402 results on '"Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane"'
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2. Using surveillance data for early warning modelling of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Europe reveals a seasonal shift in transmission, 2016–2022
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Jung Kjær, Lene, Ward, Michael P., Boklund, Anette Ella, Larsen, Lars Erik, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, and Kirkeby, Carsten Thure
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- 2023
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3. Kan man forudsige fugleinfluenza i Danmark?:Kan man forudsige fugleinfluenza i Danmark?
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Kjær, Lene Jung, Boklund, Anette, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Larsen, Lars, Kirkeby, Carsten, Kjær, Lene Jung, Boklund, Anette, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Larsen, Lars, and Kirkeby, Carsten
- Abstract
Det kan man faktisk, hvis man bruger information fra vores nabolande og tager højde for sygdomstilfælde tæt på Danmarks grænser.
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- 2024
4. Risk factors for avian influenza in Danish poultry and wild birds during the epidemic from June 2020 to May 2021
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Liu, Yangfan, Kjær, Lene Jung, Boklund, Anette Ella, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Larsen, Lars Erik, Kirkeby, Carsten Thure, Liu, Yangfan, Kjær, Lene Jung, Boklund, Anette Ella, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Larsen, Lars Erik, and Kirkeby, Carsten Thure
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Exploring the risk factors of avian influenza (AI) occurrence helps us to monitor and control the disease. Since late 2020, the number of avian influenza outbreaks in domestic and wild birds has increased in most European countries, including Denmark. This study was conducted to identify potential risk factors for wild birds and poultry during the epidemic in 2020/2021 in Denmark. Using Danish AI surveillance data of actively surveyed poultry and passively surveyed wild birds from June 2020 to May 2021, we calculated geographical attributes for bird locations and assessed the potential risk factors of AI detections using logistic regression analyses. 4% of actively surveyed poultry and 39% of passively surveyed wild birds were detected with AI circulating or ongoing at the time. Of these, 10 and 99% tested positive for the H5/H7 AI subtypes, respectively. Our analyses did not find any statistically significant risk factors for actively surveyed poultry within the dataset. For passively surveyed wild birds, bird species belonging to the Anseriformes order had a higher risk of being AI virus positive than five other taxonomic bird orders, and Galliformes were of higher risk than two other taxonomic bird orders. Besides, every 1 km increase in the distance to wetlands was associated with a 5.18% decrease in the risk of being AI positive (OR (odds ratio) 0.95, 95% CI 0.91, 0.99), when all other variables were kept constant. Overall, bird orders and distance to wetlands were associated with the occurrence of AI. The findings may provide targets for surveillance strategies using limited resources and assist in risk-based surveillance during epidemics.
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- 2024
5. Risk factors for avian influenza in Danish poultry and wild birds during the epidemic from June 2020 to May 2021
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Liu, Yangfan, primary, Kjær, Lene Jung, additional, Boklund, Anette Ella, additional, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, additional, Larsen, Lars Erik, additional, and Kirkeby, Carsten Thure, additional
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- 2024
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6. Risk factors for avian influenza in Danish poultry and wild birds during the epidemic from June 2020 to May 2021.
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Yangfan Liu, Lene Jung Kjær, Boklund, Anette Ella, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Larsen, Lars Erik, and Kirkeby, Carsten Thure
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AVIAN influenza ,H7N9 Influenza ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,EPIDEMICS ,BIRD surveys - Abstract
Exploring the risk factors of avian influenza (AI) occurrence helps us to monitor and control the disease. Since late 2020, the number of avian influenza outbreaks in domestic and wild birds has increased in most European countries, including Denmark. This study was conducted to identify potential risk factors for wild birds and poultry during the epidemic in 2020/2021 in Denmark. Using Danish AI surveillance data of actively surveyed poultry and passively surveyed wild birds from June 2020 to May 2021, we calculated geographical attributes for bird locations and assessed the potential risk factors of AI detections using logistic regression analyses. 4% of actively surveyed poultry and 39% of passively surveyed wild birds were detected with AI circulating or ongoing at the time. Of these, 10 and 99% tested positive for the H5/H7 AI subtypes, respectively. Our analyses did not find any statistically significant risk factors for actively surveyed poultry within the dataset. For passively surveyed wild birds, bird species belonging to the Anseriformes order had a higher risk of being AI virus positive than five other taxonomic bird orders, and Galliformes were of higher risk than two other taxonomic bird orders. Besides, every 1 km increase in the distance to wetlands was associated with a 5.18% decrease in the risk of being AI positive (OR (odds ratio) 0.95, 95% CI 0.91, 0.99), when all other variables were kept constant. Overall, bird orders and distance to wetlands were associated with the occurrence of AI. The findings may provide targets for surveillance strategies using limited resources and assist in risk-based surveillance during epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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7. Comparison of 2016-17 and Previous Epizootics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Guangdong Lineage in Europe
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Alarcon, Pablo, Brouwer, Adam, Venkatesh, Divya, Duncan, Daisy, Dovas, Chrysostomos I., Georgiades, George, Monne, Isabella, Fusaro, Alice, Dan, Adam, Smietanka, Krzysztof, Ragias, Vassilios, Breed, Andrew C., Chassalevris, Taxiarchis, Goujgoulova, Gabriela, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Ryan, Eoin, Sanchez, Azucena, Niqueux, Eric, Tammiranta, Niina, Zohari, Siamak, Stroud, David A., Savic, Vladimir, Lewis, Nicola S., and Brown, Ian H.
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Avian influenza -- Risk factors -- Genetic aspects ,Biodiversity -- Research ,Phylogenetic trees -- Usage ,Health - Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a zoonotic notifiable disease that can cause high mortality rates in most domestic poultry and in some wild bird species. Since 2003, HPAI H5 [...]
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- 2018
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8. Using surveillance data for early warning modelling of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Europe reveals a seasonal shift in transmission, 2016-2022:[Inkl. correction]
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Jung Kjær, Lene, Ward, Michael P, Boklund, Anette Ella, Larsen, Lars Erik, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Kirkeby, Carsten Thure, Jung Kjær, Lene, Ward, Michael P, Boklund, Anette Ella, Larsen, Lars Erik, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, and Kirkeby, Carsten Thure
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Avian influenza in wild birds and poultry flocks constitutes a problem for animal welfare, food security and public health. In recent years there have been increasing numbers of outbreaks in Europe, with many poultry flocks culled after being infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Continuous monitoring is crucial to enable timely implementation of control to prevent HPAI spread from wild birds to poultry and between poultry flocks within a country. We here utilize readily available public surveillance data and time-series models to predict HPAI detections within European countries and show a seasonal shift that happened during 2021-2022. The output is models capable of monitoring the weekly risk of HPAI outbreaks, to support decision making.
