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2. Detecting the human fingerprint in the summer 2022 western–central European soil drought.

Author

Schumacher, Dominik L., Zachariah, Mariam, Otto, Friederike, Barnes, Clair, Philip, Sjoukje, Kew, Sarah, Vahlberg, Maja, Singh, Roop, Heinrich, Dorothy, Arrighi, Julie, van Aalst, Maarten, Hauser, Mathias, Hirschi, Martin, Bessenbacher, Verena, Gudmundsson, Lukas, Beaudoing, Hiroko K., Rodell, Matthew, Li, Sihan, Yang, Wenchang, and Vecchi, Gabriel A.

Subjects
HUMAN fingerprints, SOIL moisture, GLOBAL warming, ATMOSPHERIC models, DROUGHTS, SOILS, HIGH temperatures
Abstract

In the 2022 summer, western–central Europe and several other regions in the northern extratropics experienced substantial soil moisture deficits in the wake of precipitation shortages and elevated temperatures. Much of Europe has not witnessed a more severe soil drought since at least the mid-20th century, raising the question whether this is a manifestation of our warming climate. Here, we employ a well-established statistical approach to attribute the low 2022 summer soil moisture to human-induced climate change using observation-driven soil moisture estimates and climate models. We find that in western–central Europe, a June–August root zone soil moisture drought such as in 2022 is expected to occur once in 20 years in the present climate but would have occurred only about once per century during preindustrial times. The entire northern extratropics show an even stronger global warming imprint with a 20-fold soil drought probability increase or higher, but we note that the underlying uncertainty is large. Reasons are manifold but include the lack of direct soil moisture observations at the required spatiotemporal scales, the limitations of remotely sensed estimates, and the resulting need to simulate soil moisture with land surface models driven by meteorological data. Nevertheless, observation-based products indicate long-term declining summer soil moisture for both regions, and this tendency is likely fueled by regional warming, while no clear trends emerge for precipitation. Finally, our climate model analysis suggests that under 2 ∘ C global warming, 2022-like soil drought conditions would become twice as likely for western–central Europe compared to today and would take place nearly every year across the northern extratropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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3. Introduction

