1. RNA-Seq identifies SPGs as a ventral skeletal patterning cue in sea urchins.
- Author
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Piacentino ML, Zuch DT, Fishman J, Rose S, Speranza EE, Li C, Yu J, Chung O, Ramachandran J, Ferrell P, Patel V, Reyna A, Hameeduddin H, Chaves J, Hewitt FB, Bardot E, Lee D, Core AB, Hogan JD, Keenan JL, Luo L, Coulombe-Huntington J, Blute TA, Oleinik E, Ibn-Salem J, Poustka AJ, and Bradham CA
- Subjects
- Animals, Body Patterning drug effects, Cation Transport Proteins metabolism, Cell Differentiation drug effects, Ectoderm drug effects, Ectoderm enzymology, Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects, Embryo, Nonmammalian metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental drug effects, Mesoderm cytology, Models, Biological, Nickel toxicity, Sea Urchins drug effects, Signal Transduction drug effects, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A metabolism, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases antagonists & inhibitors, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases metabolism, Body Patterning genetics, Proteoglycans metabolism, Sea Urchins embryology, Sea Urchins genetics, Sequence Analysis, RNA methods, Sulfates metabolism
- Abstract
The sea urchin larval skeleton offers a simple model for formation of developmental patterns. The calcium carbonate skeleton is secreted by primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) in response to largely unknown patterning cues expressed by the ectoderm. To discover novel ectodermal cues, we performed an unbiased RNA-Seq-based screen and functionally tested candidates; we thereby identified several novel skeletal patterning cues. Among these, we show that SLC26a2/7 is a ventrally expressed sulfate transporter that promotes a ventral accumulation of sulfated proteoglycans, which is required for ventral PMC positioning and skeletal patterning. We show that the effects of SLC perturbation are mimicked by manipulation of either external sulfate levels or proteoglycan sulfation. These results identify novel skeletal patterning genes and demonstrate that ventral proteoglycan sulfation serves as a positional cue for sea urchin skeletal patterning., (© 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)
- Published
- 2016
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