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- 2023
9. Diarrhoea in neonatal piglets: a case control study on microbiological findings
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Kongsted, Hanne, Pedersen, Karl, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Larsen, Lars Erik, Pedersen, Ken Steen, Jorsal, Sven Erik, and Bækbo, Poul
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- 2018
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10. Overvågning af influenza A virus i svin:Slutrapport 2021
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Ryt-Hansen, Pia, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Krog, Jesper Schak, Larsen, Lars, Ryt-Hansen, Pia, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Krog, Jesper Schak, and Larsen, Lars
- Abstract
Der er i 2021 gennemført en systematisk, prospektiv, passiv overvågning af cirkulerende influenza A virussubtyper i danske svin. Det overordnede formål med overvågningen var, at identificere hvilke influenza Avirus subtyper og varianter, der cirkulerer blandt danske svin.Totalt blev der i 2021 iværksat undersøgelse for influenza A virus på 2895 prøver fordelt på 857indsendelser fra 647 besætninger registreret med forskelligt CHR nummer. I alt havde 453 (53 %) afindsendelserne fra 377 forskellige besætninger minimum en positiv prøve. Indsendelserne fordelte sig overhele landet og over hele året. Der var flest indsendelser til undersøgelse i vinterhalvåret, dog blev derfundet influenza positive prøver over hele året, med en tendens til flere positive indsendelser fraseptember-december.Alle influenzapositive prøver blev testet for tilstedeværelsen af et HA gen med oprindelse i den pandemiskeH1N1pdm09 virus fra 2009 (H1pdm09). H1pdm09 blev i 2021 påvist i 189 indsendelser fra 164 besætningerregistreret med forskelligt CHR nummer og udgjorde således 42 % af de influenza A virus positiveindsendelser, hvilket er en markant højere procentdel end i 2020, hvor tallet lå på 29 %. I alt blevoprindelsen af både HA og NA genet bestemt for 312 influenzavirus positive indsendelser. Tilsammen vistedisse analyser, at de oftest påviste subtyper i danske svin i 2021 var H1avN2sw, H1pdm09N1av ogH1N1pdm09. Der er sket en yderligere stigning i andelen af indsendelser fundet positive for H1pdm09N1av,og denne subtype udgør nu 24 % af alle subtypede indsendelser, samtidig er andelen af H1avN2sw faldet til54 % af alle subtypede indsendelser. 2021 blev året, hvor de første to humane infektioner medH1N1pdm09 og H1pdm09N1av med oprindelse i danske svin blev dokumenteret i Danmark. Detteundersteger, at der er virus tilstede i danske svine besætninger med zoonotisk potentiale. Samtidigforventes der en lav krydsbeskyttelse til den humane sæson influenza, da den genetiske og antigene drift afH1pdm09, A systematic, prospective, passive monitoring of circulating subtypes of influenza A virus in Danish pigs wascarried out in 2021. The overall purpose of the monitoring was to identify which influenza virus subtypesand genotypes that circulated among Danish pigs.In 2021, a total of 2895 influenza A virus tests were performed on 857 submissions from 647 herdsregistered with different CHR no. In total, 453 (53 %) of the submissions from 377 different herds had atleast one positive sample. Submissions were distributed across the country. There were a higher number ofsubmissions during the winter, but influenza positive samples were detected all year round, with atendency to a higher positive proportion from September-December.Virus with an HA gene of pandemic H1N1pdm09 origin (H1pdm09) was detected in 189 submissions from164 herds registered with different CHR no. and thereby accounted for 42 % of the influenza A viruspositive submissions. The proportion of H1pdm09 is thereby significantly higher than last year where only29 % of the positive submission had an HA gene of H1N1pdm09 origin. In total, 312 influenza A viruspositive submissions were subtyped for both HA and NA. These analyzes showed that the most commonOvervågning af influenza A i svin, december 2022Side 7 af 31subtypes in Danish pigs in 2021 were H1avN2sw, H1pdm09N1av and H1N1pdm09. Similarly to last year, theprevalence of the H1pdm09N1av subtype increased and this subtype now represents 24 % of allsubmissions for which both HA and NA were subtyped. At the same time, the H1avN2sw subtype hasdecreased in prevalence, and was constituting only 54 % of all subtyped submissions. For the first time inDenmark, two human zoonotic infections with H1N1pdm09 and H1pdm09N1av viruses originating fromDanish swine, were documented. This emphasizes that viruses with a zoonotic potential are present in theDanish swine population. In addition, low cross-reaction to the human seasonal flu is expected as thegenetic and antigeni
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- 2022
11. Landscape effects and spatial patterns of avian influenza virus in Danish wild birds, 2006-2020
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Kjaer, Lene Jung, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Larsen, Lars Erik, Boklund, Anette Ella, Halasa, Tariq, Ward, Michael P, Kirkeby, Carsten Thure, Kjaer, Lene Jung, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Larsen, Lars Erik, Boklund, Anette Ella, Halasa, Tariq, Ward, Michael P, and Kirkeby, Carsten Thure
- Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a contagious disease of birds with zoonotic potential. AI virus (AIV) can infect most bird species, but clinical signs and mortality vary. Assessing the distribution and factors affecting AI presence can direct targeted surveillance to areas at risk of disease outbreaks, or help identify disease hotspots or areas with inadequate surveillance. Using virus surveillance data from passive and active AIV wild bird surveillance, 2006-2020, we investigated the association between the presence of AIV and a range of landscape factors and game bird release. Furthermore, we assessed potential bias in the passive AIV surveillance data submitted by the public, via factors related to public accessibility. Lastly, we tested the AIV data for possible hot- and cold spots within Denmark. The passive surveillance data was biased regarding accessibility to areas (distance to roads, cities and coast) compared to random locations within Denmark. For both the passive and active AIV surveillance data, we found significant (p < .01) associations with variables related to coast, wetlands and cities, but not game bird release. We used these variables to predict the risk of AIV presence throughout Denmark, and found high-risk areas concentrated along the coast and fjords. For both passive and active surveillance data, low-risk clusters were mainly seen in Jutland and northern Zealand, whereas high-risk clusters were found in Jutland, Zealand, Funen and the southern Isles such as Lolland and Falster. Our results suggest that landscape affects AIV presence, as coastal areas and wetlands attract waterfowl and migrating birds and therefore might increase the potential for AIV transmission. Our findings have enabled us to create risk maps of AIV presence in wild birds and pinpoint high-risk clusters within Denmark. This will aid targeted surveillance efforts within Denmark and potentially aid in planning the location of future poultry farms.
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- 2022
12. Using national avian influenza data to predict spatial patterns in wild birds from Denmark, 2006-2020
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Kjær, Lene Jung, Boklund, Anette, Larsen, Lars, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Ward, Michael P., Kjær, Lene Jung, Boklund, Anette, Larsen, Lars, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, and Ward, Michael P.
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- 2022
13. Forecasting outbreaks of high pathogenic avian influenza in Europe
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Kjær, Lene Jung, Boklund, Anette, Larsen, Lars, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Ward, Michael P., Kirkeby, Carsten, Kjær, Lene Jung, Boklund, Anette, Larsen, Lars, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Ward, Michael P., and Kirkeby, Carsten
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- 2022
14. Surveillance for Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds in Denmark and Greenland, 2007–10
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Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Breum, Solvej Østergaard, Trebbien, Ramona, Handberg, Kurt Jensen, Therkildsen, Ole Roland, Madsen, Jesper Johannes, Thorup, Kasper, Baroch, John A., DeLiberto, Thomas J., Larsen, Lars Erik, and Jørgensen, Poul Henrik
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- 2012
15. Genesis and spread of multiple reassortants during the 2016/2017 H5 avian influenza epidemic in Eurasia
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Lycett, Samantha J., Pohlmann, Anne, Staubach, Christoph, Caliendo, Valentina, Woolhouse, Mark, Beer, Martin, Kuiken, Thijs, van Borm, Steven, Breed, Andrew, Briand, Francois-Xavier, Brown, Ian, Dán, Ádám, DeLiberto, Thomas, von Dobschuetz, Sophie, Fouchier, Ron, Gilbert, Marius, Hill, Sarah, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Ip, Hon, Koopmans, Marion, Larsen, Lars Erik, Lee, Dong-Hun, Naguib, Mahmoud Mohamed, Monne, Isabella, Pybus, Oliver, Ramey, Andrew, Savic, Vladimir, Sharshov, Kirill, Shestopalov, Alexander, Song, Chang-Seon, Steensels, Mieke, Swayne, David, Świętoń, Edyta, Wan, XiuFeng, Zohari, Siamak, and Virology
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Emerging infectious diseases ,Highly pathogenic avian influenza ,Reassortant virus ,Lineage (genetic) ,Asia ,animal diseases ,viruses ,Bird migration ,Severe disease ,Zoology ,Animals, Wild ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Poultry ,Wild birds ,emerging infectious diseases ,Birds ,03 medical and health sciences ,Goose ,biology.animal ,Reassortant Viruses ,highly pathogenic avian influenza ,phylogenetic analysis ,poultry ,wild birds ,medicine ,Animals ,Epidemics ,Phylogeny ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Phylogenetic analysis ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Phylogenetic tree ,Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ,030306 microbiology ,virus diseases ,Biological Sciences ,Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ,3. Good health ,Europe ,Influenza in Birds - Abstract
Significance In 2016/2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of the subtype H5 spilled over into wild birds and caused the largest known HPAI epidemic in Europe, affecting poultry and wild birds. During its spread, the virus frequently exchanged genetic material (reassortment) with cocirculating low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses. To determine where and when these reassortments occurred, we analyzed Eurasian avian influenza viruses and identified a large set of H5 HPAI reassortants. We found that new genetic material likely came from wild birds across their migratory range and from domestic ducks not only in China, but also in central Europe. This knowledge is important to understand how the virus could adapt to wild birds and become established in wild bird populations., Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5 A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage can cause severe disease in poultry and wild birds, and occasionally in humans. In recent years, H5 HPAI viruses of this lineage infecting poultry in Asia have spilled over into wild birds and spread via bird migration to countries in Europe, Africa, and North America. In 2016/2017, this spillover resulted in the largest HPAI epidemic on record in Europe and was associated with an unusually high frequency of reassortments between H5 HPAI viruses and cocirculating low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Here, we show that the seven main H5 reassortant viruses had various combinations of gene segments 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6. Using detailed time-resolved phylogenetic analysis, most of these gene segments likely originated from wild birds and at dates and locations that corresponded to their hosts’ migratory cycles. However, some gene segments in two reassortant viruses likely originated from domestic anseriforms, either in spring 2016 in east China or in autumn 2016 in central Europe. Our results demonstrate that, in addition to domestic anseriforms in Asia, both migratory wild birds and domestic anseriforms in Europe are relevant sources of gene segments for recent reassortant H5 HPAI viruses. The ease with which these H5 HPAI viruses reassort, in combination with repeated spillovers of H5 HPAI viruses into wild birds, increases the risk of emergence of a reassortant virus that persists in wild bird populations yet remains highly pathogenic for poultry.
