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Purpose. The main purpose of the article is to assess the economic and socio-environmental costs of the urban delivery of small shipments in difficult weather conditions with a combination of different delivery means - a car, a motorcycle, a bicycle and a pedestrian courier. Methodology. The methodology for determining the integrated costs of urban logistics for small shipments in difficult weather conditions is based on an assessment of the region's synoptic data, statistics on road accidents and congestion levels, as well as on the specific operating conditions of the delivery company. Results. The result of the work is the cost of combining all-season delivery means with a motorcycle and a bicycle, which can only be used under favorable weather conditions. The theoretical contribution. The theoretical contribution consists in the presentation of a methodology that makes it possible to estimate the complex costs of a combination of various urban delivery means. Practical implications. Practical implementation consists in calculating the total costs for the delivery of goods for an online store in Kyiv with various combinations of delivery means, which allows to choose the most successful alternative.

In the present research, Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) adequacy is assessed through a three-dimensional approach, which associates road visibility in terms of grade effect. SSD adequacy is controlled through the difference between the available and the required SSD. The research is focused on a right turned, two lane rural road, associated with a crest vertical curve for a given speed value. The road design is in accordance with the Greek Road Design Guidelines (OMOE-X, 2001) by utilizing the control design parameters for a design speed of 80 km/h and a wide range of grade values, where the vertex point of the crest vertical curve is positioned at fixed points along the road axis. The investigation is based on a vehicle speed exceeding the design speed by 20 km/h. In total 1874 cases of compound alignments were examined and the results revealed that the available sight distance is decreasing while grade increases. The vehicle speed on the tangent sections was proved unacceptable in terms of providing SSD adequacy. However, it was found that SSD adequacy is granted when the vertical vertex falls inside the circular arc of the curve’s horizontal alignment, while the optimum area is defined shortly before the horizontal vertex point.

This review presents publication trends, characteristics, and quality of systematic reviews (SRs) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of antihypertensive drugs (AHTDs). Between 1985 and 2017, 1,173 SRs were published, and in the last 20 years, 10, 35, and 116 were published in the year 1996, 2006, and 2016, respectively. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers were the most common class of drugs studied. Fourteen percent of the SRs were prospectively registered/published protocol. Three‐fourth of the SRs did not report a full search strategy, and 45% did not report a PRISMA or similar diagram. Of the 34 SRs published in the five high impact factor journals in the last 10 years, 15%, 21%, and 65% have unclear, low, and high risk of bias, respectively. There has been a steady increase in the publication of SRs of RCTs of AHTDs. However, adherence to standard methods of conduct and reporting continues to be low., Between 1985 and 2017, 1,173 SRs of antihypertensive drugs (AHTDs) were published. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers were the most common class of drugs studied. Fourteen percent of the SRs were prospectively registered/published protocol. Three‐fourth of the SRs did not report a full search strategy, and 45% did not report PRISMA diagram. Of the 34 SRs published in the five high impact factor journals in the last 10 years, 15%, 21%, and 65% have unclear, low, and high risk of bias, respectively. There has been a steady increase in the publication of SRs of RCTs of AHTDs. However, adherence to standard methods of conduct and reporting continues to be low.

The conclusion section of the article is an essential part as it is the last chance and to conclude the article. But this very essential part of the article was usually considered a part of the Discussion section of a research article, the one exception being Yang and Allison's (2003) study of the final section where they found conclusion as part-genre. For current research, the researcher randomly chose 15 high impact factor research articles across three different disciplines from social sciences. All the conclusion sections were selected from high impact factor research articles, published between 2008 and 2013. A Four-move model adapted from Yang and Allison (2003) and Bunton (2005) models are used to analyze the selected corpus for the current research. The analysis shows that there is an agreement between both corpora in classifying the moves as obligatory or optional. While Move 1, summarizing, and Move 2, evaluating, are obligatory, Move 4, future research is conventional; however, there is a difference in Move 3. M3, practical implications are optional in social sciences research articles. However, there are also several variations between the conclusion section in the corpus and the suggested model of analysis. The study concludes that these variations between the conclusion and the proposed model indicate that writers should choose the moves that best serve their purposes rather than including all the moves.

The study aimed to investigate the characteristics of 500 research article titles in nursing and explore any differences between the three types of journals: international high impact factor journals, domestic journals published in Japanese, and domestic journal published in English. The nursing article titles showed significant differences according to the journal type, which indicates the danger of generalizing discipline-specific norms. The results also showed that the article titles of international high impact factor journals show significant differences in four features: style, length, structure, and content. These results are useful, especially for novice writers who use English as a foreign language.

With vast range of applications in real life situations, the Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs) have been the subject of countless studies since the late 1950s. However, a more realistic version of the classical VRP, where the distribution of goods is done from several depots is the Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing Problem (MDVRP), which has been the central attraction of recent researches. The objective of this problem is to find the routes for vehicles to serve all the customers at a minimal cost in terms of the number of routes and the total distance travelled without violating the capacity and travel time constraints of the vehicles, and it is handled with a variety of assumptions and constraints in the existing literature. This survey reviews the current status of the MDVRP and discuss the future direction regarding this problem.

Many believe that the quality of a scientific publication is as good as the science it cites. However, quantifications of how features of reference lists affect citations remain sparse. We examined seven numerical characteristics of reference lists of 50,878 research articles published in 17 ecological journals between 1997 and 2017. Over this period, significant changes occurred in reference lists’ features. On average, more recent papers have longer reference lists and cite more high Impact Factor papers and fewer non-journal publications. We also show that highly cited articles across the ecological literature have longer reference lists, cite more recent and impactful references, and include more self-citations. Conversely, the proportion of ‘classic’ papers and non-journal publications cited, as well as the temporal span of the reference list, have no significant influence on articles’ citations. From this analysis, we distill a recipe for crafting impactful reference lists, at least in ecology.