Author

Boyer, Tim, primary, Bartow-Gillies, Ellen, additional, Abida, A., additional, Ades, Melanie, additional, Adler, Robert, additional, Adusumilli, Susheel, additional, Agyakwah, W., additional, Ahmasuk, Brandon, additional, Aldeco, Laura S., additional, Alexe, Mihai, additional, Alfaro, Eric J., additional, Allan, Richard P., additional, Allgood, Adam, additional, Alves, Lincoln. M., additional, Amador, Jorge A., additional, Anderson, John, additional, Andrade, B., additional, Anneville, Orlane, additional, Aono, Yasuyuki, additional, Arguez, Anthony, additional, Arosio, Carlo, additional, Atkinson, C., additional, Augustine, John A., additional, Avalos, Grinia, additional, Azorin-Molina, Cesar, additional, Backensto, Stacia A., additional, Bader, Stephan, additional, Baez, Julian, additional, Baiman, Rebecca, additional, Ballinger, Thomas J., additional, Banwell, Alison F., additional, Bardin, M. Yu, additional, Barichivich, Jonathan, additional, Barnes, John E., additional, Barreira, Sandra, additional, Beadling, Rebecca L., additional, Beck, Hylke E., additional, Becker, Emily J., additional, Bekele, E., additional, Bellido, Guillem Martín, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Benedetti, Angela, additional, Benestad, Rasmus, additional, Berne, Christine, additional, Berner, Logan. T., additional, Bernhard, Germar H., additional, Bhatt, Uma S., additional, Bhuiyan, A. E., additional, Bigalke, Siiri, additional, Biló, Tiago, additional, Bissolli, Peter, additional, Bjerke Jarle, W., additional, Blagrave, Kevin, additional, Blake, Eric S., additional, Blenkinsop, Stephen, additional, Blunden, Jessica, additional, Bochníček, Oliver, additional, Bock, Olivier, additional, Bodenstein, Barbara, additional, Bodin, Xavier, additional, Bosilovich, Michael, additional, Boucher, Olivier, additional, Bozkurt, Deniz, additional, Brettschneider, Brian, additional, Bringas, Francis G., additional, Bringas, Francis, additional, Buechler, Dennis, additional, Buehler, Stefan A., additional, Bukunt, Brandon, additional, Calderón, Blanca, additional, Camargo, Suzana J., additional, Campbell, Jayaka, additional, Campos, Diego, additional, Carrea, Laura, additional, Carter, Brendan R., additional, Cetinić, Ivona, additional, Chambers, Don P., additional, Chan, Duo, additional, Chandler, Elise, additional, Chang, Kai-Lan, additional, Chen, Hua, additional, Chen, Lin, additional, Cheng, Lijing, additional, Cheng, Vincent Y. S., additional, Chomiak, Leah, additional, Christiansen, Hanne H., additional, Christy, John R., additional, Chung, Eui-Seok, additional, Ciasto, Laura M., additional, Clarke, Leonardo, additional, Clem, Kyle R., additional, Clingan, Scott, additional, Coelho, Caio A.S., additional, Cohen, Judah L., additional, Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, additional, Colwell, Steve, additional, Cooper, Owen R., additional, Cornes, Richard C., additional, Correa, Kris, additional, Costa, Felipe, additional, Covey, Curt, additional, Coy, Lawrence, additional, Créatux, Jean-François, additional, Crhova, Lenka, additional, Crimmins, Theresa, additional, Cronin, Meghan F., additional, Cropper, Thomas, additional, Crotwell, Molly, additional, Culpepper, Joshua, additional, Cunha, Ana P., additional, Cusicanqui, Diego, additional, Datta, Rajashree T., additional, Davis, Sean M., additional, De Bock, Veerle, additional, de Jeu, Richard A. M., additional, De Laat, Jos, additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Degenstein, Doug, additional, Delaloye, Reynald, additional, Demircan, Mesut, additional, Derksen, Chris, additional, Deus, Ricardo, additional, Dhurmea, K. R., additional, Diamond, Howard J., additional, Dirkse, S., additional, Divine, Dmitry, additional, Dokulil, Martin T., additional, Donat, Markus G., additional, Dong, Shenfu, additional, Dorigo, Wouter A., additional, Drost Jensen, Caroline, additional, Druckenmiller, Matthew L., additional, Drumond, Paula, additional, du Plessis, Marcel, additional, Dugan, Hilary A., additional, Dulamsuren, Dashkhuu, additional, Dunmire, Devon, additional, Dunn, Robert J. H., additional, Durre, Imke, additional, Dusek, Robert, additional, Dutton, Geoff, additional, Duveiller, Gregory, additional, Ekici, Mithat, additional, Elias Chereque, Alesksandra, additional, ElKharrim, M., additional, Epstein, Howard E., additional, Espinoza, Jhan-Carlo, additional, Estilow, Thomas W., additional, Estrella, Nicole, additional, Fauchereau, Nicolas, additional, Fausto, Robert S., additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Fenimore, Chris, additional, Fereday, David, additional, Fettweis, Xavier, additional, Fioletov, vitali E., additional, Flemming, Johannes, additional, Fogarty, Chris, additional, Fogt, Ryan L., additional, Forbes, Bruce C., additional, Foster, Michael J., additional, Franz, Bryan A., additional, Freeman, Natalie M., additional, Fricker, Helen A., additional, Frith, Stacey M., additional, Froidevaux, Lucien, additional, Frost, Gerald V. (JJ), additional, Fuhrman, Steven, additional, Füllekrug, Martin, additional, Ganter, Catherine, additional, Gao, Meng, additional, Gardner, Alex S., additional, Garforth, Judith, additional, Garg, Jay, additional, Gerland, Sebastian, additional, Gibbes, Badin, additional, Gille, Sarah T., additional, Gilson, John, additional, Gleason, Karin, additional, Gobron, Nadine, additional, Goetz, Scott J., additional, Goldenberg, Stanley B., additional, Goni, Gustavo, additional, Goodman, Steven, additional, Goto, Atsushi, additional, Grooß, Jens-Uwe, additional, Gruber, Alexander, additional, Gu, Guojun, additional, Guard, Charles “Chip” P., additional, Hagos, S., additional, Hahn, Sebastian, additional, Haimberger, Leopold, additional, Hall, Bradley D., additional, Hamlington, Benjamin D., additional, Hanna, Edward, additional, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, additional, Harnos, Daniel S., additional, Harris, Ian, additional, He, Qiong, additional, Heim, Richard R., additional, Hellström, Sverker, additional, Hemming, Deborah L., additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Hicks, J., additional, Hidalgo, Hugo G., additional, Hirschi, Martin, additional, Ho, Shu-peng (Ben), additional, Hobbs, W., additional, Holmes, Robert M., additional, Holzworth, Robert, additional, Hrbáček, Filip, additional, Hu, Guojie, additional, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, additional, Huang, Boyin, additional, Huang, Hongjie, additional, Hurst, Dale F., additional, Ialongo, Iolanda, additional, Inness, Antje, additional, Isaksen, Ketil, additional, Ishii, Masayoshi, additional, Jadra, Gerardo, additional, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, additional, John, Viju O., additional, Johns, W., additional, Johnsen, Bjørn, additional, Johnson, Bryan, additional, Johnson, Gregory C., additional, Jones, Philip D., additional, Jones, Timothy, additional, Josey, Simon A., additional, Jumaux, G., additional, Junod, Robert, additional, Kääb, Andreas, additional, Kabidi, K., additional, Kaiser, Johannes W., additional, Kaler, Robb S.A., additional, Kaleschke, Lars, additional, Kaufmann, Viktor, additional, Kazemi, Amin Fazl, additional, Keller, Linda M., additional, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, additional, Kendon, Mike, additional, Kennedy, John, additional, Kent, Elizabeth C., additional, Kerr, Kenneth, additional, Khan, Valentina, additional, Khiem, Mai Van, additional, Kidd, Richard, additional, Kim, Mi Ju, additional, Kim, Seong-Joong, additional, Kipling, Zak, additional, Klotzbach, Philip J., additional, Knaff, John A., additional, Koppa, Akash, additional, Korshunova, Natalia N., additional, Kraemer, Benjamin M., additional, Kramarova, Natalya A., additional, Kruger, A. C., additional, Kruger, Andries, additional, Kumar, Arun, additional, L’Heureux, Michelle, additional, La Fuente, Sofia, additional, Laas, Alo, additional, Labe, Zachary M., additional, Lader, Rick, additional, Lakatos, Mónika, additional, Lakkala, Kaisa, additional, Lam, Hoang Phuc, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Landsea, Chris W., additional, Lang, Timothy, additional, Lankhorst, Matthias, additional, Lantz, Kathleen O., additional, Lara, Mark J., additional, Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, additional, Lavers, David A., additional, Lazzara, Matthew A., additional, Leblanc, Thierry, additional, Lee, Tsz-Cheung, additional, Leibensperger, Eric M., additional, Lennard, Chris, additional, Leuliette, Eric, additional, Leung, Kinson H. Y., additional, Lieser, Jan L., additional, Likso, Tanja, additional, Lin, I-I., additional, Lindsey, Jackie, additional, Liu, Yakun, additional, Locarnini, Ricardo, additional, Loeb, Norman G., additional, Loomis, Bryant D., additional, Lorrey, Andrew M., additional, Loyola, Diego, additional, Lu, Rui, additional, Lumpkin, Rick, additional, Luo, Jing-Jia, additional, Luojus, Kari, additional, Lyman, John M., additional, Maberly, Stephen C., additional, Macander, Matthew J., additional, MacFerrin, Michael, additional, MacGilchrist, Graeme A., additional, MacLennan, Michelle L., additional, Madelon, Remi, additional, Magee, Andrew D., additional, Magnin, Florence, additional, Mamen, Jostein, additional, Mankoff, Ken D., additional, Manney, Gloria L., additional, Marcinonienė, Izolda, additional, Marengo, Jose A., additional, Marjan, Mohammadi, additional, Martínez, Ana E., additional, Massom, Robert A., additional, Matsuzaki, Shin-Ichiro, additional, May, Linda, additional, Mayer, Michael, additional, Mazloff, Matthew R., additional, McAfee, Stephanie A., additional, McBride, C., additional, McCabe, Matthew F., additional, McClelland, James W., additional, McPhaden, Michael J., additional, Mcvicar, Tim R., additional, Mears, Carl A., additional, Meier, Walter N., additional, Mekonnen, A., additional, Menzel, Annette, additional, Merchant, Christopher J., additional, Merrifield, Mark A., additional, Meyer, Michael F., additional, Meyers, Tristan, additional, Mikolajczyk, David E., additional, Miller, John B., additional, Miralles, Diego G., additional, Misevicius, Noelia, additional, Mishonov, Alexey, additional, Mitchum, Gary T., additional, Moat, Ben I., additional, Moesinger, Leander, additional, Moise, Aurel, additional, Molina-Carpio, Jorge, additional, Monet, Ghislaine, additional, Montzka, Stephan A., additional, Moon, Twila A., additional, Moore, G. W. K., additional, Mora, Natali, additional, Morán, Johnny, additional, Morehen, Claire, additional, Morice, Colin, additional, Mostafa, A. E., additional, Mote, Thomas L., additional, Mrekaj, Ivan, additional, Mudryk, Lawrence, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Müller, Rolf, additional, Nance, David, additional, Nash, Eric R., additional, Nerem, R. Steven, additional, Newman, Paul A., additional, Nicolas, Julien P., additional, Nieto, Juan J., additional, Noetzli, Jeannette, additional, Noll, Ben, additional, Norton, Taylor, additional, Nyland, Kelsey E., additional, O’Keefe, John, additional, Ochwat, Naomi, additional, Oikawa, Yoshinori, additional, Okunaka, Yuka, additional, Osborn, Timothy J., additional, Overland, James E., additional, Park, Taejin, additional, Parrington, Mark, additional, Parrish, Julia K., additional, Pasch, Richard J., additional, Pascual Ramírez, Reynaldo, additional, Pellet, Cécile, additional, Pelto, Mauri S., additional, Perčec Tadić, Melita, additional, Perovich, Donald K., additional, Petersen, Guðrún Nína, additional, Petersen, Kyle, additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Petty, Alek, additional, Pezza, Alexandre B., additional, Pezzi, Luciano P., additional, Phillips, Coda, additional, Phoenix, Gareth K., additional, Pierson, Don, additional, Pinto, Izidine, additional, Pires, Vanda, additional, Pitts, Michael, additional, Po-Chedley, Stephen, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, Poinar, Kristin, additional, Polvani, Lorenzo, additional, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, additional, Price, Colin, additional, Pulkkanen, Merja, additional, Purkey, Sarah G., additional, Qiu, Bo, additional, Quisbert, Kenny, additional, Quispe, Willy R., additional, Rajeevan, M., additional, Ramos, Andrea M., additional, Randel, William J., additional, Rantanen, Mika, additional, Raphael, Marilyn N., additional, Reagan, James, additional, Recalde, Cristina, additional, Reid, Phillip, additional, Rémy, Samuel, additional, Reyes Kohler, Alejandra J., additional, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, additional, Richardson, Andrew D., additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Robinson, David A., additional, Robjhon, M., additional, Rocha, Willy, additional, Rodell, Matthew, additional, Rodriguez Guisado, Esteban, additional, Rodriguez-Fernandez, Nemesio, additional, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., additional, Ronchail, Josyane, additional, Rosencrans, Matthew, additional, Rosenlof, Karen H., additional, Rösner, Benjamin, additional, Rösner, Henrieke, additional, Rozanov, Alexei, additional, Rozkošný, Jozef, additional, Rubek, Frans, additional, Rusanovskaya, Olga O., additional, Rutishauser, This, additional, Sabeerali, C. T., additional, Salinas, Roberto, additional, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, additional, Santee, Michelle L., additional, Santini, Marcelo, additional, Sato, Katsunari, additional, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, additional, Sayouri, A., additional, Scambos, Theodore, additional, Schenzinger, Verena, additional, Schimanke, Semjon, additional, Schlegel, Robert W., additional, Schmid, Claudia, additional, Schmid, Martin, additional, Schneider, Udo, additional, Schreck, Carl J., additional, Schultz, Cristina, additional, _, _, additional, Segele, Z. T., additional, Sensoy, Serhat, additional, Serbin, Shawn P., additional, Serreze, Mark C., additional, Setiawan, Amsari Mudzakir, additional, Sezaki, Fumi, additional, Sharma, Sapna, additional, Sharp, Jonathan D., additional, Sheffield, Gay, additional, Shi, Jia-Rui, additional, Shi, Lei, additional, Shiklomanov, Alexander I., additional, Shiklomanov, Nikolay I., additional, Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., additional, Shukla, R., additional, Siegel, David A., additional, Silow, Eugene A., additional, Sima, F., additional, Simmons, Adrian J., additional, Smeed, David A., additional, Smith, Adam, additional, Smith, Matthew M., additional, Smith, Sharon L., additional, Soden, Brian J., additional, Sofieva, Viktoria, additional, Souza, Everaldo, additional, Sparks, Tim H., additional, Spence-Hemmings, Jacqueline, additional, Spencer, Robert G. M., additional, Spillane, Sandra, additional, Sreejith, O. P., additional, Srivastava, A. K., additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Stammerjohn, Sharon, additional, Stauffer, Ryan, additional, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, additional, Steiner, Andrea K., additional, Stella, Jose L., additional, Stephenson, Tannecia S., additional, Stradiotti, Pietro, additional, Strahan, Susan E., additional, Streletskiy, Dmitry A., additional, Surendran, Divya E., additional, Suslova, Anya, additional, Svendby, Tove, additional, Sweet, William, additional, Takahashi, Kiyotoshi, additional, Takemura, Kazuto, additional, Tank, Suzanne E., additional, Taylor, Michael A., additional, Tedesco, Marco, additional, Thackeray, Stephen J., additional, Thiaw, W. M., additional, Thibert, Emmanuel, additional, Thoman, Richard L., additional, Thompson, Andrew F., additional, Thompson, Philip R., additional, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, additional, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, additional, Timofeyev, Maxim A., additional, Tobin, Skie, additional, Tømmervik, Hans, additional, Tourpali, Kleareti, additional, Trescilo, Lidia, additional, Tretiakov, Mikhail, additional, Trewin, Blair C., additional, Triñanes, Joaquin A., additional, Trotman, Adrian, additional, Truchelut, Ryan E., additional, Trusel, Luke D., additional, Tye, Mari R., additional, van der A, Ronald, additional, van der Schalie, Robin, additional, van der Schrier, Gerard, additional, Van Hemert, Caroline, additional, Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., additional, van vliet, Arnold J.H., additional, Vazife, Ahad, additional, Verburg, Piet, additional, Vernier, Jean-Paul, additional, Vimont, Isaac J., additional, Virts, Katrina, additional, Vivero, Sebastián, additional, Volkov, Denis L., additional, Vömel, Holger, additional, Vose, Russell S., additional, Walker, Donald (Skip) A., additional, Walsh, John E., additional, Wang, Bin, additional, Wang, Hui, additional, Wang, Muyin, additional, Wang, Ray H. J., additional, Wang, Xinyue, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Warnock, Taran, additional, Weber, Mark, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, Wehrlé, Adrian, additional, Wen, Caihong, additional, Westberry, Toby K., additional, Widlansky, Matthew J., additional, Wiese, David N., additional, Wild, Jeannette D., additional, Wille, Jonathan D., additional, Willems, An, additional, Willett, Kate M., additional, Williams, Earle, additional, Willis, J., additional, Wong, Takmeng, additional, Wood, Kimberly M., additional, Woolway, Richard Iestyn, additional, Xie, Ping-Ping, additional, Yang, Daqing, additional, Yin, Xungang, additional, Yin, Ziqi, additional, Zeng, Zhenzhong, additional, Zhang, Huai-min, additional, Zhang, Li, additional, Zhang, Peiqun, additional, Zhao, Lin, additional, Zhou, Xinjia, additional, Zhu, Zhiwei, additional, Ziemke, Jerry R., additional, Ziese, Markus, additional, Zolkos, Scott, additional, Zotta, Ruxandra M., additional, Zou, Cheng-Zhi, additional, Allen, Jessicca, additional, Camper, Amy V., additional, Haley, Bridgette O., additional, Hammer, Gregory, additional, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, additional, Ohlmann, Laura, additional, Noguchi, Lukas, additional, Riddle, Deborah B., additional, and Veasey, Sara W., additional