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- 2020
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16. Co-circulation of multiple influenza A reassortants in swine harboring genes from seasonal human and swine influenza viruses
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Ryt-Hansen, Pia, primary, Krog, Jesper Schak, additional, Breum, Solvej Østergaard, additional, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, additional, Pedersen, Anders Gorm, additional, Trebbien, Ramona, additional, and Larsen, Lars Erik, additional
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- 2021
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17. Overvågning af influenza A virus i svin:Slutrapport 2020
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Ryt-Hansen, Pia, Goecke, Nicole Bakkegård, Krog, Jesper Schak, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, and Larsen, Lars
- Abstract
Der er i 2020 gennemført en systematisk, prospektiv, passiv overvågning af cirkulerende influenza A virus subtyper i danske svin. Det overordnede formål med overvågningen var, at identificere hvilke influenza A virus subtyper og varianter, der cirkulerer blandt danske svin. Totalt blev der i 2020 iværksat undersøgelse for influenza A virus på 2512 prøver fordelt på 723 indsendelser fra 517 besætninger registreret med forskelligt CHR nummer. I alt havde 400 (55 %) af indsendelserne fra 315 forskellige besætninger minimum en positiv prøve. Indsendelserne fordelte sig over hele landet og over hele året. Der var flest indsendelser til undersøgelse i vinterhalvåret, men andelen af positive prøver var relativt ensartet over hele året. Alle influenzapositive prøver blev testet for HA-subtypen H1pdm09, og virus blev påvist i 115 indsendelser fra 91 besætninger registreret med forskelligt CHR nummer og udgjorde således 29 % af de influenza A virus positive indsendelser, hvilket er en højere procentdel end i 2019, hvor tallet lå på 20 %. I alt blev 216 influenzavirus positive indsendelser subtypet for både HA og NA. Tilsammen viste disse analyser, at de oftest påviste subtyper i danske svin i 2020 var H1avN2sw, H1pdm09N1av og H1N1pdm09. I år er der således sket en markant stigning i antallet af prøver, der testede positive for H1pdm09N1av. Samtidig sås et yderligere fald i antallet af prøver, der testede positive for ”avian-like” svine H1avN1av. I år blev der forførste gang identificeret en hel human sæsoninfluenza virus i svin. Specielt for 2020 blev der også observeret en stigning af antallet af prøver, hvori der blev fundet flere influenzavirus i samme prøve
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- 2021
18. Co-circulation of multiple influenza a reassortants in swine harboring genes from seasonal human and swine influenza viruses
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Ryt-Hansen, Pia, Krog, Jesper Schak, Breum, Solvej Østergaard, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Pedersen, Anders Gorm, Trebbien, Ramona, Larsen, Lars Erik, Ryt-Hansen, Pia, Krog, Jesper Schak, Breum, Solvej Østergaard, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Pedersen, Anders Gorm, Trebbien, Ramona, and Larsen, Lars Erik
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Since the influenza pandemic in 2009, there has been an increased focus on swine influenza A virus (swIAV) surveillance. This paper describes the results of the surveillance of swIAV in Danish swine from 2011 to 2018. In total, 3800 submissions were received with a steady increase in swIAV positive submissions, reaching 56% in 2018. Full genome sequences were obtained from 129 swIAV positive samples. Altogether, 17 different circulating genotypes were identified including six novel reassortants harboring human seasonal IAV gene segments. The phylogenetic analysis revealed substantial genetic drift and also evidence of positive selection occurring mainly in antigenic sites of the hemagglutinin protein and confirmed the presence of a swine divergent cluster among the H lpdm09Nx (clade 1 A.3.3.2) viruses. The results provide essential data for the control of swIAV in pigs and emphasize the importance of contemporary surveillance for discovering novel swIAV strains posing a potential threat to the human population.
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- 2021
19. Molecular characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h5n6 detected in denmark in 2018–2019
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Liang, Yuan, Krog, Jesper Schak, Ryt-Hansen, Pia, Pedersen, Anders Gorm, Kvisgaard, Lise Kirstine, Holm, Elisabeth, Nielsen, Pernille Dahl, Hammer, Anne Sofie, Madsen, Jesper Johannes, Thorup, Kasper, Larsen, Lars Erik, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Liang, Yuan, Krog, Jesper Schak, Ryt-Hansen, Pia, Pedersen, Anders Gorm, Kvisgaard, Lise Kirstine, Holm, Elisabeth, Nielsen, Pernille Dahl, Hammer, Anne Sofie, Madsen, Jesper Johannes, Thorup, Kasper, Larsen, Lars Erik, and Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane
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Beginning in late 2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 viruses caused outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in several European countries. H5N6 viruses were detected in 43 wild birds found dead throughout Denmark. Most of the Danish virus-positive dead birds were found in the period from February to April 2018. However, unlike the rest of Europe, sporadic HPAI H5N6-positive dead wild birds were detected in Denmark in July, August, September, and December 2018, with the last positive bird being found in January 2019. HPAI viruses were not detected in active surveillance of apparently healthy wild birds. In this study, we use full genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to investigate the wild bird HPAI H5N6 viruses found in Denmark. The Danish viruses were found to be closely related to those of contemporary HPAI H5N6 viruses detected in Europe. Their sequences formed two clusters indicating that at least two or more introductions of H5N6 into Denmark occurred. Notably, all viruses detected in the latter half of 2018 and in 2019 grouped into the same cluster. The H5N6 viruses appeared to have been maintained undetected in the autumn 2018.
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- 2021
20. Spatial patterns of avian influenza in wild birds from Denmark, 2006-2020
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Kjær, Lene Jung, Boklund, Anette Ella, Kirkeby, Carsten, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Larsen, Lars, Halasa, Tariq, Ward, Michael P., Kjær, Lene Jung, Boklund, Anette Ella, Kirkeby, Carsten, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Larsen, Lars, Halasa, Tariq, and Ward, Michael P.
- Abstract
We investigated factors affecting avian influenza virus (AIV) detections in Danish wild birds using data from the passive and active AIV surveillance in wild birds from 2006-2020. We used this data and machine learning (ML) algorithms along with landscape and environmental variables to develop predictive models of AIV occurrence in Denmark. We furthermore assessed potential accessibility bias in the passive AIV surveillance data submitted by the public. The passive AIV surveillance data was biased regarding accessibility to areas compared to random locations within Denmark. ML models differed in their predictive power and were used to predict the risk of AIV presence throughout Denmark. Our results suggest that landscape variables may affect AIV presence and enabled us to create risk maps of AIV occurrence in Danish wild birds. This may aid future targeted surveillance efforts within Denmark.