Uma revisao sistematica do impacto da Teoria da Rainha Vermelha (TRV) foi realizada desde o ano da sua formulacao em 1973 ate 2018. Publicada ha 45 anos, a TRV tenta elucidar a manutencao do sexo ao longo da arvore da vida, considerando os custos inerentes aos envolvidos. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi identificar, tendencias, lacunas e sistemas biologicos onde a TRV e valida em diferentes disciplinas relacionadas a biodiversidade. Houve uma frequencia variavel de citacoes e um aumento das publicacoes na ultima decada. Quanto ao numero de publicacoes, todos os principais paises sao ricos: Estados Unidos da America, Inglaterra e Suica. As revistas de alto fator de impacto foram responsaveis por 30 % dos artigos publicados e os estudos de nivel populacional, compostos por 70 % das publicacoes, provavelmente porque os artigos da TRV estudaram a coevolucao interespecifica, quando abordados pela perspectiva ecologica. A maioria dos artigos focou em invertebrados e microorganismos, superando as publicacoes com vertebrados e plantas. As publicacoes abrangeram todas as disciplinas relacionadas com a biodiversidade, mas a Biologia Evolutiva e a Ecologia foram as mais predominantes. Isso demonstra o potencial aumento do impacto, visibilidade e discussao da teoria refletida em estudos de ciencias naturais de longo prazo, contribuindo para o aumento do apoio financeiro e questoes que abordam outros grupos taxonomicos e niveis ecologicos, tornando-se historicamente uma fonte de subsidio teorico de informacao. RED QUEEN'S LEGACY FOR BIODIVERSITY: TRENDS ON STUDIES DEVELOPED AFTER OVER FOUR DECADES OF FORMULATION: A systematic review of the impact of the Red Queen Theory (TRV) has been conducted from the year of its formulation in 1973 until 2018. Published 45 years ago, the TRV attempts to elucidate the maintenance of sex throughout the tree of life, considering the inherent costs to those involved. The aim general objective of the work was to identify, trends, gaps and biological systems where TRV is valid in different disciplines related to biodiversity. There was a variable citation frequency and an increase in publications in the last decade. Regarding the number of publications, all the main countries are rich: United States of America, England and Switzerland. High impact factor journals accounted for 30 % of the published articles and Population level studies composed 70 % of publications, likely because the TVR articles studied interspecific coevolution, when approached by the ecological perspective. Most papers focused on invertebrates and microorganisms, surpassing publications with vertebrates and plants. Publications encompassed all disciplines related to biodiversity, but Evolutionary Biology and Ecology were the most predominant. This demonstrates the potential increase in impact, visibility, and discussion of the theory reflected in long-term natural science studies, contributing to increased financial support and issues that address other taxonomic groups and ecological levels by becoming historically a source of information. theoretical allowance.

Poplars, a fast-growing species, enjoy a high significance in Iran’s industry. So far, information on poplar plantation, such as area, volume, and harvest, has been obtained by non-scientific and poor methods. A few studies have been conducted to recognize capability of poplar plantation about area, volume, harvest, distribution, and species in three high efficient provinces, i.e., Eastern/ Azerbaijan, Zanjan, Kermanshah, and Ardabil. A Cluster sampling a standard sampling method for conducting similar researches was selected, consisting of two phases. In the first phase we collected library information and half-open interview from villagers. In the second phase field measurement in the villages of these four provinces was considered. Obtained information from field measurement was erected poplar volume, cultivated poplar area, prevalent species and estimating volume via volume and weight tables. Results obtained from the present study indicate that average annual utilization volume of four provinces was 172628.84 m3, with an average error of 14.19 percent.

This article describes the Village Companion (PD) contribution for the management of the Village Fund in order to achieve village development goals. The study was conducted in Air Periukan Village, Seluma District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. This study is very interesting to study because Desa Air Periukan has a very good development of rural development compared to other villages. The position of the village 4 years ago in the village category was very lagging behind. However, in 2018 Air Periukan village is in the category of Developing Villages and is able to manage village potential to the full. The data sources in this study are secondary data and primary data. The research informants were 5 village apparatus, 2 village facilitators and 5 community members who accidentally met at the time of the study. The results showed that the existence of village facilitators contributed to the management of village funds. Village Facilitators are able to empower the community so that the Village Apparatus is able to carry out development planning in accordance with community needs sourced from the Village Fund.

Background:. Inappropriate referencing of the existing literature has the potential to propagate false information. Quotation errors are defined as citations in which the referenced article fails to substantiate the authors’ claims. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of quotation errors in high-impact general orthopaedic and sports medicine journals and to determine whether there are article or journal-related factors that are related to the rate of inaccuracies. Methods:. A total of 250 citations from the 5 orthopaedic and sports medicine journals with the highest impact factors in 2019 (per Journal Citation Reports) were chosen using a random sequence generator. Reviewers rated the chosen citations by comparing the claims made by the authors with the data and conclusions of the referenced source to determine whether quotation errors were present. Logistic regression was utilized to assess for article- and journal-related factors related to the rate of quotation errors. Results:. The overall quotation error rate was 13.6%. A total of 2.8% of the claims were completely unsubstantiated. The number of quotation errors did not significantly differ between the included journals. Single citations were significantly more likely than string citations to result in citations that could not be fully substantiated (χ2 = 4.57; odds ratio = 2.22; 95% confidence interval = 1.06 to 4.66; p = 0.03). No relationship was found between the rate of quotation errors and the total number of citations in the article, study type, or the graded level of evidence of the article. Conclusions:. Quotation errors in high-impact factor orthopaedic and sports medicine journals are common. This is particularly important given the higher likelihood that studies in these journals are cited elsewhere, thus propagating the inaccuracies. Efforts from both authors and journals are needed to reduce quotation errors in the orthopaedic literature.

Introduction: The process of scientific publishing changed greatly in the past decades. The authors aimed to get insight into the time required for articles to be accepted and released online in high-impacted ophthalmology journals. Methods: Comprehensive review of all original articles published by eight ophthalmology journals during a one-year period was performed for 2020 and 2005. Time taken from submission to acceptance and the first online release of the article was abstracted and analyzed. Results: A total of 3110 articles were reviewed. In 2020, the overall median time from submission to acceptance (AT) was 119 days (IQR 83-168) and 30 days (10-71) from acceptance to the first online release of the article (OP). AT increased by 7.3% from 2005 to 2020, whereas OP reduced by 73%. Publications, which the corresponding author was affiliated with US-located institution had shorter both AT and OP in 2005 and 2020. The author’s specialty in ophthalmology had an inconclusive impact on AT and OP. Papers with multiple affiliated institutions had shorter AT and OP in both 2005 and 2020; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that increasing pressure on authors, editors, and reviewers to publish articles and journals with high impact factor (IF) significantly influenced publication times in ophthalmology journals. Inflation of research papers was associated with rising AT time. A significant decrease in OP time was potentially explained by the editor’s demand to achieve decent journal IF. This article brings to light relative publication times in the ophthalmology scientific journals.

