil, Jessica R, Briere, Elizabeth C, Weston, Emily J, and Van Beneden, Chris
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Emerging Infectious Diseases ,Clinical Research ,Antimicrobial Resistance ,Prevention ,Biodefense ,Vaccine Related ,Infectious Diseases ,Immunization ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Bacterial Infections ,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ,U.S. ,Communicable Disease Control ,Communicable Diseases ,Emerging ,Humans ,Public Health Surveillance ,United States ,ABCs ,Active Bacterial Core Surveillance ,EIP ,Emerging Infections Program ,bacteria ,invasive bacterial infections ,surveillance ,Clinical Sciences ,Medical Microbiology ,Public Health and Health Services ,Microbiology - Abstract
Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) was established in 1995 as part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Emerging Infections Program (EIP) network to assess the extent of invasive bacterial infections of public health importance. ABCs is distinctive among surveillance systems because of its large, population-based, geographically diverse catchment area; active laboratory-based identification of cases to ensure complete case capture; detailed collection of epidemiologic information paired with laboratory isolates; infrastructure that allows for more in-depth investigations; and sustained commitment of public health, academic, and clinical partners to maintain the system. ABCs has directly affected public health policies and practices through the development and evaluation of vaccines and other prevention strategies, the monitoring of antimicrobial drug resistance, and the response to public health emergencies and other emerging infections.
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- 2015
43. Hydraulic and geomorphic processes in an overbank flood along a meandering, gravel‐bed river: implications for chute formation
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Harrison, Lee R, Dunne, Thomas, and Fisher, G Burch
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meandering river ,floodplain ,chute cutoff ,flow resistance ,riparian vegetation ,Geology ,Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience ,Geography - Abstract
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Hydraulic interactions between rivers and floodplains produce off-channel chutes, the presence of which influences the routing of water and sediment and thus the planform evolution of meandering rivers. Detailed studies of the hydrologic exchanges between channels and floodplains are usually conducted in laboratory facilities, and studies documenting chute development are generally limited to qualitative observations. In this study, we use a reconstructed, gravel-bedded, meandering river as a field laboratory for studying these mechanisms at a realistic scale. Using an integrated field and modeling approach, we quantified the flow exchanges between the river channel and its floodplain during an overbank flood, and identified locations where flow had the capacity to erode floodplain chutes. Hydraulic measurements and modeling indicated high rates of flow exchange between the channel and floodplain, with flow rapidly decelerating as water was decanted from the channel onto the floodplain due to the frictional drag provided by substrate and vegetation. Peak shear stresses were greatest downstream of the maxima in bend curvature, along the concave bank, where terrestrial LiDAR scans indicate initial floodplain chute formation. A second chute has developed across the convex bank of a meander bend, in a location where sediment accretion, point bar development and plant colonization have created divergent flow paths between the main channel and floodplain. In both cases, the off-channel chutes are evolving slowly during infrequent floods due to the coarse nature of the floodplain, though rapid chute formation would be more likely in finer-grained floodplains. The controls on chute formation at these locations include the flood magnitude, river curvature, floodplain gradient, erodibility of the floodplain sediment, and the flow resistance provided by riparian vegetation.
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- 2015
44. Effect of use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children on invasive pneumococcal disease in children and adults in the USA: analysis of multisite, population-based surveillance
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Moore, Matthew R, Link-Gelles, Ruth, Schaffner, William, Lynfield, Ruth, Lexau, Catherine, Bennett, Nancy M, Petit, Susan, Zansky, Shelley M, Harrison, Lee H, Reingold, Arthur, Miller, Lisa, Scherzinger, Karen, Thomas, Ann, Farley, Monica M, Zell, Elizabeth R, Taylor, Thomas H, Pondo, Tracy, Rodgers, Loren, McGee, Lesley, Beall, Bernard, Jorgensen, James H, and Whitney, Cynthia G
- Subjects
Infectious Diseases ,Prevention ,Immunization ,Vaccine Related ,Pneumonia ,Lung ,Clinical Research ,Pediatric ,Pneumonia & Influenza ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Aged ,Aged ,80 and over ,Bacteremia ,Child ,Child ,Preschool ,Female ,Humans ,Incidence ,Infant ,Infant ,Newborn ,Male ,Meningitis ,Bacterial ,Middle Aged ,Pneumococcal Infections ,Pneumococcal Vaccines ,Treatment Outcome ,United States ,Young Adult ,Clinical Sciences ,Medical Microbiology ,Public Health and Health Services ,Microbiology - Abstract