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- 2021
21. Molecular Characterization of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N6 Detected in Denmark in 2018–2019
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Liang, Yuan, primary, Krog, Jesper Schak, additional, Ryt-Hansen, Pia, additional, Pedersen, Anders Gorm, additional, Kvisgaard, Lise Kirstine, additional, Holm, Elisabeth, additional, Nielsen, Pernille Dahl, additional, Hammer, Anne Sofie, additional, Madsen, Jesper Johannes, additional, Thorup, Kasper, additional, Larsen, Lars Erik, additional, and Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, additional
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- 2021
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22. Multiple determinants in the coding region of Pea seed- borne mosaic virus P3 are involved in virulence against sbm-2 resistance
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Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Olsen, Birgit Schlichter, Jensen, Ditte Marie Kjær, Cordea, Mirela Irina, Krath, Britta N., Johansen, I. Elisabeth, and Lund, Ole Søgaard
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- 2006
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23. Kvantitativ PCR kan være et godt supplement til påvisning af cytomegalovirus-infektion:Meddelelse nr. 1162
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Tolstrup, Lola, Haugegaard, Svend, Larsen, Lars Erik, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Jensen, Tim Kåre, Hansen, Mette Sif, and Sonne Kristensen, Charlotte
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Næsesvaberprøver undersøgt ved kvantitativ PCR er værdifulde i forhold til diagnostik af Porcint Cytomegalovirus-infektion på levende smågrise og kan i vid udtrækning erstatte histologi af næseslimhinde fra obducerede dyr.Undersøgelse på levende grise kan erstatte omkostningstung histologi fra næseslimhinden når Cytomegalovirus skal påvises. Metoden er en Real-time kvantitativ PCR (qPCR) på næsesvaberprøver til rutinemæssige diagnostik af PCMV-infektion.Porcint Cytomegalovirus (PCMV) er et virus, der giver infektion i næseslimhinden og bliver ofte betegnet ’snotsyge’. Virusset har været kendt siden midten af forrige århundrede, og den er vidt udbredt, både mellem og inden for besætninger.Der findes ingen behandling eller vaccine mod PCMV, hvorfor den eneste måde at undgå virusset på er ved at undgå smitte, f.eks. ved at sikre overførsel af antistoffer til pattegrisene via råmælk. Den økonomiske betydning af PCMV er usikker, men det vides, at virusset kan forværre symptomerne fra andre sygdomme, f.eks. influenza.PCMV-infektioner er traditionelt set blevet diagnosticeret ved histologi af vævet i næseslimhinden, hvor det er muligt at observere virus inde i næseslimhindens celler hos et smittet dyr. Histologisk diagnostik kan kun udføres på døde dyr, og derfor har PCR på slim fra næsesvaber været brugt som en alternativ metode til at diagnosticere PCMV på levende dyr. Hvorvidt denne metode er sammenlignelig med histologi, har indtil nu været uvist.På baggrund af ovenstående har dette studie undersøgt sammenhængen mellem histologi og qPCR til diagnostik af PCMV på 46 grise mistænkt for PCMV. Det var muligt at konkludere, at der er god sammenhæng mellem de to metoder, hvis der benyttes et cut-off på mellem 105,83 og 107,16 viruskopier pr. ml på den kvantitative PCR.
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- 2019
24. Microbiological quality of mink feed raw materials and feed production area
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Lyhs, Ulrike, Frandsen, Henrik Lauritz, Andersen, Birgitte, Nonnemann, Bettina, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Pedersen, Karl, Chriél, Mariann, Lyhs, Ulrike, Frandsen, Henrik Lauritz, Andersen, Birgitte, Nonnemann, Bettina, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Pedersen, Karl, and Chriél, Mariann
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: The quality of mink feed and raw ingredients affect health and growth. The objectives of this study were to examine the microbiological quality of ready-to-eat mink feed and its raw ingredients, screen the plant part of the feed for mycotoxins, and determine the hygiene of the production environment in the feed processing facilities. The results of the study are important for identification of critical steps in the feed production and for formulation of recommendations for improvements of production processes to obtain better quality feed. Feed and swab samples were taken at three Danish mink feed producers October 2016 and May 2017, respectively. Viable counts, detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), influenza virus and filamentous fungi were performed together with qualitative chemical analyses for bioactive fungal metabolites and mycotoxins. Swab samples were analyzed for total viable counts.RESULTS: Viable counts varied between 7.2 × 102 and 9.3 × 107 cfu/g in raw ingredients and between 107 and 109 cfu/cm2 on different surfaces at the feed production facilities. A pork meat product, pork haemoglobin, pork liver and a poultry mix was found positive for MRSA, while monophasic Salmonella [4,5,12:i:-] was detected in a pork meat product. Neither MRSA nor Salmonella was detected in any ready-to-eat feed. Influenza A virus was not detected in any sample. Filamentous fungi were detected in all analysed samples of ready-to-eat feed while dihydro-demethyl-sterigmatocystin was found in almost 50% of all ready-to-eat feed samples and in 80% of the sugar beet pulp. Fumonisins and other Fusarium toxins were found especially in corn gluten meal and extruded barley and wheat.CONCLUSIONS: Mink feed contained a cocktail of mycotoxins and bacteria, which may not per se cause clinical disease, but may affect organ function and animal performance and well-being.
- Published
- 2019
25. Rapportering af diagnostiske undersøgelser af faldvildt 2018
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Chriél, Mariann, Hansen, Mette Sif, Larsen, Gitte, Holm, Elisabeth, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Jensen, Tim Kåre, and Petersen, Heidi Huus
- Published
- 2018
26. Sygdomsudvikling ved aerosol og intraperitoneal smitte med plasmacytosevirus
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Hansen, Mette Sif, Chriél, Mariann, Larsen, Lars Erik, and Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane
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- 2018
27. Triple reassortant H3N2 with seasonal human H3, pandemic internal genes and N2 of swine origin circulates in Danish swine herds
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Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Larsen, Lars Erik, Krog, Jesper Schak, Andersen, Malene Rask, Franks, John, Larsen, Michael A., and Webby, Richard
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- 2018
28. Påvisning af PCV2:Notat nr 1807
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Neumann, Katrine, Buse, Katja Strøm, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Nielsen, Gitte Blach, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Larsen, Lars Erik, and Kristensen, Charlotte Sonne
- Abstract
Mængden af PCV2-virus i poolede serumprøver kan anvendes til at finde grise med meget PCV2-virus, hvorimod mængden af PCV2-virus i spyt og fæces er velegnede til at vurdere tilstedeværelsen af eller tidspunktet for en begyndende PCV2-infektion Mængden af PCV2-virus i poolede serumprøver kan anvendes til at finde grise med meget PCV2-virus, hvorimod mængden af PCV2-virus i spyt og fæces er velegnede til at vurdere tilstedeværelsen af eller tidspunktet for en begyndende PCV2-infektion. Der er ikke god overensstemmelse mellem PCV2-niveauerne (mængden af virus i blodet) i blod (serum) og spyt opsamlet ved rebtest eller fæces opsamlet ved sokkeprøver. Det viser resultater fra et veterinært speciale udarbejdet på DTU Veterinærinstituttet i samarbejde med KU SUND, MSD Animal Health og SEGES Svineproduktion. Resultaterne betyder, at PCV2-niveauet i serum ikke kan udledes fra måling af PCV2-niveauet i spyt eller fæces. Rebtesten og sokkeprøverne vil dog kunne anvendes til at screene for forekomst af PCV2 i besætningen. Ved vurdering af PCV2-niveauet i en poolet serumprøve er det vigtigt at holde sig for øje, at enkelte grise med et højt PCV2-niveau vil kunne forårsage et højt PCV2-niveau i den poolede serumprøve. Studiet inkluderede 34 stier ligeligt fordelt på to aldersgrupper (14-15 uger og 18-19 uger) i én slagtesvinebesætning. I hver sti blev der udtaget én rebtest til opsamling af spyt, én sokkeprøve til opsamling af fæces samt blodprøver fra alle grise i stien. I laboratoriet på DTU blev der udfærdiget to serumpools. Den ene pool bestod af serum fra alle grisene i stien, og den anden pool inkluderede kun serum fra grise, som tyggede i rebet under opsamlingen af spytprøven. Alle individuelle dyrs PCV2-niveau i serum blev tillige undersøgt i syv tilfældigt udvalgte stier. Resultaterne viste, at der ikke var god overensstemmelse mellem PCV2-niveauerne i de forskellige prøvematerialer. Ydermere viste analyser af de individuelle serumprøver, at enkelte dyr med et højt PCV2-niveau kan forårsage et højt PCV2-niveau i en poolet serumprøve, idet kun enkelte grise havde PCV2-niveauer lige så højt som PCV-niveauet i den poolede serumprøve fra alle grise i stien. Anbefalingen er derfor, at der anvendes serumpools, når formålet er at bestemme, om der findes grise med et højt PCV2-niveau. Når formålet er at identificere, om infektionen er til stede i besætningen eller bestemme, hvornår infektionen starter, er spyt eller sokkeprøver derimod også velegnede. På nuværende tidspunkt er der mere viden om tolkningen af PCV2-niveau i serum end i spyt og fæces fra sokkeprøver.
- Published
- 2018
29. The high within-europe porcine circovirus 3 genetic heterogeneity: full genome sequencing of fields strains from Denmark, Italy and Spain
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Franzo, G., Legnardi, M., Kristensen, C. S., Klaumann, F., Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Larsen, Lars Erik, Segalés, J., and Drigo, M.
- Published
- 2018
30. Health monitoring in nursery and finisher pigs by extending diagnostic screening
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Kusk, T. K., Kobberoe, M., Goecke, Nicole Bakkegård, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Kristensen, C. S., Pedersen, K. S., and Larsen, Lars Erik
- Published
- 2018
31. Overvågning af aviær influenza i vilde fugle i Danmark 2017
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Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Krog , Jesper S, Kvistgaard, Lise K, Madsen, Jesper Johannes, Thorup, Kasper, and Larsen, Lars E.