BackgroundDespite progress that has been made in the treatment of many immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), there remains a need for improved treatments. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) provide the highest form of evidence on the effectiveness of a potential new treatment regimen, but they are extremely expensive and time consuming to conduct. Consequently, much focus has been given in recent years to innovative design and analysis methods that could improve the efficiency of RCTs. In this article, we review the current use and future potential of these methods within the context of IMID trials.MethodsWe provide a review of several innovative methods that would provide utility in IMID research. These include novel study designs (adaptive trials, Sequential Multi-Assignment Randomised Trials, basket, and umbrella trials) and data analysis methodologies (augmented analyses of composite responder endpoints, using high-dimensional biomarker information to stratify patients, and emulation of RCTs from routinely collected data). IMID trials are now well-placed to embrace innovative methods. For example, well-developed statistical frameworks for adaptive trial design are ready for implementation, whilst the growing availability of historical datasets makes the use of Bayesian methods particularly applicable.To assess whether and how these innovative methods have been used in practice, we conducted a review via PubMed of clinical trials pertaining to any of 51 IMIDs that were published between 2018 and 20 in five high impact factor clinical journals.ResultsAmongst 97 articles included in the review, 19 (19.6%) used an innovative design method, but most of these were relatively straightforward examples of innovative approaches. Only two (2.1%) reported the use of evidence from routinely collected data, cohorts, or biobanks. Eight (9.2%) collected high-dimensional data.ConclusionsApplication of innovative statistical methodology to IMID trials has the potential to greatly improve efficiency, to generalise and extrapolate trial results, and to further personalise treatment strategies. Currently, such methods are infrequently utilised in practice. New research is required to ensure that IMID trials can benefit from the most suitable methods.

Objective:This study aimed to presentcharacteristics of internationally published articles about emergency medicineoriginating from Turkey between 2002-2012 years.Methods:For our evaluation, all articlesabout emergency medicine published in Science Citation Index and ScienceCitation Index Expanded between 2002-2012 years were included. The articleswere categorized according to subjects, hospitals, departments, years. TheInternational Scientific Indexing Web of Knowledge was searched for allarticles.Results: A total of 1812 articles were included. Of allarticles, 64,3% (n=1165) were published in the last five years. Publications inthe last five years were detected to increase at a rate of 4,6% per year. 78,1% (n=1416) of the articles were published in non-Emergency Medicine journals.“Turkish Clinics” journal in the non-Emergency Medicine journals group, with 46articles, and the "Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery" in theEmergency Medicine group, with 134 articles, were the preferred journals. Themost popular subjects were trauma, at 14,7% (n=266), followed by emergencymedicine and management, at 14% (n=253). Conclusion:Significant publication growth wasdetected related to the development of Emergency Medicine in Turkey. The preference of non- Emergency Medicine journals, trauma as the most popular subject, and theeffect of university hospitals were the interesting results of this study. Thelow number of multicenter trials and published articles in high impact factorjournals have led us to consider the importance of publication quality, whichrequires additional effort., Amaç:Türkiye'de Acil Tıp alanındauluslararası literatürde yayınlanmış bilimsel çalışmaların genel karakteristiközelliklerini ortaya koymaktır. Gereçve Yöntem: Değerlendirme için ABD’de ScienceCitation Index ve Science Citation Index Expanded 'ta 2002-2012 yıllarıarasında Acil Tıp alanında yayınlanan makaleler seçilmiştir. Seçilen makalelerkonulara, hastanelere, bölümlere ve yıllara göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Araştırmabilgisayar ortamında “International Scientific Indexing Web of Knowledge”kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Bulgular:Çalışmaya dâhil edilen 1812makalenin %64,3’ünün (n=1165) son 5 yılda yayınlandığı, son beş yılda artışoranının yılda %4,6 olduğu saptandı. Tüm makalelerin %78,1’lik (n=1416) biroranı acil tıp kategorisi dışındaki dergilerde yayınlanmıştır. Bu kategoride enpopüler dergi 46 makale ile "Türkiye Klinikleri" dergisi olurken, acil tıpkategorisinde ilk sırayı 134 makale ile "Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi" almıştır. En sık travma %14,7 (n=266) ve acil tıp ve yönetimi %14 (n=253)konularında makale gönderilmiştir. Sonuç: Türk acil tıbbındaki gelişmelere paralel olarakuluslararası bilimsel yayınların sayısı da her geçen yıl katlanarakartmaktadır. Acil tıp kategorisi dışındaki dergilerin daha çok tercih edilmesi,acil tıp konulu yayınların çokluğu, üniversite hastanelerinin katkısı dikkatçekicidir. Çok merkezli ve etki faktörü yüksek dergilerde yayınlanançalışmaların azlığı yayın sayısı kadar yayın kalitesi konusuna da önem verilmesigerektiğini düşündürmektedir.

استهدفت الدراسة الکشف عن الاتجاهات الحديثة في توظيف الإنتاجية العلمية لأعضاء هيئة التدريس بالجامعات في مجال اقتصاديات المعرفة. واستخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي لتحقيق هدفها. وقد تمثلت أبرز نتائج الدراسة في أن ثمة اتجاهات حديثة في توظيف الإنتاجية العلمية لأعضاء هيئة التدريس بالجامعات في مجال اقتصاديات المعرفة؛ کالاتجاه نحو الشراکة بين الجامعات والمؤسسات الإنتاجية والخدمية، والتغيير المخطط في أهداف البحوث وعملياتها، وتسويق البحوث العلمية، وإدارة المعرفة، وأخيرا الاتجاه نحو إدارة الموارد البشرية واستقطاب الکفاءات. کما توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من المتطلبات التي يمکن من خلالها توظيف الإنتاجية العلمية لأعضاء هيئة التدريس بالجامعات في مجال اقتصاديات المعرفة، والتي کان من أهمها نشر الإنتاجية العلمية لأعضاء هيئة التدريس من خلال الکتب والتقارير والمقالات وبحوث المؤتمرات والدوريات العلمية المتخصصة ذات المستوى العلمي الرفيع، وتدريب أعضاء هيئة التدريس على النشر الالکتروني لنتاجهم العلمي على شبکة الانترنت، والاعتداد بالإنتاجية العلمية المؤسسة على العمل الفريقي وعدم الاقتصار على الأعمال الفردية، وکذا تبادل الإنتاجية العلمية بين أعضاء هيئة التدريس من ذوي التخصصات المتعددة والمتباينة من خلال الحوار التأملي بحلقات النقاش العلمية، وتسويق الإنتاجية العلمية من خلال الإعلام بها، والتأسيس لبناء الإنتاجية العلمية في ضوء متطلبات اقتصاد المعرفة والتوجه العالمي لها، وفي ضوء مردودها في تحقيق أهداف المجتمع والمساعدة على حل مشکلاته، هذا بالإضافة إلى تشجيع أعضاء هيئة التدريس على إجراء البحوث التعاقدية التي تتمتع بميزانية مرصودة ومحددة سلفا ومدة زمنية متفق عليها ونتائج قابلة للتطبيق. The current study aimed at investigating the contemporary trends in functioning the scientific productivity of the university faculty members in the field of knowledge economy. The descriptive method was utilized to attain the study objectives. The most prominent results attained revealed that there are many contemporary trends in utilizing the scientific productivity of the university faculty members in the field of knowledge economy such as: the orientation toward partnership between universities, production and service institutions, planned change in research objectives and operations, marketing scientific research, knowledge management, human resources and attraction of talents. The study also showed a number of requirements that assist in functioning the scientific productivity of the university faculty members in the field of knowledge economy such as: the dissemination of scientific productivity of the university faculty members via books, reports, articles, conferences, scientific journals of high impact factor, training the university teaching staff to disseminate their research electronically, emphasizing the scientific productivity based on the team work as well as individual work, exchanging scientific productivity among the university teaching staff with different specializations via scientific discussion rings, marketing scientific productivity through the media, constructing scientific productivity in the light of the requirements of the knowledge economy and global orientation and in the light of its effect on achieving the objectives of the community and resolving its problems and encouraging the university faculty members to conduct research with a predefined budget, agreed time and applicable results.