BackgroundIn 2000, seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was introduced in the USA and resulted in dramatic reductions in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and moderate increases in non-PCV7 type IPD. In 2010, PCV13 replaced PCV7 in the US immunisation schedule. We aimed to assess the effect of use of PCV13 in children on IPD in children and adults in the USA.MethodsWe used laboratory-based and population-based data on incidence of IPD from the Active Bacterial Core surveillance (part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Emerging Infections Program) in a time-series model to compare rates of IPD before and after the introduction of PCV13. Cases of IPD between July 1, 2004, and June 30, 2013, were classified as being caused by the PCV13 serotypes against which PCV7 has no effect (PCV13 minus PCV7). In a time-series model, we used an expected outcomes approach to compare the reported incidence of IPD to that which would have been expected if PCV13 had not replaced PCV7.FindingsCompared with incidence expected among children younger than 5 years if PCV7 alone had been continued, incidence of IPD overall declined by 64% (95% interval estimate [95% IE] 59-68) and IPD caused by PCV13 minus PCV7 serotypes declined by 93% (91-94), by July, 2012, to June, 2013. Among adults, incidence of IPD overall also declined by 12-32% and IPD caused by PCV13 minus PCV7 type IPD declined by 58-72%, depending on age. We estimated that over 30 000 cases of IPD and 3000 deaths were averted in the first 3 years after the introduction of PCV13.InterpretationPCV13 reduced IPD across all age groups when used routinely in children in the USA. These findings provide reassurance that, similar to PCV7, PCVs with additional serotypes can also prevent transmission to unvaccinated populations.FundingCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.
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- 2015
45. Epidemiology of Infant Meningococcal Disease in the United States, 2006-2012
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MacNeil, Jessica R, Bennett, Nancy, Farley, Monica M, Harrison, Lee H, Lynfield, Ruth, Nichols, Megin, Petit, Sue, Reingold, Arthur, Schaffner, William, Thomas, Ann, Pondo, Tracy, Mayer, Leonard W, Clark, Thomas A, and Cohn, Amanda C
- Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Public Health ,Health Sciences ,Vaccine Related ,Pediatric ,Infectious Diseases ,Immunization ,Rare Diseases ,Prevention ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Female ,Humans ,Incidence ,Infant ,Male ,Meningitis ,Meningococcal ,Meningococcal Vaccines ,Neisseria meningitidis ,Serogroup B ,Neisseria meningitidis ,Serogroup Y ,Population Surveillance ,Survival Rate ,United States ,Virulence ,Neisseria meningitidis ,epidemiology ,infants ,vaccine-preventable diseases ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Psychology and Cognitive Sciences ,Pediatrics ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences ,Psychology - Abstract
BackgroundThe incidence of meningococcal disease is currently at historic lows in the United States; however, incidence remains highest among infants aged
- Published
- 2015
46. The surge of mpox in Africa: a call for action
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Nachega, Jean B, Sam-Agudu, Nadia A, Ogoina, Dimie, Mbala-Kingebeni, Placide, Ntoumi, Francine, Nakouné, Emmanuel, Njouom, Richard, Lewis, Rosamund F, Gandhi, Monica, Rosenthal, Philip J, Rawat, Angeli, Wilson, Lindsay A, Kindrachuk, Jason, Liesenborghs, Laurens, Mills, Edward J, Preiser, Wolfgang, Rimoin, Anne W, Sullivan, Nancy J, Peeters, Martine, Delaporte, Eric, Baxter, Cheryl, Harrison, Lee, Hermans, Michel P, Mohr, Emma L, Gonsalves, Gregg, Ndembi, Nicaise, Zumla, Alimuddin, and Muyembe-Tamfum, Jean Jacques
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- 2024
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47. Statistical outbreak detection by joining medical records and pathogen similarity
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Miller, James K., Chen, Jieshi, Sundermann, Alexander, Marsh, Jane W., Saul, Melissa I., Shutt, Kathleen A., Pacey, Marissa, Mustapha, Mustapha M., Harrison, Lee H., and Dubrawski, Artur
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- 2019
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48. Vital Signs: Health Disparities in Hemodialysis-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections--United States, 2017-2020
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Rha, Brian, See, Isaac, Dunham, Lindsay, Kutty, Preeta K., Moccia, Lauren, Apata, Ibironke W., Ahern, Jennifer, Jung, Shelley, Li, Rongxia, Nadle, Joelle, Petit, Susan, Ray, Susan M., Harrison, Lee H., Bernu, Carmen, Lynfield, Ruth, Dumyati, Ghinwa, Tracy, Marissa, Schaffner, William, Ham, D. Cal, Magill, Shelley S., O'Leary, Erin N., Bell, Jeneita, Srinivasan, Arjun, McDonald, L. Clifford, Edwards, Jonathan R., and Novosad, Shannon
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United States. Census Bureau ,Staphylococcus aureus -- Health aspects ,Chronic kidney failure -- Health aspects ,Health care industry -- Health aspects ,Infection -- Health aspects ,Staphylococcus aureus infections -- Health aspects ,Methicillin -- Health aspects ,Hemodialysis -- Health aspects ,Disease susceptibility -- Health aspects ,African Americans -- Health aspects ,Health care industry ,Health - Abstract
Introduction More than 800,000 persons in the United States live with ESKD, 70% of whom are treated with dialysis (89% hemodialysis and 11% peritoneal dialysis); 30% have a functioning kidney [...]