Published
2023
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4. Global Climate

Author

Dunn, Robert J. H., primary, Miller, John B., additional, Willett, Kate M., additional, Gobron, Nadine, additional, Ades, Melanie, additional, Adler, Robert, additional, Alexe, Mihai, additional, Allan, Richard P., additional, Anderson, John, additional, Anneville, Orlane, additional, Aono, Yasuyuki, additional, Arguez, Anthony, additional, Arosio, Carlo, additional, Augustine, John A., additional, Azorin-Molina, Cesar, additional, Barichivich, Jonathan, additional, Barnes, John E., additional, Beck, Hylke E., additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Benedetti, Angela, additional, Blagrave, Kevin, additional, Blenkinsop, Stephen, additional, Bock, Olivier, additional, Bodin, Xavier, additional, Bosilovich, Michael, additional, Boucher, Olivier, additional, Buechler, Dennis, additional, Buehler, Stefan A., additional, Campos, Diego, additional, Carrea, Laura, additional, Chang, Kai-Lan, additional, Christiansen, Hanne H., additional, Christy, John R., additional, Chung, Eui-Seok, additional, Ciasto, Laura M., additional, Clingan, Scott, additional, Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, additional, Cooper, Owen R., additional, Cornes, Richard C., additional, Covey, Curt, additional, Créatux, Jean-François, additional, Crimmins, Theresa, additional, Cropper, Thomas, additional, Crotwell, Molly, additional, Culpepper, Joshua, additional, Cusicanqui, Diego, additional, Davis, Sean M., additional, de Jeu, Richard A. M., additional, Degenstein, Doug, additional, Delaloye, Reynald, additional, Dokulil, Martin T., additional, Donat, Markus G., additional, Dorigo, Wouter A., additional, Dugan, Hilary A., additional, Durre, Imke, additional, Dutton, Geoff, additional, Duveiller, Gregory, additional, Estilow, Thomas W., additional, Estrella, Nicole, additional, Fereday, David, additional, Fioletov, Vitali E., additional, Flemming, Johannes, additional, Foster, Michael J., additional, Franz, Bryan, additional, Frith, Stacey M., additional, Froidevaux, Lucien, additional, Füllekrug, Martin, additional, Garforth, Judith, additional, Garg, Jay, additional, Gibbes, Badin, additional, Goodman, Steven, additional, Goto, Atsushi, additional, Gruber, Alexander, additional, Gu, Guojun, additional, Hahn, Sebastian, additional, Haimberger, Leopold, additional, Hall, Bradley D., additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hemming, Deborah L., additional, Hirschi, Martin, additional, Ho, Shu-peng, additional, Holzworth, Robert, additional, Hrbáček, Filip, additional, Hu, Guojie, additional, Hurst, Dale F., additional, Inness, Antje, additional, Isaksen, Ketil, additional, John, Viju O., additional, Jones, Philip D., additional, Junod, Robert, additional, Kääb, Andreas, additional, Kaiser, Johannes W., additional, Kaufmann, Viktor, additional, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, additional, Kent, Elizabeth C., additional, Kidd, Richard, additional, Kipling, Zak, additional, Koppa, Akash, additional, Kraemer, Benjamin M., additional, Kramarova, Natalya, additional, Kruger, Andries, additional, La Fuente, Sofia, additional, Laas, Alo, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Lang, Timothy, additional, Lantz, Kathleen O., additional, Lavers, David A., additional, Leblanc, Thierry, additional, Leibensperger, Eric M., additional, Lennard, Chris, additional, Liu, Yakun, additional, Loeb, Norman G., additional, Loyola, Diego, additional, Maberly, Stephen C., additional, Madelon, Remi, additional, Magnin, Florence, additional, Matsuzaki, Shin-Ichiro, additional, May, Linda, additional, Mayer, Michael, additional, McCabe, Matthew F., additional, McVicar, Tim R., additional, Mears, Carl A., additional, Menzel, Annette, additional, Merchant, Christopher J., additional, Meyer, Michael F., additional, Miralles, Diego G., additional, Moesinger, Leander, additional, Monet, Ghislaine, additional, Montzka, Stephan A., additional, Morice, Colin, additional, Mrekaj, Ivan, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Nance, David, additional, Nicolas, Julien P., additional, Noetzli, Jeannette, additional, Noll, Ben, additional, O’Keefe, John, additional, Osborn, Timothy J., additional, Park, Taejin, additional, Parrington, Mark, additional, Pellet, Cécile, additional, Pelto, Mauri S., additional, Petersen, Kyle, additional, Phillips, Coda, additional, Pierson, Don, additional, Pinto, Izidine, additional, Po-Chedley, Stephen, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, Polvani, Lorenzo, additional, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, additional, Price, Colin, additional, Pulkkanen, Merja, additional, Randel, William J., additional, Rémy, Samuel, additional, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, additional, Richardson, Andrew D., additional, Robinson, David A., additional, Rocha, Willy, additional, Rodell, Matthew, additional, Rodriguez-Fernandez, Nemesio, additional, Rosenlof, Karen H., additional, Rozanov, Alexei, additional, Rozkošný, Jozef, additional, Rusanovskaya, Olga O., additional, Rutishauser, This, additional, Sabeerali, C. T., additional, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, additional, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, additional, Schenzinger, Verena, additional, Schlegel, Robert W., additional, Schmid, Martin, additional, Schneider, Udo, additional, Sezaki, Fumi, additional, Sharma, Sapna, additional, Shi, Lei, additional, Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., additional, Silow, Eugene A., additional, Simmons, Adrian J., additional, Smith, Sharon L., additional, Soden, Brian J., additional, Sofieva, Viktoria, additional, Sparks, Tim H., additional, Sreejith, O.P., additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Stauffer, Ryan, additional, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, additional, Steiner, Andrea K., additional, Stradiotti, Pietro, additional, Streletskiy, Dmitry A., additional, Surendran, Divya E., additional, Thackeray, Stephen J., additional, Thibert, Emmanuel, additional, Timofeyev, Maxim A., additional, Tourpali, Kleareti, additional, Tye, Mari R., additional, van der A, Ronald, additional, van der Schalie, Robin, additional, van der Schrier, Gerard, additional, van Vliet, Arnold J.H., additional, Verburg, Piet, additional, Vernier, Jean-Paul, additional, Vimont, Isaac J., additional, Virts, Katrina, additional, Vivero, Sebastián, additional, Vömel, Holger, additional, Vose, Russell S., additional, Wang, Ray H. J., additional, Wang, Xinyue, additional, Warnock, Taran, additional, Weber, Mark, additional, Wiese, David N., additional, Wild, Jeannette D., additional, Williams, Earle, additional, Wong, Takmeng, additional, Woolway, Richard Iestyn, additional, Yin, Xungang, additional, Zeng, Zhenzhong, additional, Zhao, Lin, additional, Zhou, Xinjia, additional, Ziemke, Jerry R., additional, Ziese, Markus, additional, Zotta, Ruxandra M., additional, Zou, Cheng-Zhi, additional, Allen, Jessicca, additional, Camper, Amy V., additional, Haley, Bridgette O., additional, Hammer, Gregory, additional, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, additional, Ohlmann, Laura, additional, Noguchi, Lukas, additional, Riddle, Deborah B., additional, and Veasey, Sara W., additional