Objectives. The aim of the current study was to analyze the 100 most-cited systematic reviews or meta-analyses in the field of acupuncture research. Methods. The Web of Science Core Collection was used to retrieve lists of 100 most-cited systematic reviews or meta-analyses in the field of acupuncture research. Two authors screened literature, extracted data, and analyzed the results. Results. The citation number of the 100 most-cited systematic reviews or meta-analyses varied from 65 to 577; they were published between 1989 and 2018. Fourteen authors published more than 1 study as the corresponding author and 10 authors published more than 1 study as the first author. In terms of the corresponding authors, Edzard Ernst and Linde Klaus published the most systematic reviews/meta-analyses (n = 7). The USA published most of the systematic reviews or meta-analyses (n = 24), followed by England (n = 23) and China (n = 14). Most institutions with more than 1 study were from England (4/13). The institutions with the largest numbers of most-cited systematic reviews or meta-analyses were the Technical University of Munich in Germany, the University of Maryland School of Medicine in the USA (n = 8), the Universities of Exeter and Plymouth in England (n = 6), and the University of Exeter in England (n = 6). The journal with the largest number of most-cited systematic reviews or meta-analyses was the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (n = 20), followed by Pain (n = 6). Conclusion. Our study reveals that the 100 most-cited systematic reviews or meta-analyses in the acupuncture research field are mostly from high impact factor journals and developed countries. It will help researchers follow research hot spots, broaden their research scope, expand their academic horizons, and explore new research ideas, thereby improving the quality of acupuncture research.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine, using PubMed, the number of articles in the field of physical medicine and rehabilitation medicine originating in Japan, especially those containing high-quality scientific evidence (randomized controlled trials [RCTs], systematic reviews, meta-analyses) and those published in high impact factor journals. Methods: We searched the PubMed database to identify articles, RCTs, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses from Japan covering physical medicine and rehabilitation published between 2001 and 2019; we then calculated the proportion of articles from Japan. Additionally, using Journal Citation Reports, we selected the top ten highest impact factor journals on “Rehabilitation” each year between 2001 and 2019. For each year, we searched PubMed for the total number of articles in these top ten journals and for articles originating in Japan. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to evaluate the change in the proportion of publications from Japan over time. Results: The proportion of articles on physical medicine and rehabilitation originating in Japan increased from 2001 to 2019 (P

We warmly thank all the colleagues who have enthusiastically participated in the project of this Special Issue on “2D Ultra-Thin Carbon Films”, considering a globally unfavorable context characterized by (i) a myriad of publication options; (ii) strong pressure, by the highly competitive research (and researcher) funding and evaluation system, to publish in high impact factor journals, specifically for topics of worldwide interest; and (iii) all sorts of restrictions imposed by the sanitary crisis [...]

Encuestamos a 348 investigadores de Psicología y Educación en España, sobre temas como su percepción de una crisis en la ciencia, su confianza en la calidad de los resultados publicados y el uso de prácticas de investigación cuestionables (QRP). También se recogieron sus percepciones respecto a la presión por publicar y la competencia académica. Los resultados indican que una gran parte de la muestra de académicos españoles piensa que existe una crisis en la Ciencia, principalmente por falta de inversión económica, y duda de la calidad de los hallazgos publicados. También sienten una fuerte presión para publicar en revistas de alto factor de impacto y un clima laboral altamente competitivo. We surveyed 348 Psychology and Education researchers within Spain, on issues such as their perception of a crisis in Science, their confidence in the quality of published results, and the use of questionable research practices (QRP). Their perceptions regarding pressure to publish and academic competition were also collected. The results indicate that a large proportion of the sample of Spanish academics think there is a crisis in Science, mainly due to a lack of economic investment, and doubts the quality of published findings. They also feel strong pressure to publish in high impact factor journals and a highly competitive work climate.

Background To explore the performance status of Chinese postgraduate medical students in literature searching. Methods A self-designed online questionnaire was used to assess the literature search performance of postgraduate students (PGSs) from the classes of 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 from two medical colleges. The items of the questionnaire mainly included: the demographic characteristics of the PGSs, methods of literature review, literature reading habits, and use of literature. We also designed a self-assessed score that ranged from the lowest 1 point to the highest 5 points. Results A total of 902 PGSs (482 male, average age: 29.4±5.8 years old, working time range: 0-10 years, average 3.7±2.4 years) completed the questionnaire. Most PGSs investigated literature only at the work tasks (632, 70.1%) and writing papers (571, 63.3%) stages. Of the PGSs, 542 (60.1%) PGSs searched literature frequency (≥1 paper/week), and 114 (12.6%) did not perform advanced searches, and some had no knowledge of advanced search techniques at all. Most PGSs had not read more than 100 Chinese articles or English articles before. Most PGSs were used to read articles from the most authoritative journals (665, 73.7%) or high impact factor (IF) (540, 59.9%). PGSs (845, 93.7%) only read the full text of articles they deemed important. Of the PGSs, 441 (48.9%) did not use literature management tools. For self-assessed score of literature searching and reading skills, the mean was 2.1 (standard deviation, 0.8). Reading literature efficiently (710, 78.7%) and tracking recent literatures (615, 68.2%) were the two needed literature skills reported. Conclusions Chinese medical PGSs still have room for improvement in relation to literature investigation. Intensive training in literature searching should be given to improve their performance.