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- 2023
49. Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease in Adults ≥65 Years, United States, 2011
- Author
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Blain, Amy, MacNeil, Jessica, Wang, Xin, Bennett, Nancy, Farley, Monica M, Harrison, Lee H, Lexau, Catherine, Miller, Lisa, Nichols, Megin, Petit, Susan, Reingold, Arthur, Schaffner, William, Thomas, Ann, Clark, Thomas, Cohn, Amanda, and Briere, Elizabeth
- Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Cardiovascular ,Prevention ,Clinical Research ,Aging ,Heart Disease ,Good Health and Well Being ,Haemophilus influenzae ,older adults ,Clinical sciences ,Medical microbiology - Abstract
BackgroundSince the introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae serotype b vaccine, H influenzae epidemiology has shifted. In the United States, the largest burden of disease is now in adults aged ≥65 years. However, few data exist on risk factors for disease severity and outcome in this age group.MethodsA retrospective case-series review of invasive H influenzae infections in patients aged ≥65 years was conducted for hospitalized cases reported to Active Bacterial Core surveillance in 2011.ResultsThere were 299 hospitalized cases included in the analysis. The majority of cases were caused by nontypeable H influenzae, and the overall case fatality ratio (CFR) was 19.5%. Three or more underlying conditions were present in 63% of cases; 94% of cases had at least 1. Patients with chronic heart conditions (congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, and/or atrial fibrillation) (odds ratio [OR], 3.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65-6.46), patients from private residences (OR, 8.75; 95% CI, 2.13-35.95), and patients who were not resuscitate status (OR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.31-5.66) were more likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Intensive care unit admission (OR, 3.75; 95% CI, 1.71-8.22) and do not resuscitate status (OR, 12.94; 95% CI, 4.84-34.55) were significantly associated with death.ConclusionsWithin this age group, burden of disease and CFR both increased significantly as age increased. Using ICU admission as a proxy for disease severity, our findings suggest several conditions increased risk of disease severity and patients with severe disease were more likely to die. Further research is needed to determine the most effective approach to prevent H influenzae disease and mortality in older adults.
- Published
- 2014
50. Quantifying the role of woody debris in providing bioenergetically favorable habitat for juvenile salmon
- Author
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Hafs, Andrew W, Harrison, Lee R, Utz, Ryan M, and Dunne, Thomas
- Subjects
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ,Large woody debris ,Bioenergetics ,Hydrodynamic modeling ,Central Valley ,Habitat enhancement ,Ecology - Abstract
The habitat complexity of a riverine ecosystem influences the bioenergetics of drift feeding fish. We coupled hydrodynamic and bioenergetic models to assess the influence of habitat complexity generated by large woody debris (LWD) on the growth potential of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in a river that lacked large wood. Simulations indicated how LWD diversified the flow field, creating pronounced velocity gradients, which enhanced fish feeding and resting activities at the sub-meter scale. Fluid drag created by individual wood structures increased under higher wood loading amounts, leading to a 5-19% reduction in the reach-averaged velocity. The reach-scale growth potential was asymptotically related to wood loading, suggesting that the river became saturated with LWD and additional loading would produce minimal benefit for the configurations we simulated. In the scenario we analyzed for illustration, LWD additions could quadruple the potential growth area available before that limit was reached for the configurations selected for demonstration. Wood depletion in the world's rivers has been documented extensively, leading to widespread attempts by river managers to reverse this trend by adding wood to simplified aquatic habitats. However, systematic prediction of the effects of wood on fish growth has not been previously accomplished. We offer a quantitative approach for assessing the influence of wood on habitat potential for fish growth at the microhabitat and reach-scales. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
- Published
- 2014
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