Published
2023
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7. Global Climate:STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2021

Author

Ades, Melanie, Adler, Robert, Aldred, Freya, Allan, R. P., Anderson, John, Anneville, Orlane, Aono, Yasuyuki, Argüez, Anthony, Arosio, Carlo, Augustine, John A., Azorin-Molina, Cesar, Barichivich, Jonathan, Basu, Aman, Beck, Hylke E., Bellouin, Nicolas, Benedetti, Angela, Blagrave, Kevin, Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bock, Olivier, Bodin, Xavier, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Bove, Gerald, Buechler, Dennis, Buehler, Stefan A., Carrea, Laura, Chang, Kai Lan, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Eui Seok, Ciasto, Laura M., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Cooper, Owen R., Cornes, Richard C., Covey, Curt, Cropper, Thomas, Crotwell, Molly, Cusicanqui, Diego, Davis, Sean M., de Jeu, Richard A.M., Degenstein, Doug, Delaloye, Reynald, Donat, Markus G., Dorigo, Wouter A., Dunn, Robert J.H., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Duveiller, Gregory, Elkins, James W., Estilow, Thomas W., Fedaeff, Nava, Fereday, David, Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Foster, Michael J., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Füllekrug, Martin, Garforth, Judith, Garg, Jay, Gentry, Matthew, Gobron, Nadine, Goodman, Steven, Gou, Qiqi, Granin, Nikolay, Guglielmin, Mauro, Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leopold, Hall, Brad D., Harris, Ian, Hemming, Debbie L., Hirschi, Martin, Ho, Shu Pen, Holzworth, Robert, Hrbáček, Filip, Hubert, Daan, Hulsman, Petra, Hurst, Dale F., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, Ketil, John, Viju O., Jones, Philip D., Junod, Robert, Kääb, Andreas, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kaufmann, Viktor, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, Kent, Elizabeth C., Kidd, Richard, Kim, Hyungiun, Kipling, Zak, Koppa, Akash, L'Abée-Lund, Jan Henning, Lan, Xin, Lantz, Kathleen O., Lavers, David, Loeb, Norman G., Loyola, Diego, Madelon, Remi, Malmquist, Hilmar J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Mayer, Michael, McCabe, Matthew F., McVicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Menzel, Annette, Merchant, Christopher J., Miller, John B., Miralles, Diego G., Montzka, Stephen A., Morice, Colin, Mösinger, Leander, Mühle, Jens, Nicolas, Julien P., Noetzli, Jeannette, Nõges, Tiina, Noll, Ben, O'Keefe, John, Osborn, Tim J., Park, Taejin, Pellet, Cecile, Pelto, Maury S., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Phillips, Coda, Po-Chedley, Stephen, Polvani, Lorenzo, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, Price, Colin, Pulkkanen, Merja, Rains, Dominik G., Randel, William J., Rémy, Samuel, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, Richardson, Andrew D., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodríguez-Fernández, Nemesio J., Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rozanov, Alexei, Rutishäuser, This, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, Schenzinger, Verena, Schlegel, Robert W., Schneider, Udo, Sharma, Sapna, Shi, Lei, Simmons, Adrian J., Siso, Carolina, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, Brian J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, Tim H., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stauffer, Ryan, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Steiner, Andrea K., Stewart, Kenton, Stradiotti, Pietro, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Telg, Hagen, Thackeray, Stephen J., Thibert, Emmanuel, Todt, Michael, Tokuda, Daisuke, Tourpali, Kleareti, Tye, Mari R., Van Der, A. Ronald, van der Schalie, Robin, van der Schrier, Gerard, van der Vliet, Mendy, van der Werf, Guido R., van Vliet, Arnold, Vernier, Jean Paul, Vimont, Isaac J., Virts, Katrina, Vivero, Sebastiàn, Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wang, Ray H.J., Weber, Markus, Wiese, David, Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Williams, Earle, Wong, Takmeng, Woolway, R. I., Yin, Xungang, Yuan, Ye, Zhao, Lin, Zhou, Xinjia, Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus, Zotta, Ruxandra M., Allen, Jessicca, Camper, Amy, Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Misch, Deborah J., Ohlmann, Laura, Riddle, Deborah B., Veasey, Sara W., Earth and Climate, Earth Sciences, and Amsterdam Sustainability Institute

Published
2022

8. Global Climate

Author

Dunn, Robert J. H., primary, Aldred, Freya, additional, Gobron, Nadine, additional, Miller, John B., additional, Willett, Kate M., additional, Ades, Melanie, additional, Adler, Robert, additional, Allan, R. P., additional, Anderson, John, additional, Anneville, Orlane, additional, Aono, Yasuyuki, additional, Argüez, Anthony, additional, Arosio, Carlo, additional, Augustine, John A., additional, Azorin-Molina, Cesar, additional, Barichivich, Jonathan, additional, Basu, Aman, additional, Beck, Hylke E., additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Benedetti, Angela, additional, Blagrave, Kevin, additional, Blenkinsop, Stephen, additional, Bock, Olivier, additional, Bodin, Xavier, additional, Bosilovich, Michael G., additional, Boucher, Olivier, additional, Bove, Gerald, additional, Buechler, Dennis, additional, Buehler, Stefan A., additional, Carrea, Laura, additional, Chang, Kai-Lan, additional, Christiansen, Hanne H., additional, Christy, John R., additional, Chung, Eui-Seok, additional, Ciasto, Laura M., additional, Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, additional, Cooper, Owen R., additional, Cornes, Richard C., additional, Covey, Curt, additional, Cropper, Thomas, additional, Crotwell, Molly, additional, Cusicanqui, Diego, additional, Davis, Sean M., additional, de Jeu, Richard A. M., additional, Degenstein, Doug, additional, Delaloye, Reynald, additional, Donat, Markus G., additional, Dorigo, Wouter A., additional, Durre, Imke, additional, Dutton, Geoff S., additional, Duveiller, Gregory, additional, Elkins, James W., additional, Estilow, Thomas W., additional, Fedaeff, Nava, additional, Fereday, David, additional, Fioletov, Vitali E., additional, Flemming, Johannes, additional, Foster, Michael J., additional, Frith, Stacey M., additional, Froidevaux, Lucien, additional, Füllekrug, Martin, additional, Garforth, Judith, additional, Garg, Jay, additional, Gentry, Matthew, additional, Goodman, Steven, additional, Gou, Qiqi, additional, Granin, Nikolay, additional, Guglielmin, Mauro, additional, Hahn, Sebastian, additional, Haimberger, Leopold, additional, Hall, Brad D., additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hemming, Debbie L., additional, Hirschi, Martin, additional, Ho, Shu-pen (Ben), additional, Holzworth, Robert, additional, Hrbáček, Filip, additional, Hubert, Daan, additional, Hulsman, Petra, additional, Hurst, Dale F., additional, Inness, Antje, additional, Isaksen, Ketil, additional, John, Viju O., additional, Jones, Philip D., additional, Junod, Robert, additional, Kääb, Andreas, additional, Kaiser, Johannes W., additional, Kaufmann, Viktor, additional, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, additional, Kent, Elizabeth C., additional, Kidd, Richard, additional, Kim, Hyungiun, additional, Kipling, Zak, additional, Koppa, Akash, additional, L’Abée-Lund, Jan Henning, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Lantz, Kathleen O., additional, Lavers, David, additional, Loeb, Norman G., additional, Loyola, Diego, additional, Madelon, Remi, additional, Malmquist, Hilmar J., additional, Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, additional, Mayer, Michael, additional, McCabe, Matthew F., additional, McVicar, Tim R., additional, Mears, Carl A., additional, Menzel, Annette, additional, Merchant, Christopher J., additional, Miralles, Diego G., additional, Montzka, Stephen A., additional, Morice, Colin, additional, Mösinger, Leander, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Nicolas, Julien P., additional, Noetzli, Jeannette, additional, Nõges, Tiina, additional, Noll, Ben, additional, O’Keefe, John, additional, Osborn, Tim J., additional, Park, Taejin, additional, Pellet, Cecile, additional, Pelto, Maury S., additional, Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., additional, Phillips, Coda, additional, Po-Chedley, Stephen, additional, Polvani, Lorenzo, additional, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, additional, Price, Colin, additional, Pulkkanen, Merja, additional, Rains, Dominik G., additional, Randel, William J., additional, Rémy, Samuel, additional, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, additional, Richardson, Andrew D., additional, Robinson, David A., additional, Rodell, Matthew, additional, Rodríguez-Fernández, Nemesio J., additional, Rosenlof, Karen H., additional, Roth, Chris, additional, Rozanov, Alexei, additional, Rutishäuser, This, additional, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, additional, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, additional, Schenzinger, Verena, additional, Schlegel, Robert W., additional, Schneider, Udo, additional, Sharma, Sapna, additional, Shi, Lei, additional, Simmons, Adrian J., additional, Siso, Carolina, additional, Smith, Sharon L., additional, Soden, Brian J., additional, Sofieva, Viktoria, additional, Sparks, Tim H., additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Stauffer, Ryan, additional, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, additional, Steiner, Andrea K., additional, Stewart, Kenton, additional, Stradiotti, Pietro, additional, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., additional, Telg, Hagen, additional, Thackeray, Stephen J., additional, Thibert, Emmanuel, additional, Todt, Michael, additional, Tokuda, Daisuke, additional, Tourpali, Kleareti, additional, Tye, Mari R., additional, van der A, Ronald, additional, van der Schalie, Robin, additional, van der Schrier, Gerard, additional, van der Vliet, Mendy, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, van Vliet, Arnold., additional, Vernier, Jean-Paul, additional, Vimont, Isaac J., additional, Virts, Katrina, additional, Vivero, Sebastiàn, additional, Vömel, Holger, additional, Vose, Russell S., additional, Wang, Ray H. J., additional, Weber, Markus, additional, Wiese, David, additional, Wild, Jeanette D., additional, Williams, Earle, additional, Wong, Takmeng, additional, Woolway, R. I., additional, Yin, Xungang, additional, Yuan, Ye, additional, Zhao, Lin, additional, Zhou, Xinjia, additional, Ziemke, Jerry R., additional, Ziese, Markus, additional, and Zotta, Ruxandra M., additional