Rice is fundamental need for Indonesia and most of its citizens are occupied as farmers. In Ploso, Jombang, there are several big grain mills. The enterprises must be clever to respond many obstacles on their business, that way will minimize their loss and increase profit. Loss factor in grain mills lay on the mistake when they made calculation of price estimation, one of them is grain damage. The calculation commonly used among farmer is the price of grain is divided by damage grain. This study was descriptive qualitative research to reveal factors that affected rice price based on damage grain calculation in mill enterprise located in Ploso, Jombang Regency. The study was conducted in four months from February 2019 to May 2019 which took place in UD Santoso located in Ploso, Jombang Region. The study has resulted that grain yield must be considered by rice millers as factors in affecting rice price based on damage grain calculation. To avoid it, there must be socialization for farmer and mill owner about factors that affect grain yield, rice price expectation based on grain price and solution about how to minimize grain loss.

This paper investigates the impact of individual characteristics (gender, age, education level, and marital status) and regional influences on unemployment duration of young in Tunisia using data from the Panel Study of Tunisia Labor Market 2014 (TLMPS 2014). The Kaplan-Meier estimates of the survival function are presented (used) to analyze the determinants of unemployment duration. Results point (out) significant differences between men and women in the difficulty of getting a first job. These differences consist mainly in the following points. First, education appears as a highly positive factor in reducing the duration of unemployment, particularly for women. Second, the rural – urban gap continues to be significant in this context. Third, residents of regions with higher unemployment rates, all else equal, have longer duration of unemployment. In all regions, women have relatively longer duration of unemployment. Fourth, the unemployed persons from the age group 25-30 years have a higher probability of remaining unemployed. Fifth, married women have significantly longer duration than married men before finding jobs. These results may be useful and can improve the implementation of adequate policies on the Labor market of Tunisia by identifying vulnerable groups of persons that look for employment.

Objective: Our primary objective was to determine the journal efficiency by measuring the timelag in the acceptance and publication of scientific findings by a journal on behalf of the authors upon submission. Methods: This paper is a part of an ongoing series that is aimed to address the journal efficiency of all journals in the general medical, neurology, mental health, and public health domains. For this part, we selected the annals of Indian academy of neurology. To collect necessary efficiency parameters, we assessed the latest issue of the journal, and collected details about the dates of submission, acceptance, and publication of original research articles. All data was entered in MS-Excel and, after that, the time lag between each step was calculated by using simple mathematical formulae. Results: The journal published a total of 11 original research articles in its latest May-June 2020 issue. The average timelag from submisson to acceptance (step-1) was 40.1 (95%CI 14.6-65.5, range 2-126) days, while the timelag between article submission and its publication (step-2) was 283.3 (95%CI 173.4-393.2, range 37-522) days. The percent difference in the delay from article acceptance to its publication was 150.4% higher than for acceptance alone of the article. Conclusions: We affirm that the journal had a reasonable average timelag between article submission and its acceptance; although it varied upto 126 days. Moreover, the journal fails grossly in efficiency parameters by having a timelag of 150.4% more for final publication after acceptance, and an average delay of 283.3 (95%CI 173.4-393.2) days for publication, and took upto 522 days for publishing the accepted articles. Such unethical timelag disadvantages the authors alone, corrupts the entire publication ecosystem, and, also, brings up many questions regarding the possible repurcussions of such delays on the author’s profession, mental health, and academic returns, etc. due to journal inefficiency. We consider that it is a high time that the journals start to realize their duties and obligations towards their authors pertaining to their efficiency. Full text fully-formatted PDF text version and Speech Abstract©: academiaandEgnyteandpr@mail.euclid.int

It is said that the quality of a scientific publication is as good as the science it cites, but the properties of high-quality reference lists have never been numerically quantified. We examined seven numerical characteristics of reference lists of 50,878 primary research articles published in 17 ecological journals between 1997 and 2017. Over this 20-years period, there have been significant changes in reference lists’ properties. On average, more recent ecological papers have longer reference lists, cite more high Impact Factor papers, and fewer non-journal publications. Furthermore, we show that highly cited papers across the ecology literature have longer reference lists, cite more recent and impactful papers, and account for more self-citations. Conversely, the proportion of ‘classic’ papers and non-journal publications cited, as well as the temporal range of the reference list, have no significant influence on articles’ citations. From this analysis, we distill a recipe for crafting impactful reference lists.

BackgroundsObservational studies plays an important role in urology studies, But few studies have paid attention to the statistical reporting quality of observational studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and evaluate the reporting quality of statistical methods of the published observational studies in urology.MethodsThe five urology journals were selected according to the 5-year impact factor. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed for relevant articles. The quality of statistical reporting was assessed according to assessment criteria.ResultsA total of 193 articles were included in this study. The mean statistical reporting score of included articles was 0.42 (SD=0.15), accounting for 42% of total score. The items that must be reported with a reporting rate more than 50% were: alpha level (n=122, 65.2%), confidence intervals (n=134, 69.4%), name of statistical package (n=158, 84.5%) and exact P-values (n=161, 86.1%). The items with a reporting rate less than 50% were: outliers (n=2, 1.0%) and sample size (n=13, 6.7%). For multivariable regression models (liner, logistic and Cox), variables coding (n=27, 40.7%), validation analysis of assumptions (n=58, 40.3%), interaction test (n=43, 30.0%), collinearity diagnostics (n=5, 3.5%) and goodness of fit test (n=6, 5.9%) were reported. Number of authors more than 7(OR=2.06, 95%CI=1.04-4.08) and participation of statistician or epidemiologist (OR=1.73, 95%CI=1.18-3.39) were associated with the superior reporting quality.ConclusionThe statistical reporting quality of published observational studies in 5 high-impact factor urological journals was alarming. We encourage researchers to collaborate with statistician or epidemiologist. The authors, reviewers and editors should increase their knowledge of statistical methods, especially new and complex methods.

