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Objective To estimate the impact of the HIV pandemic on vaccine-acquired population immunity to measles virus because high levels of population immunity are required to eliminate transmission of measles virus in large geographical areas, and HIV infection can reduce the efficacy of measles vaccination. Methods A literature review was conducted to estimate key parameters relating to the potential impact of HIV infection on the epidemiology of measles in sub-Saharan Africa; parameters included the prevalence of HIV, child mortality, perinatal HIV transmission rates and protective immune responses to measles vaccination. These parameter estimates were incorporated into a simple model, applicable to regions that have a high prevalence of HIV, to estimate the potential impact of HIV infection on population immunity against measles. Findings The model suggests that the HIV pandemic should not introduce an insurmountable barrier to measles control and elimination, in part because higher rates of primary and secondary vaccine failure among HIV-infected children are counteracted by their high mortality rate. The HIV pandemic could result in a 2-3% increase in the proportion of the birth cohort susceptible to measles, and more frequent supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) may be necessary to control or eliminate measles. In the model the optimal interval between SIAs was most influenced by the coverage rate for routine measles vaccination. The absence of a second opportunity for vaccination resulted in the greatest increase in the number of susceptible children. Conclusion These results help explain the initial success of measles elimination efforts in southern Africa, where measles control has been achieved in a setting of high HIV prevalence. Keywords HIV infections/complications; Measles vaccine; Measles/immunology/epidemiology; Antigen-antibody reactions; Child; Models, Statistical; Africa South of the Sahara (source: MESH, NLM). Mots cles Infection a VIH/complication; Vaccin antimorbilleux; Rougeole/immunologie/epidemiologie; Reaction antigene-anticorps; Enfant; Modele statistique; Afrique subsaharienne (source: MeSH, INSERM). Palabras clave Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones; Vacuna antisarampion; Sarampion/inmunologia/epidemiologia; Reacciones antigeno-anticuerpo; Nino; Modelos estadisticos; Africa del Sur del Sahara (fuente: DeCS, BIREME). Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2005;83:329-337., Introduction Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine against measles, 614 000 measles-related deaths were estimated to have occurred in 2002, making measles a leading cause of childhood [...]

Early recognition and rapid initiation of infection control precautions are currently the most important strategies for controlling severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). No rapid diagnostic tests currently exist that can [...]

Abstract Background Immunodeficient persons with persistent vaccine-related poliovirus infection may serve as a potential reservoir for reintroduction of polioviruses after wild poliovirus eradication, posing a risk of their further circulation in inadequately immunized populations. Methods To estimate the potential for vaccine-related poliovirus persistence among HIV-infected persons, we studied poliovirus excretion following vaccination among children at an orphanage in Kenya. For 12 months after national immunization days, we collected serial stool specimens from orphanage residents aged Results Twenty-four children (15 HIV-infected, 9 HIV-uninfected) were enrolled, and 255 specimens (170 from HIV-infected, 85 from HIV-uninfected) were collected. All HIV-infected children had mildly or moderately symptomatic HIV-disease and moderate-to-severe immunosuppression. Fifteen participants shed vaccine-related polioviruses, and 22 shed NPEV at some point during the study period. Of 46 poliovirus-positive specimens, 31 were from HIV-infected, and 15 from HIV-uninfected children. No participant shed polioviruses for ≥ 6 months. Genomic sequencing of poliovirus isolates did not reveal any genetic evidence of long-term shedding. There was no long-term shedding of NPEV. Conclusion The results indicate that mildly to moderately symptomatic HIV-infected children retain the ability to clear enteroviruses, including vaccine-related poliovirus. Larger studies are needed to confirm and generalize these findings.

The identification of endogenous avian leukosis virus (ALV) and endogenous avian retrovirus (EAV) in chick cell-derived measles and mumps vaccines in current use has raised concern about transmission of these [...]

Transmission of infectious diseases within child care centers, transmission from children in day care to adults in their homes and to child care providers, and appropriate preventive measures are well […]

Serum was collected from 128 patients ⩽18 years of age admitted to the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh with new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and from 120 control-patients who were frequency-matched to case-patients for age, sex, and date of bleed. Serum was tested for IgM against 14 enterovirus serotypes: coxsackieviruses B1–B6 and A9, echoviruses 4, 6, 9, 11, 30, and 34, and enterovirus 71. Case-children 13–18 years of age were more likely than control-patients to be IgM-positive for 9 of 14 serotypes (P ⩽ .05 for each). In contrast, case-children 10–12 years of age and 1–9 years of age were each more likely than age-matched control-children to be IgM positive for 1 serotype (P ⩽ .05 for each). In addition, the association between IgM positivity and IDDM occurred earlier in girls than in boys. These data support an association between IDDM and enterovirus IgM positivity in older children. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

On December 19, 2019, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Ebola vaccine (ERVEBO, Merck) for the prevention of Ebola virus disease (EVD) caused by infection with Ebola virus, species Zaire ebolavirus, in adults aged ≥18 years. In February 2020, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended preexposure vaccination with ERVEBO for adults aged ≥18 years in the United States who are at highest risk for potential occupational exposure to Ebola virus because they are responding to an outbreak of EVD, work as health care personnel at federally designated Ebola treatment centers in the United States, or work as laboratorians or other staff members at biosafety level 4 facilities in the United States (1)., Competing Interests: All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.