Published
2022
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9. Independent Quality Assessment of Essential Climate Variables: Lessons learnt from the Copernicus Climate Change Service

Author

Yang, Chunxue, primary, Cagnazzo, Chiara, additional, Artale, Vincenzo, additional, Buongiorno Nardelli, Bruno, additional, Buontempo, Carlo, additional, Busatto, Jacopo, additional, Caporaso, Luca, additional, Cesarini, Claudia, additional, Cionni, Irene, additional, Coll, John, additional, Crezee, Bas, additional, Cristofanelli, Paolo, additional, de Toma, Vincenzo, additional, Hesham Essa, Yassmin, additional, Eyring, Veronika, additional, Fierli, Federico, additional, Grant, Luke, additional, Hassler, Birgit, additional, Hirschi, Martin, additional, Huybrechts, Philippe, additional, Le Merle, Eva, additional, Elisa Leonelli, Francesca, additional, Lin, Xia, additional, Madonna, Fabio, additional, Mason, Evan, additional, Massonnet, François, additional, Marcos, Marta, additional, Marullo, Salvatore, additional, Müller, Benjamin, additional, Obregon, Andre, additional, Organelli, Emanuele, additional, Palacz, Artur, additional, Pascual, Ananda, additional, Pisano, Andrea, additional, Putero, Davide, additional, Rana, Arun, additional, Sánchez-Román, Antonio, additional, Seneviratne, Sonia I., additional, Serva, Federico, additional, Storto, Andrea, additional, Thiery, Wim, additional, Throne, Peter, additional, Van Tricht, Lander, additional, Verhaegen, Yoni, additional, Volpe, Gianluca, additional, and Santoleri, Rosalia, additional

Published
2022
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10. Detecting the human fingerprint in the summer 2022 West-Central European soil drought.

Author

Schumacher, Dominik L., Zachariah, Mariam, Otto, Friederike, Barnes, Clair, Philip, Sjoukje, Kew, Sarah, Vahlberg, Maja, Singh, Roop, Heinrich, Dorothy, Arrighi, Julie, van Aalst, Maarten, Hauser, Mathias, Hirschi, Martin, Bessenbacher, Verena, Gudmundsson, Lukas, Beaudoing, Hiroko K., Rodell, Matthew, Sihan Li, Wenchang Yang, and Vecchi, Gabriel A.

Subjects
HUMAN fingerprints, GLOBAL warming, ATMOSPHERIC models, SOIL moisture, DROUGHTS, SOILS, SUMMER
Abstract

In the 2022 summer, West-Central Europe and several other northern-hemisphere mid-latitude regions experienced substantial soil moisture deficits in the wake of precipitation shortages and elevated temperatures. Much of Europe has not witnessed a more severe soil drought since at least the mid-20th century, raising the question whether this is a manifestation of our warming climate. Here, we employ a well-established statistical approach to attribute the low 2022 summer soil moisture to human-induced climate change, using observation-driven soil moisture estimates and climate models. We find that in West-Central Europe, a June-August root-zone soil moisture drought such as in 2022 is expected to occur once in 20 years in the present climate, but would have occurred only about once per century during pre-industrial times. The entire northern extratropics show an even stronger global warming imprint with a 20-fold soil drought probability increase or higher, but we note that the underlying uncertainty is large. Reasons are manifold, but include the lack of direct soil moisture observations at the required spatiotemporal scales, the limitations of remotely sensed estimates, and the resulting need to simulate soil moisture with land surface models driven by meteorological data. Nevertheless, observationbased products indicate long-term declining summer soil moisture for both regions, and this tendency is likely fueled by regional warming, while no clear trends emerge for precipitation. Finally, our climate model analysis suggests that in a 2 °C world, 2022-like soil drought conditions would become twice as likely for West-Central Europe compared to today, and would take place nearly every year across the northern extratropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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16. A roadmap for high-resolution satellite soil moisture applications – confronting product characteristics with user requirements

Author

Peng, Jian and Hirschi, Martin

Subjects
Coarse resolution, Geography, Agriculture, Remote sensing, Physics::Classical Physics, Computer Science::Other, Physics::Geophysics, Meteorology, Computer Science::Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science, Soil moisture, High resolution, Hydrology, Ecosystem, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract

Soil moisture observations are of broad scientific interest and practical value for a wide range of applications. The scientific community has made significant progress in estimating soil moisture from satellite-based Earth observation data, particularly in operationalizing coarse-resolution (25-50 km) soil moisture products. This review summarizes existing applications of satellite-derived soil moisture products and identifies gaps between the characteristics of currently available soil moisture products and the application requirements from various disciplines. We discuss the efforts devoted to the generation of high-resolution soil moisture products from satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data such as Sentinel-1 C-band backscatter observations and/or through downscaling of existing coarse-resolution microwave soil moisture products. Open issues and future opportunities of satellite-derived soil moisture are discussed, providing guidance for further development of operational soil moisture products and bridging the gap between the soil moisture user and supplier communities., Remote Sensing of Environment, 252, ISSN:0034-4257

Published
2021

17. Evaluation of different methods for gap filling of long‐term actual evapotranspiration time series measured by lysimeters

Author

Huang, Yafei, Hendricks-Franssen, Harrie-Jan, Vereecken, Harry, Herbst, Michael, Hirschi, Martin, Michel, Dominik, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Teuling, Adriaan J., Vogt, Roland, Detlef, Schumacher, and Pütz, Thomas

Subjects
Environmental sciences, QE1-996.5, WIMEK, ddc:550, Life Science, GE1-350, Geology, Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management, Hydrologie en Kwantitatief Waterbeheer
Abstract

Terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) is the second largest water flux in the global water cycle. It can be measured with different techniques; weighable lysimeters can provide very accurate measurements, and some very long‐term time series exist. However, these lysimeter time series are affected by data gaps that must be filled to estimate actual ET totals and long‐term trends. In this paper, we explore four different gap‐filling methods: the potential ET‐method, the ratio method, the FAO‐based water balance method, and HYDRUS modeling. These gap‐filling methods were evaluated for three time series of actual ET measured by lysimeters and meteorological data of three European sites. Separate evaluations were made for the five driest and five wettest April–October periods to investigate whether the performance of the gap‐filling methods was affected by hydrological conditions. Series of random gaps were artificially created for the three time series, including gaps of four different lengths. Actual ET was estimated for these gaps with the gap‐filling methods, which were evaluated based on RMSE and mean bias error. The results show that the ratio method outperformed other methods for gap filling of lysimeter data for Basel (Switzerland), whereas the HYDRUS method outperformed other methods for Rheindahlen (Germany). For Rietholzbach (Switzerland), the different methods performed very similarly, except that the FAO method gives slightly larger RMSEs. The gap‐filling methods do not perform very differently for dry and wet conditions. The ratio method is recommended for filling smaller gaps, and the HYDRUS method is recommended for longer gaps of 30 d., Vadose Zone Journal, 19 (1), ISSN:1539-1663

Published
2020

19. Global Contributions of Incoming Radiation and Land Surface Conditions to Maximum Near‐Surface Air Temperature Variability and Trend

Author

Schwingshackl, Clemens, Hirschi, Martin, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.