- Abstract
Overvågning af fugleinfluenza, aviær influenza (AI), på EU niveau går tilbage til 2002, og Danmark følger EU kommissionens bestemmelser for udformning af overvågningen, der har skiftet gennem årene i takt med indhøstede erfaringer. I 2017 blev der udført EU lovomfattet passiv overvågning af døde vilde fugle, der blev fundet i naturen. Der blev testet 154 fugle. Udbrud af højpatogen aviær influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N8, der startede i 2016 ved fund af HPAI H5N8 virus i en død troldand fundet den 7. november i Stadsgraven ved Christiania, København, fortsatte i 2017. HPAI H5N8 blev i alt påvist i 17 døde vilde fugle i 2017 (1 ederfugl, 3 havørne, 7 musvåger, 1 pibeand, 3 svartbage, 1 sølvmåge, 1 vandrefalk) fordelt over det meste af landet. HPAI H5N8 er dermed i alt påvist i 82 vilde fugle, der blev fundet døde i naturen i perioden fra 7. november 2016 til 4. april 2017. HPAI H5N8 blev også påvist i en hobby besætning beliggende ved Helsingør i november 2016, og i gæs fra et museum ved Maribo i februar 2017. Molekylærfylogenetisk analyse af HA genet i HPAI H5N8 virus fundet i Danmark i 2016 og 2017 viste, at disse virus er nært beslægtede med hinanden og med samtidige HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4b virus fra andre europæiske lande. Virus adskiller sig imidlertid genetisk fra HPAI H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4a virus fra vinteren 2014/2015, hvor der var enkelte fund af HPAI i fjerkræ og/eller døde vilde fugle i England, Tyskland, Holland, Italien, Ungarn og Sverige. Der blev også udført en aktiv overvågning af AI virus i vilde fugle i Danmark i 2016. Denne blev udført i samarbejde mellem Veterinærinstituttet, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU‐VET), Fødevarestyrelsen (FVST) og Statens Naturhistoriske Museum, Københavns Universitet (SNM) i henhold til ”Projektplan vedr. overvågning af aviær influenza i vilde fugle i Danmark i 2017” (bilag 5). Omfanget af overvågningen var som i 2016, dvs. reduceret til 900 fugle i forhold til de foregående år og kun med fokus på H5/H7 virus. Der blev i alt testet 896 fugle som 248 pools af kloaksvabere fra op til 5 fugle af samme art, fundet på samme sted og på samme tid. I lighed med proceduren i 2013‐2016, blev prøverne udtaget fra enkeltdyr og sendt til laboratoriet (DTU‐VET), hvor de blev poolet inden test. Prøverne blev indsamlet i Jylland, på Fyn, Lolland, Sjælland og i Hovedstadsregionen. FVST varetog udtagelse af prøver fra 445 fugle fra nedlagte ænder og gæs, der var indleveret på ildthåndteringsvirksomhederne Kivan Food, Alpevej Vildtbehandling og Klosterheden Vildt. Statens Naturhistoriske Museum (SNM) koordinerede indsamling af prøver fra 451 vildtlevende fugle. I alt 73 pools (29 %) blev fundet positive for AI virus ved PCR. Af disse var 15 (21 %) lavpatogen AI (LPAI) H5, der blev ikke påvist LPAI H7 i prøverne. Andelen og antallet af positive pools i 2017 var på niveau med tidligere år. Materiale fra positive pools blev podet i æg med henblik på at isolere AI virus, succesraten var 19 %, hvilket er på niveau med tidligere år.I lighed med 2014‐2016, var overvågningen i 2017 udvidet med molekylær karakterisering af de virus, der blev påvist både i vilde fugle og i fjerkræ, og dette bidrog til en dybere og mere præcis karakterisering af virus, så vi ret præcist ved hvilke virus varianter, vi har påvist. Dermed er opnået en god indikation af hvilke AI virus, der cirkulerer i Danmark, og en viden om at disse virus pt. ikke udgør en øget trussel mod den humane sundhed. Overvågningen viser dog, at der til stadighed cirkulerer LPAI H5 og H7 virus i den vilde fauna, som potentielt kan true dyresundheden, så der er fortsat et behov for at overvåge forekomsten af AI virus i fjerkræflokke. Fylogenetisk analyse af LPAI H5 gener fra virus påvist i 2017 viste, at disse var nært beslægtede med H5 gener fra virus i prøver fra vilde fugle, der blev indsamlet i Danmark de foregående år, samt med virus fra vilde fugle og fjerkræ i Europa. Analysen afslørede som forventet også en betydelig genetisk drift i forhold til de tidligere år. Sekventering af LPAI H5 generne gav også mulighed for at undersøge, hvor godt de anvendte RT‐PCR assays, som er de samme der anvendes til diagnostisk undersøgelse af AI mistanker, matcher nutidige AI virus. Resultatet af analysen af de tre H5 specifikke RT‐PCR assays viste, at de overordnet set er anvendelige overfor de virus, der cirkulerer i Danmark i dag, på trods af den drift i sekvenserne, som afsløres af fuldlængde HA sekventeringen. Men analysen viste også, at det er nødvendigt med en strategi, der involverer samtidig anvendelse af flere af disse subtypningsassays for en sensitiv påvisning af LPAI H5 virus. Fitness‐analysen understregede vigtigheden af, at der foretages en løbende monitorering af drift i sekvenserne, så de anvendte assays kan opdateres ved behov. Da EU referencelaboratoriet sjældent har adgang til LPAI sekvenser fra vilde fugle i real‐time, og da der endvidere kun sker et meget begrænset fund/ offentliggørelse af fund af LPAI H5/H7 virus i vilde fugle, kan EU referencelaboratoriet ikke udføre en fyldestgørende analyse af driften i H5/H7 virus. Det er derfor nødvendigt, at vi selv holder øje med situationen under danske forhold, via en fortsat overvågning af driften i H5/H7 virus. På den måde kan vi bedst sikre, at vi har det rette værktøj til at påvise H5/H7 virus med høj sensitivitet, når der opstår mistanke om AI virus i danske fjerkræbesætninger, og således hurtigt få kontrol over de anmeldepligtige AI virus til gavn for både dyresundheden og samfundsøkonomien. 2016‐2017 har på europæisk plan især været præget af udbrud med HPAI H5N8 i vilde fugle og fjerkræ i en lang række lande, og udveksling af virus mellem disse segmenter. Dette gælder også i Danmark. Der var ikke udbrud af LPAI virus i fjerkræ i Danmark i 2017. I 2016 var der udbrud af LPAI virus i to gråandeflokke på hhv. Fyn (juli 2016) og i Nordjylland (august 2016), hvor der blev påvist hhv. H7N7 og H5N2 i forbindelse med virologisk screening af rutine overvågningsprøver i fjervildtopdræt.
- Published
- 2018
32. No evidence of pcv2 infection of piglets in 60 danish sow herds
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Tolstrup, L., Salomonsen, C. M., Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Larsen, Lars Erik, and Kristensen, C. S.
- Published
- 2018
33. Højpatogen fugleinfluenza med subtypen H5N6 er forblevet i Danmark
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Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane and Larsen, Lars Erik
- Published
- 2018
34. Outbreaks of influenza of swine and human origin in mink (Neovison vison)
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Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Krog, Jesper Schak, Chriél, Mariann, Larsen, Gitte, and Larsen, Lars Erik
- Subjects
animal diseases ,viruses - Abstract
Influenza A virus infections in farmed mink, that are associated with respiratory disease, have occasionally been reported from mink producing countries. The viruses isolated have mainly been of avian or swine origin. Infections in mink with seasonal human influenza viruses have been inferred mainly from antibody detections. In 2009, the first outbreak with Influenza A virus was recognized in Danish farmed mink. The virus was a novel reassortant H3N2 virus. The HA and NA genes were most closely related to the 2005/06 human seasonal influenza virus and the internal genes were of contemporary swine influenza virus origin. All the infected farms received feed from the same feed producer. The feed contained fresh swine offal and the outbreak was therefore suspected to be feed-borne.Since 2009, Influenza A viruses have been detected in farmed mink in Denmark almost every year. Outbreaks are typically associated with sneezing, pneumonia and haemolytic E. coli infections. Characteristic is also bleeding from the nose. The mortality varies but is normally between three to five per cent in the affected farms.The aim of this study was to elucidate the origin of influenza A viruses detected in Danish farmed mink in recent years by genetic and phylogenetic analyses of influenza A virus genes.The results showed that the viruses involved were either closely related to contemporary swine influenza viruses (avian-like H1N2 or H1N1) or to H1N1pdm09. The 2009 H3N2 virus has not been detected since 2009. The avian-like HA swine H1N1 and H1N2 viruses have never been detected in humans in Denmark, but are the most prevalent subtypes detected in the Danish swine herds with respiratory disease. Thus feed content of swine origin is a likely source of these viruses in mink.The H1N1pdm09 viruses have been circulating in Danish swine since 2010 and the same subtype is now considered seasonal influenza virus in humans, rather than being “pandemic”.Genetic analyses showed that some of the H1N1pdm09 viruses found in mink had a higher level of identity to H1N1pdm09 strains detected in humans than in swine. This suggests that these viruses were transmitted directly from humans to mink.