Background In this study, we aimed to evaluate the inclination of orthodontic research published in original articles in three of the most popular and recognized orthodontic journals with high impact factor; American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (AJODO), the Angle Orthodontist (AO), and European Journal of Orthodontics (EJO) published in a 5-year duration time frame (2010–2014). Materials and Methods Online search with supplementary hand searching was undertaken for original research articles in these three orthodontic journals from 2010 to 2014. Classification of data was completed autonomously by manual and direct appraisal of the manuscript of each journal. Results and Conclusion Three thousand one hundred and forty articles published in AJODO, AO, and EJO in the particular time period were selected, out of which 1783 original research study articles (56.78%) were appraised for classification in their various respective knowledge domains. AO (82.73%) and EJO (76.99%) were relatively more committed toward publication of research work in comparison to AJODO (34.55%). Research articles based on perception and questionnaires (12%), temporary anchorage devices (11%), cone-beam computed tomography (8%), invisible orthodontics (lingual orthodontics, clear aligners, esthetic brackets, and wires) (5%), and airway examination (5%) were the five most recurrently selected subjects of interest (41%) in these three journals during the observation period. The total number of research articles published in the three journals reduced statistically significantly in 2014 when compared to 2010.

Engineering properties of stones have a crucial importance when they are used for civil engineering works. In this study, the suitability of rocks blocks or stones as a construction material is established. Cove and Dan cities surroundings in the southern part of Zou Province have large blocks and aggregates quarries operated recently. In this study, laboratory tests were carried out to investigate the performance of rocks blocks and aggregates quarried in the region. For this purpose of the study, three wooden containers with rocks blocks and aggregates samples were collected from three different quarries, and so, laboratory tests including particle density and water absorption test, resistance to wear, magnesium sulfate test, compressive strength and methylene blue absorption test were performed in accordance with the international standards to explore the quality of stones to be used for modern construction. Concluding that rocks blocks and aggregates satisfy the relevant regulation (that is, a norm, European standard).

Background To compare the frequency of “spin” in systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy studies in high-impact journals with the frequency a previously assessed series of reviews. Methods Medline was searched from January 2010 to January 2019. Systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy studies were included if they reported a meta-analysis and were published in a journal with an impact factor >5. Two investigators independently scored each included systematic review for positivity of conclusions and for actual and potential overinterpretation practices. Results Of 137 included systematic reviews, actual overinterpretation was present in ≥1 form in the abstract in 63 (46%) and in the full-text report in 52 (38%); 108 (79%) contained a form of potential overinterpretation. Compared with the previously assessed series (reviews published 2015–2016), reviews in this series were less likely to contain ≥1 form of actual overinterpretation in the abstract and full-text report or ≥1 form of potential overinterpretation (P Conclusions Reviews of diagnostic accuracy studies in high-impact journals are less likely to contain overinterpretation or spin. This difference is largely due to the reviews published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, which contain spin less often than reviews published in other high-impact journals.

[Background]: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) provide the most reliable information to inform clinical practice and patient care. We aimed to map global clinical research publication activity through RCT-related articles in high-impact-factor medical journals over the past five decades., [Methods]: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of articles published in the highest ranked medical journals with an impact factor > 10 (according to Journal Citation Reports published in 2017). We searched PubMed/MEDLINE (from inception to December 31, 2017) for all RCT-related articles (e.g. primary RCTs, secondary analyses and methodology papers) published in high-impact-factor medical journals. For each included article, raw metadata were abstracted from the Web of Science. A process of standardization was conducted to unify the different terms and grammatical variants and to remove typographical, transcription and/or indexing errors. Descriptive analyses were conducted (including the number of articles, citations, most prolific authors, countries, journals, funding sources and keywords). Network analyses of collaborations between countries and co-words are presented., [Results]: We included 39,305 articles (for the period 1965–2017) published in forty journals. The Lancet (n = 3593; 9.1%), the Journal of Clinical Oncology (n = 3343; 8.5%) and The New England Journal of Medicine (n = 3275 articles; 8.3%) published the largest number of RCTs. A total of 154 countries were involved in the production of articles. The global productivity ranking was led by the United States (n = 18,393 articles), followed by the United Kingdom (n = 8028 articles), Canada (n = 4548 articles) and Germany (n = 4415 articles). Seventeen authors who had published 100 or more articles were identified; the most prolific authors were affiliated with Duke University (United States), Harvard University (United States) and McMaster University (Canada). The main funding institutions were the National Institutes of Health (United States), Hoffmann-La Roche (Switzerland), Pfizer (United States), Merck Sharp & Dohme (United States) and Novartis (Switzerland). The 100 most cited RCTs were published in nine journals, led by The New England Journal of Medicine (n = 78 articles), The Lancet (n = 9 articles) and JAMA (n = 7 articles). These landmark contributions focused on novel methodological approaches (e.g. the “Bland-Altman method”) and trials on the management of chronic conditions (e.g. diabetes control, hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women, multiple therapies for diverse cancers, cardiovascular therapies such as lipid-lowering statins, antihypertensive medications, and antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapy)., [Conclusions]: Our analysis identified authors, countries, funding institutions, landmark contributions and high-impact-factor medical journals publishing RCTs. Over the last 50 years, publication production in leading medical journals has increased, with Western countries leading in research but with low- and middle-income countries showing very limited representation., FC-L and RT-S are supported by the Institute of Health Carlos III/CIBERSAM. BH is supported by a New Investigator Award from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Drug Safety and Effectiveness Network. DM is supported by a University Research Chair, University of Ottawa.

Background Many studies examined gender inequalities in research, but only a few data are available for general biomedical journals. We assessed the prevalence of female first authorship in general biomedical journals and examined its variations across a number of author, article and journal characteristics. Methods This study was nested within a larger project designed to analyze the bibliometric characteristics of scientific articles. We retrieved 767 randomly selected articles published in 2016 in high impact factor journals of primary healthcare (n = 9) and general internal medicine (n = 9). We extracted the following data: author (gender, number of publications and affiliation of the first author), paper (number of authors, number of participants and study design) and journal characteristics (journal discipline and 2015 impact factor). We compared the proportion of articles authored by women and men using univariate and multivariate logistic regressions adjusted for intra-cluster correlations. Results The female authorship proportion was 48% (63% for primary healthcare and 33% for general internal medicine, P-value < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, women published fewer articles (15 publications: OR 1.6 [95% CI 1.1–2.4]), were more often affiliated with institutions in the Western world (OR 2.2 [95% CI 1.2–3.9]), were more likely to publish qualitative studies (versus systematic reviews or experiments: OR 2.7 [95% CI 1.5–4.8]) and to publish in primary healthcare journals (OR 1.7 [95% CI 1.1–2.7]). Conclusions The underrepresentation of women in articles published by general internal medicine journals, in articles from the non-Western world and in systematic reviews and trials should be addressed.