Subjects
Global Climate Models, Climate, Decadal Ocean Variability, Land/Atmosphere Interactions, Paleoceanography, Oceans, Research Letter, temperature variability, Geodesy and Gravity, Global Change, Climate Change and Variability, Climatology, Climate Variability, Climate and Interannual Variability, Energy Budgets, Research Letters, radiation, Oceanography: General, Mass Balance, temperature trend, Atmospheric Processes, linear regression, Hydrology, soil moisture, Atmospheric, Natural Hazards, Oceanography: Physical, albedo
Abstract

The evolution of near‐surface air temperature is influenced by various dynamical, radiative, and surface‐atmosphere exchange processes whose contributions are still not completely quantified. Applying stepwise multiple linear regression to Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) model simulations and focusing on radiation (diagnosed by incoming shortwave and incoming longwave radiation) and land surface conditions (diagnosed by soil moisture and albedo) about 79% of the interannual variability and 99% of the multidecadal trend of monthly mean daily maximum temperature over land can be explained. The linear model captures well the temperature variability in middle‐to‐high latitudes and in regions close to the equator, whereas its explanatory potential is limited in deserts. While radiation is an essential explanatory variable over almost all of the analyzed domain, land surface conditions show a pronounced relation to temperature in some confined regions. These findings highlight that considering local‐to‐regional processes is crucial for correctly assessing interannual temperature variability and future temperature trends., Key Points The used linear regression model explains about 79% of interannual temperature variability and 99% of multidecadal temperature trendRadiation explains on average about 75% to 85% of the total explained variance, while land surface conditions contribute about 15% to 25%Radiation is essential for explaining temperature variability almost everywhere, land surface conditions in some confined regions

Published
2018

20. Wasserbilanz und Trockenheit

Author

Hirschi, Martin, Davin, Edouard Léopold, Schwingshackl, Clemens, Wartenburger, Richard, Meier, Ronny, Gudmundsson, Lukas, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.

Subjects
climate change, plant physiology, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, water cycle, climate, irrigation
Published
2019
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21. Climate Extremes and Climate Indices

Author

Fischer, Erich M., Schär, Christoph, Ban, Nikolina, Bresch, David N., Casanueva, Ana, Feigenwinter, Iris, Graf, Michael Arthur, Hirschi, Martin, Kotlarski, Sven, Liniger, Mark, Raible, Christoph, Rajczak, Jan, Scherrer, Simon C., Seneviratne, Sonia I., Wartenburger, Richard, Fischer, Andreas M., and Strassmann, Kuno M.

Subjects
530 Physics, 550 Earth sciences & geology, 910 Geography & travel
Published
2018

22. Intra-annual link of spring and autumn precipitation over France

Author

Hirschi, Martin and Seneviratne, Sonia

Abstract

In a previous study, an intra-annual relationship of observed precipitation, manifested by negative correlations between domain-averaged spring and autumn precipitation of the same year, was found in two domains covering France and Central Europe for the period 1972-1990 (Hirschi etal., J Geophys Res 112(D22109), 2007). Here, this link and its temporal evolution over France during the twentieth century is further investigated and related to the atmospheric circulation and North Atlantic/Mediterranean sea surface temperature (SST) patterns. Observational datasets of precipitation, mean sea level pressure (MSLP), atmospheric teleconnection patterns, and SST, as well as various global and regional climate model simulations are analyzed. The investigation of observed precipitation by means of a running correlation with a 30-year time window for the period 1901-present reveals a decreasing trend in the spring-to-autumn correlations, which become significantly negative in the second half of the twentieth century. These negative correlations are connected with similar spring-to-autumn correlations in observed MSLP, and with negatively correlated spring East Atlantic (EA) and autumn Scandinavian (SCA) teleconnection pattern indices. Maximum covariance analyses of SST with these atmospheric variables indicate that at least part of the identified spring-to-autumn link is mediated through SST, as spring precipitation and MSLP are connected with the same autumn SST pattern as are autumn precipitation, MSLP and the SCA pattern index. Except for ERA-40 driven regional climate models from the EU-FP6 project ENSEMBLES, the analyzed regional and global climate models, including Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) simulations, do not capture this observed variability in precipitation. This is associated with the failure of most models in simulating the observed correlations between spring and autumn MSLP. While the causes for the identified relationship cannot be fully established its timing suggests a possible link with increased aerosol loading in the global dimming period

Published
2018

24. Basin-scale water-balance dataset (BSWB): an update

Author

Hirschi, Martin and Seneviratne, Sonia I.

Abstract

This paper presents an update of a basin-scale diagnostic dataset of monthly variations in terrestrial water storage for large river basins worldwide (BSWB v2016, doi:10.5905/ethz-1007-82). Terrestrial water storage comprises all forms of water storage on land surfaces, and its seasonal and inter-annual variations are mostly determined by soil moisture, groundwater, snow cover, and surface water. The dataset presented is derived using a combined atmospheric and terrestrial water-balance approach with conventional streamflow measurements and reanalysis data of atmospheric moisture flux convergence. It extends a previous, existing version of the dataset (Mueller et al., 2011) temporally and spatially. ISSN:1866-3516 ISSN:1866-3508

Published
2017

25. A site-level comparison of lysimeter and eddy covariance flux measurements of evapotranspiration

Author

Hirschi, Martin, Michel, Dominik, Lehner, Irene, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.

Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350, lcsh:G, lcsh:T, lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, lcsh:Technology, lcsh:TD1-1066, lcsh:Environmental sciences
Abstract

Accurate measurements of evapotranspiration are required for many meteorological, climatological, ecological, and hydrological research applications and developments. Here we examine and compare two well-established methods to determine evapotranspiration at the site level: lysimeter-based measurements (EL) and eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements (EEC). The analyses are based on parallel measurements carried out with these two methods at the research catchment Rietholzbach in northeastern Switzerland, and cover the time period of June 2009 to December 2015. The measurements are compared on various timescales, and with respect to a 40-year lysimeter-based evapotranspiration time series. Overall, the lysimeter and EC measurements agree well, especially on the annual timescale. On that timescale, the long-term lysimeter measurements also correspond well with catchment water-balance estimates of evapotranspiration. This highlights the representativeness of the site-level lysimeter and EC measurements for the entire catchment despite their comparatively small source areas and the heterogeneous land use and topography within the catchment. Furthermore, we identify that lack of reliable EC measurements using open-path gas analyzers during and following precipitation events (due to limitations of the measurement technique under these conditions) significantly contributes to an underestimation of EEC and to the overall energy balance gap at the site., Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 21 (3), ISSN:1027-5606, ISSN:1607-7938

Published
2017
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26. Evaluation of different methods for gap filling of long-term actual evapotranspiration time series measured by lysimeters.

Author

Yafei Huang, Franssen, Harrie-Jan Hendricks, Herbst, Michael, Hirschi, Martin, Michel, Dominik, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Teuling, Adriaan J., Vogt, Roland, Detlef, Schumacher, Pütz, Thomas, and Vereecken, Harry

Subjects
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION measurement, LYSIMETER, RATIO measurement, WEATHER, EVAPORATION (Meteorology)
Abstract

The article focuses on the evaluation of different methods for gap filling of long-term actual evapotranspiration time series measured by lysimeters. It explore four different gap filling methods namely potential terrestrial evapotranspiration method, the ratio method, and the FAO-based water balance method, and HYDRUS modeling. It also mentions that gap-filling methods do not perform very differently for dry and wet conditions.

Published
2020
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27. Evapotranspiration simulations in ISIMIP2a—Evaluation of spatio-temporal characteristics with a comprehensive ensemble of independent datasets

Author

Wartenburger, Richard, primary, Seneviratne, Sonia I, additional, Hirschi, Martin, additional, Chang, Jinfeng, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Deryng, Delphine, additional, Elliott, Joshua, additional, Folberth, Christian, additional, Gosling, Simon N, additional, Gudmundsson, Lukas, additional, Henrot, Alexandra-Jane, additional, Hickler, Thomas, additional, Ito, Akihiko, additional, Khabarov, Nikolay, additional, Kim, Hyungjun, additional, Leng, Guoyong, additional, Liu, Junguo, additional, Liu, Xingcai, additional, Masaki, Yoshimitsu, additional, Morfopoulos, Catherine, additional, Müller, Christoph, additional, Schmied, Hannes Müller, additional, Nishina, Kazuya, additional, Orth, Rene, additional, Pokhrel, Yadu, additional, Pugh, Thomas A M, additional, Satoh, Yusuke, additional, Schaphoff, Sibyll, additional, Schmid, Erwin, additional, Sheffield, Justin, additional, Stacke, Tobias, additional, Steinkamp, Joerg, additional, Tang, Qiuhong, additional, Thiery, Wim, additional, Wada, Yoshihide, additional, Wang, Xuhui, additional, Weedon, Graham P, additional, Yang, Hong, additional, and Zhou, Tian, additional

Published
2018
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31. Entwässerte, landwirtschaftlich genutzte Torfböden beurteilen und nach Bedarf aufwerten.

Author

Zihlmann, Urs, Weisskopf, Peter, Müller, Moritz, Freund, Martin, Hirschi, Martin, Chervet, Andreas, Ramseier, Lorenz, and Sturny, Wolfgang

Abstract

Copyright of Mitteilungen der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft is the property of Deutsche Bodenkundliche Gesellschaft (DBG) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2019

33. Seasonal variations in terrestrial water storage: Diagnosis and climate model analyses

Author

Hirschi, Martin, Schär, Christoph Joseph, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.