- Published
- 2018
35. Forsøg med inaktivering af aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) i gylle ved høj PH eller varme
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Kvisgaard, Lise Kirstine, Hansen, Mette Sif, Chriél, Mariann, Larsen, Lars Erik, and Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane
- Published
- 2018
36. Correlation between serum pools, oral fluid and fecal sock samples for pcv2 quantification in a danish finisher herd
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Neumann, K., Buse, K. S., Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Nielsen, S. S., Nielsen, G.B., Kristensen, C. S., and Larsen, Lars Erik
- Published
- 2018
37. Transmission in birds and ferrets of Danish H5N8 HPAI viruses from the 2016/2017 epidemic
- Author
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Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Jeevan, Trushar, Krog, Jesper Schak, Kvisgaard, Lise Kirstine, Webby, Richard, and Larsen, Lars Erik
- Published
- 2018
38. Påvisning af PCV2
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Neumann, Katrine, Buse, Katja Strøm, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Nielsen, Gitte Blach, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Larsen, Lars Erik, Kristensen, Charlotte Sonne, Neumann, Katrine, Buse, Katja Strøm, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Nielsen, Gitte Blach, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Larsen, Lars Erik, and Kristensen, Charlotte Sonne
- Abstract
Mængden af PCV2-virus i poolede serumprøver kan anvendes til at finde grise med meget PCV2-virus, hvorimod mængden af PCV2-virus i spyt og fæces er velegnede til at vurdere tilstedeværelsen af eller tidspunktet for en begyndende PCV2-infektion, The amount of PCV2-virus in pooled serum samples can be used to detect pigs with limited amount of PCV2-virus, whereas the amount of PCV2 virus in saliva and faeces is useful to assess the presence of or time of initial PCV2 infection
- Published
- 2018
39. Eksperimentel smitte af mink med plasmacytosevirus i foder
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Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Lazov, Christina Marie, Chriél, Mariann, Kvisgaard, Lise Kirstine, Larsen, Lars Erik, Hansen, Mette Sif, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Lazov, Christina Marie, Chriél, Mariann, Kvisgaard, Lise Kirstine, Larsen, Lars Erik, and Hansen, Mette Sif
- Published
- 2018
40. Evaluation of ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition as screening tests in serosurveillance for H5/H7 avian influenza in commercial chicken flocks
- Author
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Arnold, M E, Slomka, M J, Breed, A C, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Pritz-Verschuren, S, Venema-Kemper, S, Bouwstra, R J, Trebbien, Ramona, Zohari, S, Ceeraz, V, Larsen, L E, Manvell, R J, Koch, G, Brown, I H, Arnold, M E, Slomka, M J, Breed, A C, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Pritz-Verschuren, S, Venema-Kemper, S, Bouwstra, R J, Trebbien, Ramona, Zohari, S, Ceeraz, V, Larsen, L E, Manvell, R J, Koch, G, and Brown, I H
- Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5 and H7 can infect poultry causing low pathogenicity (LP) AI, but these LPAIVs may mutate to highly pathogenic AIV in chickens or turkeys causing high mortality, hence H5/H7 subtypes demand statutory intervention. Serological surveillance in the European Union provides evidence of H5/H7 AIV exposure in apparently healthy poultry. To identify the most sensitive screening method as the first step in an algorithm to provide evidence of H5/H7 AIV infection, the standard approach of H5/H7 antibody testing by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) was compared with an ELISA, which detects antibodies to all subtypes. Sera (n = 1055) from 74 commercial chicken flocks were tested by both methods. A Bayesian approach served to estimate diagnostic test sensitivities and specificities, without assuming any 'gold standard'. Sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA was 97% and 99.8%, and for H5/H7 HI 43% and 99.8%, respectively, although H5/H7 HI sensitivity varied considerably between infected flocks. ELISA therefore provides superior sensitivity for the screening of chicken flocks as part of an algorithm, which subsequently utilises H5/H7 HI to identify infection by these two subtypes. With the calculated sensitivity and specificity, testing nine sera per flock is sufficient to detect a flock seroprevalence of 30% with 95% probability.
- Published
- 2018
41. Efficacy and safety of simultaneous vaccination with two modified live virus vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus types 1 and 2 in pigs
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Kristensen, Charlotte S., Kvisgaard, Lise Kirstine, Pawlowski, Maciej, Holmgaard Carlsen, S., Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Heegaard, Peter Mikael Helweg, Bøtner, Anette, Stadejek, T., Haugegaard, Svend, Larsen, L.E., Kristensen, Charlotte S., Kvisgaard, Lise Kirstine, Pawlowski, Maciej, Holmgaard Carlsen, S., Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Heegaard, Peter Mikael Helweg, Bøtner, Anette, Stadejek, T., Haugegaard, Svend, and Larsen, L.E.
- Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare responses of pigs vaccinated with a PRRS MLV vaccine against PRRSV-1 or PRRSV-2 with the responses of pigs vaccinated simultaneously with both vaccines. Furthermore, the efficacy of the two PRRSV MLV vaccination strategies was assessed following challenge. The experimental design included four groups of 4-weeks old SPF-pigs. On day 0 (DPV0), groups 1–3 (N = 18 per group) were vaccinated with modified live virus vaccines (MLV) containing PRRSV-1 virus (VAC-T1), PRRSV-2 virus (VAC-T2) or both (VAC-T1T2). One group was left unvaccinated (N = 12). On DPV 62, the pigs from groups 1–4 were mingled in new groups and challenged (DPC 0) with PRRSV-1, subtype 1, PRRSV-1, subtype 2 or PRRSV-2. On DPC 13/14 all pigs were necropsied. Samples were collected after vaccination and challenge. PRRSV was detected in all vaccinated pigs and the majority of the pigs were positive until DPV 28, but few of the pigs were still viremic 62 days after vaccination. Virus was detected in nasal swabs until DPV 7–14. No overt clinical signs were observed after challenge. PRRSV-2 vaccination resulted in a clear reduction in viral load in serum after PRRSV-2 challenge, whereas there was limited effect on the viral load in serum following challenge with the PRRSV-1 strains. Vaccination against PRRSV-1 had less impact on viremia following challenge. The protective effects of simultaneous vaccination with PRRSV Type 1 and 2 MLV vaccines and single PRRS MLV vaccination were comparable. None of the vaccines decreased the viral load in the lungs at necropsy. In conclusion, simultaneous vaccination with MLV vaccines containing PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 elicited responses comparable to single vaccination and the commercial PRRSV vaccines protected only partially against challenge with heterologous strains. Thus, simultaneous administration of the two vaccines is an option in herds with both PRRSV types.
- Published
- 2018
42. Subtyping of Swine Influenza Viruses Using a High-Throughput Real-Time PCR Platform
- Author
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Goecke, Nicole Bakkegård, Krog, Jesper Schak, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Skovgaard, Kerstin, Harder, Timm C., Breum, Solvej Ø., Larsen, Lars E., Goecke, Nicole Bakkegård, Krog, Jesper Schak, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Skovgaard, Kerstin, Harder, Timm C., Breum, Solvej Ø., and Larsen, Lars E.
- Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important human and animal pathogens with high impact on human and animal health. In Denmark, a passive surveillance program for IAV in pigs has been performed since 2011, where screening tests and subsequent subtyping are performed by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). A disadvantage of the current subtyping system is that several assays are needed to cover the wide range of circulating subtypes, which makes the system expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a high-throughput method, which could improve surveillance of swine influenza viruses (swIAVs) and lower the costs of virus subtyping. Twelve qPCR assays specific for various hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene lineages relevant for swIAV and six assays specific for the internal genes of IAV were developed and optimized for the high-throughput qPCR platform BioMark (Fluidigm). The qPCR assays were validated and optimized to run under the same reaction conditions using a 48.48 dynamic array (48.48DA). The sensitivity and specificity was assessed by testing virus isolates and field samples with known subtypes. The results revealed a performance of the swIAV 48.48DA similar to conventional real-time analysis, and furthermore, the specificity of swIAV 48.48DA was very high and without cross reactions between the assays. This high-throughput system provides a cost-effective alternative for subtyping of swIAVs.