Applying for a faculty position is a critical phase of many postdoctoral careers, but most postdoctoral researchers in STEM fields enter the academic job market with little knowledge of the process and expectations. A lack of data has made it difficult for applicants to assess their qualifications relative to the general applicant pool and for institutions to develop effective hiring policies. We analyzed responses to a survey of faculty job applicants between May 2018 and May 2019. We establish various background scholarly metrics for a typical faculty applicant and present an analysis of the interplay between those metrics and hiring outcomes. Traditional benchmarks of a positive research track record above a certain threshold of qualifications were unable to completely differentiate applicants with and without offers. Our findings suggest that there is no single clear path to a faculty job offer and that metrics such as career transition awards and publications in high impact factor journals were neither necessary nor sufficient for landing a faculty position. The applicants perceived the process as unnecessarily stressful, time-consuming, and largely lacking in feedback, irrespective of a successful outcome. Our findings emphasize the need to improve the transparency of the faculty job application process. In addition, we hope these and future data will help empower trainees to enter the academic job market with clearer expectations and improved confidence.

Importance Courtesy authorship is defined as including an individual who has not met authorship criteria as an author. Although most journals follow strict authorship criteria, the current incidence of courtesy authorship is unknown. Objective To assess the practices related to courtesy authorship in surgical journals and academia. Design, Setting, and Participants A survey was conducted from July 15 to October 27, 2017, of the first authors and senior authors of original articles, reviews, and clinical trials published between 2014 and 2015 in 8 surgical journals categorized as having a high or low impact factor. Main Outcomes and Measures The prevalence of courtesy authorship overall and among subgroups of authors in high impact factor journals and low impact factor journals and among first authors and senior authors, as well as author opinions regarding courtesy authorship. Results A total of 203 first authors and 254 senior authors responded (of 369 respondents who provided data on sex, 271 were men and 98 were women), with most being in academic programs (first authors, 116 of 168 [69.0%]; senior authors, 173 of 202 [85.6%]). A total of 17.2% of respondents (42 of 244) reported adding courtesy authors for the surveyed publications: 20.4% by first authors (32 of 157) and 11.5% by senior authors (10 of 87), but 53.7% (131 of 244) reported adding courtesy authorship on prior publications and 33.2% (81 of 244) had been added as a courtesy author in the past. Although 45 of 85 senior authors (52.9%) thought that courtesy authorship has decreased, 93 of 144 first authors (64.6%) thought that courtesy authorship has not changed or had increased (P = .03). There was no difference in the incidence of courtesy authorship for low vs high impact factor journals. Both first authors (29 of 149 [19.5%]) and senior authors (19 of 85 [22.4%]) reported pressures to add courtesy authorship, but external pressure was greater for low impact factor journals than for high impact factor journals (77 of 166 [46.4%] vs 60 of 167 [35.9%];P = .04). More authors in low impact factor journals than in high impact factor journals thought that courtesy authorship was less harmful to academia (55 of 114 [48.2%] vs 34 of 117 [29.1%]). Overall, senior authors reported more positive outcomes with courtesy authorship (eg, improved morale and avoided author conflicts) than did first authors. Conclusions and Relevance Courtesy authorship use is common by both first and senior authors in low impact factor journals and high impact factor journals. There are different perceptions, practices, and pressures to include courtesy authorship for first and senior authors. Understanding these issues will lead to better education to eliminate this practice.

Based on cellular automaton, combine compartment model, proposed SEIDRS model that can reflect the actual propagation process of infectious diseases. This model combined with factors such as population density, sexual proportion and age structure, rules the evolution rules of the model. Using Matlab to simulate the model, the simulation results show that the larger population density, the infectious disease propagation faster; There are differences in some aspects in sexual proportion, sexual have larger number and high impact factor, make more obvious effects on the spread of infectious diseases; There are differences in age structure, the city have more aged and light people have lower defense capability to infectious diseases, the appropriate age distribution play a more active role to resist the spread of infectious diseases.

An exact solution of the equations of elasticity for round plates loaded axially symmetric. The problem of bending round plates, which are under the influence of normal forces attached to any law to load any type of resistance. It is shown that pasture circular plate under axially symmetric load leads to appearance of temperature field.

Objectives To clarify the styles used in background sections of systematic reviews (SR) and to identify which styles if any were related to the publication in high-impact-factor (HIF) medical journals. Method This was a cross-sectional study for original SR articles published in top 50 journals in MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL category in Journal Citation Reports 2018. We randomly included 90 articles from top 10 HIF journals and 90 from others, respectively. We conducted a content analysis to classify the background styles. We assessed the factors associated with the publication in HIF journals. Results We found 6 categories. We defined 6 categories as follows: Update of prior SR, New in scope than prior SR, Higher quality than prior SR, Completely new SR, Limitations of primary studies only, and Not presenting unknown in prior SR or primary studies. All 6 categories were not related to the publication in HIF journals. Conclusions We found 6 categories of styles in background sections of SR, none of which however were related to publication in HIF journals. SR authors may wish to use any of these categories to communicate the importance of their research questions.

While Daytime Running Lights (DRLs) are proven to increase vehicle conspicuity during various times of the day, their safety effectiveness is still debatable. This study utilized various statistical techniques and a field study to assess the impact of the compliance rate, and the penetration of the Daytime Running Lights (DRLs) technology on the safety efficacy of regulatory headlight use signs. Daytime head-on and opposite sideswipe multivehicle crashes for Daytime Running Lights and non-DRLs equipped passenger vehicles on mountainous rural two-way highway sections with and without regulatory headlight use signs were examined in a matched case control design. Preliminary analysis showed that only 23% of vehicles involved in crashes on the study sections were equipped with DRLs. Although results from the odds ratios and ratios of odds ratios indicated some safety benefits of the headlight use signs, the safety benefits were statistically insignificant. The study concluded that the low compliance rate of 12% affected the safety effectiveness of the regulatory headlight signs. Transportation agencies should have different considerations when evaluating the safety effectiveness of compliance- and behavioral-based countermeasures.

Impact factor, which is a measure of the frequency of citation of articles published in a journal over a specified time, measures the rank or importance of a journal. There is a trend towards publication of high quality research in journals with high impact factor. This paper has outlined the importance, method of calculation, clinical implications, pitfalls and financial issues related to the impact factor of medical journals.