Subjects
HYDROLOGIE, BEOBACHTUNGEN, DATEN, ANGABEN, AUFZEICHNUNGEN, EUROPE, RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATION (HYDROLOGY), GLOBAL CHANGE + KLIMAERWÄRMUNG (KLIMATOLOGIE), NIEDERSCHLAG-ABFLUSSVERHÄLTNIS (HYDROLOGIE), EUROPA, WASSERVORRAT AUS NIEDERSCHLÄGEN, SCHNEEDECKE UND GLETSCHER (HYDROMETEOROLOGIE), ECMWF, EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MEDIUM-RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS (METEOROLOGIE), Earth sciences, ECMWF, EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MEDIUM-RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS (METEOROLOGY), CLIMATOLOGY OF PARTICULAR REGIONS AND PLACES (CLIMATOLOGY), GLOBAL CHANGE + GLOBAL WARMING (CLIMATOLOGY), WATER SUPPLY FROM PRECIPITATION, SNOW COVER AND GLACIERS (HYDROMETEOROLOGY), HYDROLOGY, OBSERVATIONS, DATA, RECORDS, SEASONS, JAHRESZEITEN, KLIMATOLOGIE BESTIMMTER GEBIETE UND ORTE (KLIMATOLOGIE), ddc:550
Published
2006

34. Basin-scale water-balance dataset (BSWB): an update.

Author

Hirschi, Martin and Seneviratne, Sonia I.

Subjects
*WATER storage, *WATERSHEDS, *DATA analysis
Abstract

This paper presents an update of a basin-scale diagnostic dataset of monthly variations in terrestrial water storage for large river basins worldwide (BSWB v2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.5905/ethz-1007-58doi:10.5905/ethz-1007-58). Terrestrial water storage comprises all forms of water storage on land surfaces, and its seasonal and inter-annual variations are mostly determined by soil moisture, groundwater, snow cover, and surface water. The presented dataset is derived using a combined atmospheric and terrestrial water-balance approach with conventional streamflow measurements and re-analysis data of atmospheric moisture flux convergence. It extends a previous existing version of the dataset (Mueller et al., 2011) temporally and spatially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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41. Benchmark products for land evapotranspiration: LandFlux-EVAL multi-data set synthesis

Author

Mueller, Brigitte, Hirschi, Martin, Jiménez-Härtel, Carlos J., Ciais, Philippe, Dirmeyer, Paul A., Dolman, A. Johannes, Fisher, Joshua B., Jung, Martin, Ludwig, Fulco, Maignan, Fabienne, Miralles, Diego, McCabe, Matthew F., Reichstein, Markus, Sheffield, Justin, Wang, Kaicun, Wood, Eric F., Zhang, Yongqiang, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.

Subjects
13. Climate action
Abstract

Land evapotranspiration (ET) estimates are available from several global data sets. Here, monthly global land ET synthesis products, merged from these individual data sets over the time periods 1989–1995 (7 yr) and 1989–2005 (17 yr), are presented. The merged synthesis products over the shorter period are based on a total of 40 distinct data sets while those over the longer period are based on a total of 14 data sets. In the individual data sets, ET is derived from satellite and/or in situ observations (diagnostic data sets) or calculated via land-surface models (LSMs) driven with observations-based forcing or output from atmospheric reanalyses. Statistics for four merged synthesis products are provided, one including all data sets and three including only data sets from one category each (diagnostic, LSMs, and reanalyses). The multi-annual variations of ET in the merged synthesis products display realistic responses. They are also consistent with previous findings of a global increase in ET between 1989 and 1997 (0.13 mm yr−2 in our merged product) followed by a significant decrease in this trend (−0.18 mm yr−2), although these trends are relatively small compared to the uncertainty of absolute ET values. The global mean ET from the merged synthesis products (based on all data sets) is 493 mm yr−1 (1.35 mm d−1) for both the 1989–1995 and 1989–2005 products, which is relatively low compared to previously published estimates. We estimate global runoff (precipitation minus ET) to 263 mm yr−1 (34 406 km3 yr−1) for a total land area of 130 922 000 km2. Precipitation, being an important driving factor and input to most simulated ET data sets, presents uncertainties between single data sets as large as those in the ET estimates. In order to reduce uncertainties in current ET products, improving the accuracy of the input variables, especially precipitation, as well as the parameterizations of ET, are crucial., Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17 (10), ISSN:1027-5606, ISSN:1607-7938

42. Changes in regional climate extremes as a function of global mean temperature: An interactive plotting framework

Author

Wartenburger, Richard, Hirschi, Martin, Donat, Markus G., Greve, Peter, Pitman, Andy J., and Seneviratne, Sonia I.

Subjects
13. Climate action
Abstract

This article extends a previous study Seneviratne et al. (2016) to provide regional analyses of changes in climate extremes as a function of projected changes in global mean temperature. We introduce the DROUGHT-HEAT Regional Climate Atlas, an interactive tool to analyse and display a range of well-established climate extremes and water-cycle indices and their changes as a function of global warming. These projections are based on simulations from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). A selection of example results are presented here, but users can visualize specific indices of interest using the online tool. This implementation enables a direct assessment of regional climate changes associated with global mean temperature targets, such as the 2 and 1.5° limits agreed within the 2015 Paris Agreement., Geoscientific Model Development, 10 (9), ISSN:1991-9603, ISSN:1991-959X

43. The WACMOS-ET project – Part 2: Evaluation of global terrestrial evaporation data sets

Author

Miralles, Diego, Jiménez, Carlos J., Jung, Martin, Michel, Dominik, Ershadi, Ali, McCabe, M.F., Hirschi, Martin, Martens, Brecht, Dolman, A. Johannes, Fisher, Joshua B., Mu, Qiaozhen, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Wood, Eric F., and Fernández Prieto, Diego

Subjects
13. Climate action, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water
Abstract

The WAter Cycle Multi-mission Observation Strategy – EvapoTranspiration (WACMOS-ET) project aims to advance the development of land evaporation estimates on global and regional scales. Its main objective is the derivation, validation, and intercomparison of a group of existing evaporation retrieval algorithms driven by a common forcing data set. Three commonly used process-based evaporation methodologies are evaluated: the Penman–Monteith algorithm behind the official Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) evaporation product (PM-MOD), the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), and the Priestley–Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory model (PT-JPL). The resulting global spatiotemporal variability of evaporation, the closure of regional water budgets, and the discrete estimation of land evaporation components or sources (i.e. transpiration, interception loss, and direct soil evaporation) are investigated using river discharge data, independent global evaporation data sets and results from previous studies. In a companion article (Part 1), Michel et al. (2016) inspect the performance of these three models at local scales using measurements from eddy-covariance towers and include in the assessment the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) model. In agreement with Part 1, our results indicate that the Priestley and Taylor products (PT-JPL and GLEAM) perform best overall for most ecosystems and climate regimes. While all three evaporation products adequately represent the expected average geographical patterns and seasonality, there is a tendency in PM-MOD to underestimate the flux in the tropics and subtropics. Overall, results from GLEAM and PT-JPL appear more realistic when compared to surface water balances from 837 globally distributed catchments and to separate evaporation estimates from ERA-Interim and the model tree ensemble (MTE). Nonetheless, all products show large dissimilarities during conditions of water stress and drought and deficiencies in the way evaporation is partitioned into its different components. This observed inter-product variability, even when common forcing is used, suggests that caution is necessary in applying a single data set for large-scale studies in isolation. A general finding that different models perform better under different conditions highlights the potential for considering biome- or climate-specific composites of models. Nevertheless, the generation of a multi-product ensemble, with weighting based on validation analyses and uncertainty assessments, is proposed as the best way forward in our long-term goal to develop a robust observational benchmark data set of continental evaporation., Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 20 (2), ISSN:1027-5606, ISSN:1607-7938

44. The WACMOS-ET project – Part 1: Tower-scale evaluation of four remote-sensing-based evapotranspiration algorithms

Author

Michel, Dominik, Jiménez, Carlos, Miralles, D.G., Jung, Martin, Hirschi, Martin, Ershadi, Ali, Martens, Brecht, McCabe, Matthew F., Fisher, Joshua B., Mu, Qiaozhen, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Wood, Eric F., and Fernández Prieto, Diego

Subjects
Earth sciences, 13. Climate action, 15. Life on land, Natural resources, energy and environment
Abstract

The WAter Cycle Multi-mission Observation Strategy – EvapoTranspiration (WACMOS-ET) project has compiled a forcing data set covering the period 2005–2007 that aims to maximize the exploitation of European Earth Observations data sets for evapotranspiration (ET) estimation. The data set was used to run four established ET algorithms: the Priestley–Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory model (PT-JPL), the Penman–Monteith algorithm from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) evaporation product (PM-MOD), the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) and the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM). In addition, in situ meteorological data from 24 FLUXNET towers were used to force the models, with results from both forcing sets compared to tower-based flux observations. Model performance was assessed on several timescales using both sub-daily and daily forcings. The PT-JPL model and GLEAM provide the best performance for both satellite- and tower-based forcing as well as for the considered temporal resolutions. Simulations using the PM-MOD were mostly underestimated, while the SEBS performance was characterized by a systematic overestimation. In general, all four algorithms produce the best results in wet and moderately wet climate regimes. In dry regimes, the correlation and the absolute agreement with the reference tower ET observations were consistently lower. While ET derived with in situ forcing data agrees best with the tower measurements (R2 = 0.67), the agreement of the satellite-based ET estimates is only marginally lower (R2 = 0.58). Results also show similar model performance at daily and sub-daily (3-hourly) resolutions. Overall, our validation experiments against in situ measurements indicate that there is no single best-performing algorithm across all biome and forcing types. An extension of the evaluation to a larger selection of 85 towers (model inputs resampled to a common grid to facilitate global estimates) confirmed the original findings., Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 20 (2), ISSN:1027-5606, ISSN:1607-7938

45. A theoretical approach to assess soil moisture-climate coupling across CMIP5 and GLACE-CMIP5 experiments

Author

Schwingshackl, Clemens, Hirschi, Martin, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.