- Published
- 2018
43. Rotavirus type A associated diarrhoea in neonatal piglets: importance and biodymanics
- Author
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Moeller, C. B., Rasmussen, Martin, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Kongsted, H., Hansen, C., and Larsen, Lars Erik
- Subjects
fluids and secretions ,integumentary system ,animal diseases - Abstract
Background. Rotavirus A (RVA) is a well-known course of diarrhoea in piglets, but the infection dynamics and clinical impact are not fully elucidated. The aim was to determine the significance of infection with RVA in relation to neonantal diarrhoea. Material/Methods. Two commercial swine herds with neonatal diarrhoea and a positive RVA diagnosis were included. Five litters from each of two herds and a totalof 132 piglets were sampled. The animals were subjected to a daily clinical examination and faeces were collected daily from all piglets. The piglets were weighed at beginning and at the end of study. The outbreak day was defined as the day where >25% of the litter showed clinical diarrhoea, and for all litters this was either the 4th or 5th day of life. On outbreak day, fecal samples from all piglets in the litter were analysed for RVA together with samples collected two days prior to outbreak day from 54 of the 132 piglets. The analyses were made by a RVA specific RT-qPCR. Virulent E. coli was ruled out by PCR as differential diagnosis in all litters by testing a pooled sample on the outbreak day. Results/Discussion. In total, 43%(57/132) of the piglets had clinical diarrhoea and 66%(87/132) were positive for RVA on the outbreak day. For comparison, 89%(51/57) of the diarrheic piglets and 48%(36/75) of the non-diarrheic piglets were positive for RVA which was significantly different (P
- Published
- 2017
44. Overvågning af Influenza A virus i svin 2017
- Author
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Krog, Jesper Schak, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, and Larsen, Lars Erik
- Abstract
Der er i 2017 gennemført en systematisk, prospektiv, passiv overvågning af cirkulerende influenzavirus subtyper i danske svin. Det overordnede formål med overvågningen var at identificere hvilke influenzavirus subtyper og stammer, der cirkulerer blandt danske svin, og at kortlægge sygdomsårsager i svinepopulationen med henblik på at sikre det strategiske mål: at mindske antibiotikaforbruget i danske svinebesætninger.
- Published
- 2017
45. Overvågning af influenza A virus i svin - Slutrapport 2016
- Author
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Krog, Jesper Schak, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, and Larsen, Lars Erik
- Abstract
Der er i 2016 gennemført en systematisk, prospektiv, passiv overvågning af cirkulerendeinfluenzavirus subtyper i danske svin. Det overordnede formål med overvågningen var atidentificere hvilke influenzavirus subtyper og stammer, der cirkulerer blandt danske svin, og atkortlægge sygdomsårsager i svinepopulationen med henblik på at sikre det strategiske mål: atmindske antibiotikaforbruget i danske svinebesætninger. Overvågningen bestod i:1) Undersøgelse for influenzavirus vha. pan-influenza A virus real time RT-PCR påbrugerbetalte diagnostiske indsendelser til influenzavirusundersøgelse på DTU-VET 2) Test af influenzavirus positive prøver for pandemisk H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) ved real time RTPCRder specifikt detekterer HA-genet i H1N1pdm09 virus 3) Implementering af ny metode til subtypning af influenza, baseret på real time PCR i stedetfor sekventering. 4) Subtypning af indsendelser ved real time PCR (HA og NA generne) 5) Isolation af virus i MDCK celler 6) Komplet genom karakterisering af udvalgte virusisolater. Der blev totalt i 2016 iværksat undersøgelse for influenza A virus på 1115 prøver fordelt på 480 indsendelser fra 388 besætninger. I alt havde 227 (47 %) af indsendelserne minimum en positivprøve, disse repræsenterede 204 forskellige besætninger. Indsendelserne fordelte sig over hele landet og over hele året. Der var flest indsendelser til undersøgelse i vinterhalvåret, men influenza virus blev påvist med næsten samme hyppighed hele året. I alt blev 176 influenzavirus positive indsendelser subtypet vha. real time RT-PCR. Disse analyser viste, at de to mest almindelige subtyper i danske svin i 2016 var den danske variant af H1N2 og H1N1pdm09. Prævalensen af det almindelige svineinfluenzavirus ”avian-likeswine” H1N1 var ligesom i 2014 og 2015 meget lav. Det influenzavirus af subtypen H3N2, der har cirkuleret i Danmark siden 1990, men med meget lav prævalens de senere år, blev ligesom i 2015 ikke påvist i 2016. Den centraleuropæiske variant af H1N2, der har et human-like HAgen, er stadig ikke påvist i danske svin. Virus med subtypen H1pdm09 blev påvist i 52 indsendelser fra 48 besætninger og udgjordesåledes 23 % af de influenzavirus positive indsendelser. Dette er på niveau med 2014 og 2015. Hos mennesker dominerede H1N1pdm09 i 2015/16 sæsonen mens human sæson H3N2 dominerede 2016/17 sæsonen. Det humane N2 gen, der tidligere har været påvist i svin, blev ikke påvist hvilket betyder at subtyperne H1N2hu og H1pdm09N2hu ikke blev påvist i 2016. Til gengæld er H3huN2sw med et humant H3 fra 2005 blevet påvist igen i 2016 i tre besætninger. Dette virus blev første gangpåvist i 2013. Ydermere er der i 2016 også fundet en ny variant af H3huN2sw, med HA der svarer til den samtidigt cirkulerende H3 influenza (sæson 2015/16), hvor vi tidligere kun harpåvist H3hu fra sæson 2004/05. Det interessante ved dette virus er, at det er en triplereassortment, hvor alle de interne gener stammer fra H1N1pdm09 subtypen, mens N2 stammer fra H3N2/H1N2 fra svin, og H3 er af human oprindelse. Da det humane H3 gen har cirkuleret i mennesker siden 1968, må det formodes, at der er stor grad af immunitet i den humane population mod denne type. Derimod må det formodes, at hele den danske svinepopulation vil være fuldt modtagelige, da prævalensen af H3 virus har været meget lav i Danmark de senere år. Tilmed viser undersøgelser, at antistoffer dannet mod de kommercielle vacciner, der anvendes i Danmark, har meget begrænset krydsreaktion til dette virus. Resultaterne fra overvågningen er vigtige i forhold til såvel zoonotiske som veterinære aspekter ved influenza A virus infektion i svin i Danmark. Undersøgelserne har bekræftet at H1N1pdm09, som stadig må betragtes som en zoonose, nu er etableret i den danske svinepopulation, hvor den cirkulerer uafhængigt af den humane influenzavirussæson. Overvågningen har endvidere påvist adskillige nye virus reassortments, hvor gener fra H1N1pdm09 indgår. Bl.a. tyder det på, at H1N2 virus med interne gener fra H1N1pdm09 har etableret sig i den danske svine population Der er global bevågenhed omkring svineinfluenzavirus med interne gener fra H1N1pdm09, da der i flere tilfælde er vist smitte med sådanne virus til mennesker, fx H3N2v i USA. Overvågningen har bidraget til, at vi tidligt har påvist nye virus med zoonotisk potentiale: H3hu05N2sw og H3hu16N2sw. Dette betyder, at der kan foretages en nærmere genetisk og biologisk karakterisering af dette virus, hvilket kan danne evidens-baseret baggrundsviden for risikohåndteringen, i det tilfælde at der konstateres human smitte med dette virus. Den fremtidige overvågning vil bl.a. have fokus på at undersøge, om disse virus bliver etableret i danske svin. Fra et veterinært synspunkt er det vigtigt at få fastlagt hvilke(n) subtype(r), der cirkulerer i en besætning, da valg af vaccine er afhængig af denne information. Det er derfor positivt, at der, trods et lille fald i år, over de senere år er sket en stigning i antal indsendelser til influenzapåvisning i Danmark, da det øger muligheden for at vaccinere korrekt og derved nedbringe risikoen for antibiotikakrævende sekundære infektioner. Det er også positivt at den H1N2 subtype (med human-like HA-gen), der er dominerende i andre dele af Europa, stadig ikke findes i Danmark. Introduktion af dette virus kan frygtes at få epizootisk karakter, da immuniteten i populationen mod dette virus forventes at være meget lille. Det kan konkluderes, at den iværksatte overvågning har givet et godt indblik i hvilke influenza A virus, der cirkulerer i danske svin, og at denne information dagligt bruges proaktivt ved håndtering af sygdom i danske svinebesætninger. Overvågningen har endvidere vist, at virus med nye gen kombinationer er blevet etableret i danske svin, og der bør de kommende år holdes øje med, om disse virus smitter til mennesker.