In this paper, we intend to apply the principles of genetic algorithms along with simulated annealing to cryptanalyze a mono-alphabetic substitution cipher. The type of attack used for cryptanalysis is a ciphertext-only attack in which we don’t know any plaintext. In genetic algorithms and simulated annealing, for ciphertext-only attack, we need to have the solution space or any method to match the decrypted text to the language text. However, the challenge is to implement the project while maintaining computational efficiency and a high degree of security. We carry out three attacks, the first of which uses genetic algorithms alone, the second which uses simulated annealing alone and the third which uses a combination of genetic algorithms and simulated annealing.

Objectives: To calculate the h-index for neurosurgeons in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), and to assess its association with a number of features relating to neurosurgical practice in KSA. Methods: The h-index for 84 neurosurgeons that worked in KSA during 1990-2013 was evaluated using Google Scholar during the period September to October 2014. The correlation between the h-index and a number of neurosurgeon and neurosurgical center characteristics was determined and examined statistically. Results: The median h-index was 2.5 (range 0-33) and the mean was 5.04. The h-index was significantly higher for neurosurgeons who obtained their certification before 2001 and those working at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, KSA. The h-index was also higher, but without reaching significance, for non-Saudi neurosurgeons, those with international certification and those working at the university hospitals. Additionally, the h-index was significantly lower for neurosurgeons working in the Ministry of Health hospitals. Conclusion: Application of the h-index to KSA neurosurgeons revealed a significant correlation with the duration after certification and with certain centers. Evaluation of the h-index should be included in the consideration for academic positions in KSA. Saudi neurosurgeons should be encouraged to publish in journals with high impact factor.

For better or worse, “publish or perish” has become a driving ethos in academic research. Search committees, tenure committees, and administrators evaluate researchers on both quantity and quality of papers they publish. However, proliferation of journals has led to numerous possible publication outlets, even in relatively narrow subdisciplines, so those evaluating researchers often rely on metrics of journal quality as a proxy for quality of research. Because Impact Factor (IF; Thompson Scientific) purportedly distills a complicated and nuanced judgment into a simple number, it has become the most widely used metric for this purpose (Seglen 1997). In theory, IF should relate to quality of research a journal publishes (Saha et al. 2003), but this assumption has been strongly questioned (Alberts 2013, Eyre-Walker and Stoletzki 2013). This suggests aspects other than scientific quality are important in determining the journal in which a paper is ultimately published.

Q19 Identify WoS's top 5 Chemical Engineering journals based on the number of citations over the last 25 years.[1,2] Process Biochemistry Chemical Engineering Science Energy & Environmental Science Progress in Energy and Combustion Science AIChE Journal 5–13207 citations Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 4–16636 citations Journal of Membrane Science 3–21511 citations Catalysis Today 2–29312 citations Journal of Catalysis 1–39249 citations Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Background:High-quality trials have the potential to influence clinical practice.Methods:Ten otolaryngology journals with the highest 2011 impact factors were selected and publications from 2010 were extracted. From all medical journals, the 20 highest impact factor journals were selected, and publications related to otolaryngology for 2010 and 2011 were extracted. For all publications, the reporting quality and risk of bias were assessed.Results:The impact factor was 1.8–2.8 for otolaryngology journals and 6.0–101.8 for medical journals. Of 1500 otolaryngology journal articles, 262 were therapeutic studies; 94 had a high reporting quality and 5 a low risk of bias. Of 10 967 medical journal articles, 76 were therapeutic studies; 57 had a high reporting quality and 8 a low risk of bias.Conclusion:Reporting quality was high for 45 per cent of otolaryngology-related publications and 9 per cent met quality standards. General journals had higher impact factors than otolaryngology journals. Reporting quality was higher and risk of bias lower in general journals than in otolaryngology journals. Nevertheless, 76 per cent of articles in high impact factor journals carried a high risk of bias. Better reported and designed studies are the goal, with less risk of bias, especially in otolaryngology journals.

The location of solar wood drying has not been selected in Iran yet. One of important applications of solar energy is to manufacture solar wood drying units. Effective indicators in location of solar wood drying were identified and a hierarchy was constructed based on five major groups of criteria. The weights of the indicators were then established by Analytical Hierarchy Process. The amounts of the indicators with regard to provinces were obtained from wood drying factories in public and private sectors. These weights were employed in TOPSIS to rank the provinces. Finally the potential provinces were identified according to the priorities obtained by this technique. The results showed that Qom Province, has the best priorities for establishment of solar wood drying.

AIM To evaluate the full-text publication rates of scientific research abstracts presented at the European Society of Endodontology (ESE) Congresses held between 1993 and 2013 (a total of 11 occasions) and to determine factors associated with the manuscripts. METHODOLOGY An electronic database search was conducted from January 2015 to December 2016 to identify full text English written publications of the research abstracts presented at the last 11 ESE Biennial Congresses from 1993 to 2013. For each occasion, research abstract information were retrieved from the International Endodontic Journal (IEJ) through the official website of the ESE and the following parameters for each abstract presentation were recorded: Year of presentation, first author's affiliation, geographic origin, and type of study. Following full-text article identification, additional information was recorded such as: Year and journal of publication, elapsed time until full publication and number of authors per presentation and publication. RESULTS A total of 1165 research abstracts were presented, of which 401 (34.4%) were finally published as full-length articles. Overall 235 articles (58.6%) were published either in the International Endodontic Journal (IEJ, 35.7%) or Journal of Endodontics (JOE, 22.9%). The mean time between abstract presentation and full-text publication was 18.95 months. Munich (2001) had the highest publication rate (44%) whereas Lisbon (2013) had the highest number of published articles (77). Turkey was the country with the highest number of published abstracts (56). However, the Netherlands was the country with the highest number of publications related to the number of presentations (21/26) (80.7%). Differences in authorship between presentation and full publication were found in 179 (44.6%) articles. CONCLUSIONS A substantial number of research abstracts presented at ESE congresses were not published in peer reviewed journals. Authors prefer to publish their research papers in international journals with high impact factor. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Combined heat and power (CHP) is a facility which uses one energy source to produce both electricity and thermal energy at the same time. CHP has an advantage when compared to conventional power plants which produce only electricity or thermal energy because it is much more efficient – it minimizes the usage of its primary energy source, grid losses and greenhouse gas emissions. CHP’s big advantage lies in its applicability: it is highly compatible with existing technologies already in use in different power systems across the industry, agriculture, business and residential sector. This paper describes the cogeneration in general, its application, classification and characteristics. It also describes various cogeneration plants on board, their principle and the advantages and disadvantages of individual processes. This paper contains analysis of cogeneration systems and their comparison, especially on board ships. The paper uses results of other authors to analyze on board systems and to suggest optimal solutions for various ship types. The papers aim to became one of the tools for project engineers and operation engineers.