Subjects
13. Climate action, 15. Life on land
Abstract

Terrestrial climate is influenced by various land–atmosphere interactions that involve numerous land surface state variables. In several regions on Earth, soil moisture plays an important role for climate via its control on the partitioning of net radiation into sensible and latent heat fluxes; consequently, soil moisture also impacts on temperature and precipitation. The Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment–Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (GLACE-CMIP5) aims to quantify the impact of soil moisture on these important climate variables and to trace the individual coupling mechanisms. GLACE-CMIP5 provides experiments with different soil moisture prescriptions that can be used to isolate the effect of soil moisture on climate. Using a theoretical framework that relies on the distinct relation of soil moisture with evaporative fraction (the ratio of latent heat flux over net radiation) in different soil moisture regimes, the climate impact of the soil moisture prescriptions in the GLACE-CMIP5 experiments can be emulated and quantified. The framework-based estimation of the soil moisture effect on the evaporative fraction agrees very well with estimations obtained directly from the GLACE-CMIP5 experiments (pattern correlation of 0.85). Moreover, the soil moisture effect on the daily maximum temperature is well captured in regions where soil moisture exerts a strong control on latent heat fluxes. The theoretical approach is further applied to quantify the soil moisture contribution to the projected change of the temperature on the hottest day of the year, confirming recent estimations by other studies. Finally, GLACE-style soil moisture prescriptions are emulated in an extended set of CMIP5 models. The results indicate consistency between the soil moisture–climate coupling strength estimated with the GLACE-CMIP5 and the CMIP5 models. Although the theoretical approach is only designed to capture the local soil moisture–climate coupling strength, it can also help to distinguish non-local from local soil moisture–atmosphere feedbacks where sensitivity experiments (such as GLACE-CMIP5) are available. Overall, the theoretical framework-based approach presented here constitutes a simple and powerful tool to quantify local soil moisture–climate coupling in both the GLACE-CMIP5 and CMIP5 models that can be applied in the absence of dedicated sensitivity experiments., Earth System Dynamics, 9 (4), ISSN:2190-4987, ISSN:2190-4979

46. Evapotranspiration simulations in ISIMIP2a—Evaluation of spatio-temporal characteristics with a comprehensive ensemble of independent datasets

Author

Wartenburger, Richard, Seneviratne, Sonia I, Hirschi, Martin, Chang, Jinfeng, Ciais, Philippe, Deryng, Delphine, Elliott, Joshua, Folberth, Christian, Gosling, Simon N, Gudmundsson, Lukas, Henrot, Alexandra-Jane, Hickler, Thomas, Ito, Akihiko, Khabarov, Nikolay, Kim, Hyungjun, Leng, Guoyong, Liu, Junguo, Liu, Xingcai, Masaki, Yoshimitsu, Morfopoulos, Catherine, Müller, Christoph, Schmied, Hannes Müller, Nishina, Kazuya, Orth, Rene, Pokhrel, Yadu, Pugh, Thomas A M, Satoh, Yusuke, Schaphoff, Sibyll, Schmid, Erwin, Sheffield, Justin, Stacke, Tobias, Steinkamp, Joerg, Tang, Qiuhong, Thiery, Wim, Wada, Yoshihide, Wang, Xuhui, Weedon, Graham P, Yang, Hong, and Zhou, Tian

Subjects
13. Climate action, 15. Life on land

49. Quantifying Effects of Land-Climate Interactions on Spatiotemporal Variations of Near-Surface Air Temperature

Author

Schwingshackl, Clemens, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Hirschi, Martin, and Miralles, Diego G.

Subjects
Earth sciences, ddc:550, ddc:630, Agriculture, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Physics::Geophysics
Abstract

Energy and water fluxes between the land and the atmosphere strongly depend on the state of the land surface. A key process in this respect is the control of soil moisture on the partitioning of net radiation into latent and sensible heat fluxes. Especially near-surface air temperatures can be considerably affected by modified shares of these fluxes. Different metrics have been developed to assess the soil moisture effects on latent heat flux, on near-surface air temperature, and on other climate variables. In this thesis, the soil moisture--climate coupling strength is quantified by employing a simple framework that connects evaporative fraction $\mathrm{EF}$ (the amount of net radiation used for latent heat flux) to soil moisture $\theta$. This $\mathrm{EF}(\theta)$ framework allows to differentiate between dry, transitional, and wet soil moisture regimes, each having a distinct soil moisture control on the surface heat fluxes. Additionally, the contributions of different land surface variables and radiation components to near-surface air temperature variability are estimated. In the first part of this thesis, the $\mathrm{EF}(\theta)$ framework is used to estimate the spatial and temporal occurrence of the soil moisture regimes for three different data sources (two reanalysis datasets and a combination of observation-based datasets with a remote-sensing driven land surface model). The transitional regime, in which soil moisture affects evaporative fraction and thus possibly also near-surface air temperature, can be found in multiple regions of the world, such as Africa, India, and Australia. The regime classification allows furthermore to quantify the soil moisture--temperature coupling strength separately in the different soil moisture regimes. In several regions of the world, soil moisture variations in the transitional regime substantially impact near-surface air temperature. In contrast, soil moisture effects on temperature are almost negligible in the wet regime. Passages between the soil moisture regimes due to seasonal weather and climate variations can lead to changing soil moisture--temperature coupling strengths in the course of the year. The distinct soil moisture effects on evaporative fraction and near-surface air temperature in the different soil moisture regimes highlight the suitability of the $\mathrm{EF}(\theta)$ framework to assess spatial and temporal variations of soil moisture--climate coupling. In the second part of the thesis, the $\mathrm{EF}(\theta)$ framework is further used to quantify the impact of soil moisture on climate in a set of idealized climate model experiments. The Global Land-Atmosphere Climate Experiment--Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (GLACE-CMIP5) includes three idealized simulations with diverse soil moisture prescriptions that allow to study the influence of different soil moisture levels on atmospheric conditions. The impact of soil moisture differences between the GLACE-CMIP5 experiments can be explained by a theoretical estimation of the soil moisture effect on evaporative fraction that is based on the sensitivities in the different soil moisture regimes of the $\mathrm{EF}(\theta)$ framework. The resulting soil moisture effects on evaporative fraction agree well with estimations obtained directly from the GLACE-CMIP5 experiments. Similarly, the theoretical estimation captures the soil moisture effects on temperature well in regions where soil moisture exerts a strong control on latent heat fluxes. The theoretical approach can further be used to quantify the soil moisture contribution to projected future increases of the temperature on the hottest day of the year, confirming the results of recent estimations by other studies. As for the theoretical estimation only data of the interactive simulation are needed, it can additionally be used to emulate GLACE-CMIP5-style soil moisture prescription experiments with an extended set of models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). The CMIP5 models generally agree with the GLACE-CMIP5 models on the regions where soil moisture shifts significantly impact near-surface air temperatures and, additionally, yield more robust and reliable estimations of the geographical patterns with strong soil moisture--climate coupling. Although the theoretical approach is designed to capture only the local soil moisture effects on climate, it also enables to differentiate local from non-local soil moisture--atmosphere feedbacks where sensitivity experiments (such as GLACE-CMIP5) are available. The theoretical approach constitutes thus a simple and powerful tool to quantify soil moisture--climate coupling in both GLACE-CMIP5 and CMIP5 models without the need of performing additional simulations. In the third part of the thesis, the contribution of several land surface variables and radiation components to near-surface air temperature variability is estimated using CMIP5 model output. Employing stepwise multiple linear regression and focusing on incoming shortwave radiation, incoming longwave radiation, land surface albedo, and soil moisture as explanatory variables a large fraction of interannual temperature variability and almost all of the multidecadal temperature trend on land can be explained. While the radiation components are essential explanatory variables for almost all land area, albedo and soil moisture significantly contribute to the model performance in some confined regions. This highlights the dominating role of radiation and atmospheric processes for near-surface air temperature variability that can, however, also substantially be impacted by the state of the land surface. Overall, the results of this thesis emphasize the suitability of the soil moisture regime classification to describe the soil moisture effect on atmospheric conditions in several reanalyses, global climate models, and a remote-sensing driven land surface model. Soil moisture impacts on near-surface air temperature are additionally found to act at different timescales, highlighting the importance of a proper understanding of soil moisture--climate coupling both for short-term temperature variability as well as for long-term temperature trends.

Published
2018

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