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- 2017
46. Lungebetændelse hos mink med ansamlinger af mononukleære inflammationsceller
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Hansen, Mette Sif, Krog, Jesper Schak, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Chriél, Mariann, Larsen, Lars Erik, and Kokotovic, Branko
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non-suppurative pneumonia ,mink - Published
- 2017
47. Mink kan også have influenza
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Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Krog, Jesper Schak, Larsen, Gitte, Chriél, Mariann, and Larsen, Lars Erik
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Influenza A virus ,Mink ,Zoonose - Abstract
De senere år er der i flere tilfælde fundet influenzavirus i mink med kompliceret og dødelig lungebetændelse. I Danmark rekvireres undersøgelse for influenzavirus imidlertid kun sjældent i forbindelse med diagnostiske indsendelser fra syge mink. Derfor undersøges der i reglen kun for influenzavirus, hvis der opstår mistanke om influenza ved obduktionen, eller hvis der er alvorlige langvarige udbrud. For at kunne iværksætte foranstaltninger, der begrænser forekomsten af influenza hos mink, er det nødvendigt at kende udbredelsen af influenzavirus blandt farmede mink i Danmark. Formålet med denne undersøgelse var at gennemføre en systematisk overvågning af forekomsten af influenzavirus i lungerne fra mink indsendt til diagnostisk undersøgelse på DTU Veterinærinstituttet uanset årsag. Der blev indsamlet materiale i 2016 i perioden fra sommer til pelsning og desuden indgik mink anvendt til et minkobduktionskursus, samt vilde mink. Der blev påvist influenza A virus i mink fra otte farme. Genetiske analyser indikerede, at disse virus stammede fra både danske svin og mennesker. For at forebygge udbrud af influenza i farmede mink anbefales det, at undgå kontakt mellem mink og influenzasyge personer, samt sikre at minkfoder indeholdende biprodukter fra slagtesvin er varmebehandlet eller inaktiveret på anden vis.
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- 2017
48. Overvågning af aviær influenza i vilde fugle i Danmark 2016
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Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Krog , Jesper S, Madsen, Jesper Johannes, Thorup, Kasper, and Larsen, Lars E.
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- 2017
49. Comparison of bacterial culture and qPCR testing of rectal and pen floor samples as diagnostic approaches to detect enterotoxic Escherichia coli in nursery pigs
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Weber, Nicolai Rosager, Nielsen, Jens Peter, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Jorsal, S.E., Haugegaard, Sven, Hansen, Christian Fink, Pedersen, Ken Steen, Weber, Nicolai Rosager, Nielsen, Jens Peter, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Jorsal, S.E., Haugegaard, Sven, Hansen, Christian Fink, and Pedersen, Ken Steen
- Abstract
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) are a major cause of diarrhoea in weaned pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agreement at pen level among three different diagnostic approaches for the detection of ETEC in groups of nursery pigs with diarrhoea. The diagnostic approaches used were: bacterial culturing of faecal samples from three pigs (per pen) with clinical diarrhoea and subsequent testing for virulence genes in E. coli isolates; bacterial culturing of pen floor samples and subsequent testing for virulence genes in E. coli isolates; qPCR testing of pen floor samples in order to determine the quantity of F18 and F4 genes. The study was carried out in three Danish pig herds and included 31 pens with a pen-level diarrhoea prevalence of > 25%, as well as samples from 93 diarrhoeic nursery pigs from these pens. All E. coli isolates were analysed by PCR and classified as ETEC when genes for one or more adhesin factors and one or more enterotoxins were detected. Results: A total of 208 E. coli colonies from pig samples and 172 E. coli colonies from pen floor samples were isolated. Haemolytic activity was detected on blood agar plates in 111 (29.2%) of the 380 colonies that were isolated. The only adhesin factor detected in this study was F18. When comparing bacterial culture or qPCR testing of pen floor samples with detection of ETEC-positive diarrhoeic pigs by culture, agreement was found in 26 (83.9%, Kappa = 0.665) and 23 (74.2%, Kappa = 0.488) of the pens, respectively. Agreement was observed between the detection of ETEC by bacterial culture and qPCR in the same pen floor sample in 26 (83.9%, Kappa = 0.679) pens. Conclusion: We observed an acceptable agreement for the detection of ETEC-positive diarrhoeic nursery pigs in pen samples for both bacterial culture of pen floor samples and qPCR. This study showed that both bacterial culture and qPCR testing of pen floor samples can be used as a diagnostic approach for detecting groups of ETEC-positive dia
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- 2017
50. Batch medication of intestinal infections in nursery pigs:A randomised clinical trial on the efficacy of treatment strategy, type of antibiotic and bacterial load on average daily weight gain
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Weber, Nicolai Rosager, Pedersen, Ken Steen, Hansen, Christian Fink, Denwood, Matthew, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Nielsen, Jens Peter, Weber, Nicolai Rosager, Pedersen, Ken Steen, Hansen, Christian Fink, Denwood, Matthew, Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, and Nielsen, Jens Peter
- Abstract
Introduction: Previous research projects have demonstrated the need for better diagnostic tools to support decisions on medication strategies for infections caused by Escherichia coli F4 (F4) and F18 (F18), Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) and Brachyspira pilosicoli (PILO). This study was carried out as a randomised clinical trial in three Danish pig herds and included 1047 nursery pigs, distributed over 10 batches and 78 pens. The objectives of this study were: (1) to assess the effect of four 5-day treatment strategies (initiated at clinical outbreak of diarrhoea or at fixed time points 14, 21, or 28 days after weaning) on average daily weight gain (ADG); (2) to compare the effect of treatment with doxycycline or tylosine on diarrhoea prevalence, pathogenic bacterial load, and ADG; (3) to evaluate PCR testing of faecal pen floor samples as a diagnostic tool for determining the optimal time of treatment. Results: (1) The four treatment strategies had a significant overall effect on ADG (p = 0.01). Pigs starting treatment 14 days after weaning had a significantly higher ADG (42 g) compared to pigs treated on day 28 (p = 0.01). (2) When measured 2 days after treatment, doxycycline treatment resulted in fewer LI-positive pens (p = 0.004), lower excretion levels of LI (p = 0.013), and fewer pens with a high level of LI (p = 0.031) compared to pens treated with tylosine. There was no significant difference in F4, F18 and PILO levels after treatment with the two antibiotic compounds. There was a significant difference (p = 0.04) of mean diarrhoea prevalence on day 21 of the study between pens treated with tylosine (0.254, 95% CI: 0.184–0.324), and doxycycline (0.167, 95% CI: 0.124–0.210). The type of antibiotic compound was not found to have a significant effect on ADG (p = 0.209). (3) Pigs starting treatment on day 14 in pens where F4, F18, LI or PILO were detected by qPCR on the pen floor had a statistically significant increase in ADG, INTRODUCTION: Previous research projects have demonstrated the need for better diagnostic tools to support decisions on medication strategies for infections caused by Escherichia coli F4 (F4) and F18 (F18), Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) and Brachyspira pilosicoli (PILO). This study was carried out as a randomised clinical trial in three Danish pig herds and included 1047 nursery pigs, distributed over 10 batches and 78 pens. The objectives of this study were: (1) to assess the effect of four 5-day treatment strategies (initiated at clinical outbreak of diarrhoea or at fixed time points 14, 21, or 28days after weaning) on average daily weight gain (ADG); (2) to compare the effect of treatment with doxycycline or tylosine on diarrhoea prevalence, pathogenic bacterial load, and ADG; (3) to evaluate PCR testing of faecal pen floor samples as a diagnostic tool for determining the optimal time of treatment.RESULTS: (1) The four treatment strategies had a significant overall effect on ADG (p=0.01). Pigs starting treatment 14days after weaning had a significantly higher ADG (42 g) compared to pigs treated on day 28 (p=0.01). (2) When measured 2days after treatment, doxycycline treatment resulted in fewer LI-positive pens (p=0.004), lower excretion levels of LI (p=0.013), and fewer pens with a high level of LI (p=0.031) compared to pens treated with tylosine. There was no significant difference in F4, F18 and PILO levels after treatment with the two antibiotic compounds. There was a significant difference (p=0.04) of mean diarrhoea prevalence on day 21 of the study between pens treated with tylosine (0.254, 95% CI: 0.184-0.324), and doxycycline (0.167, 95% CI: 0.124-0.210). The type of antibiotic compound was not found to have a significant effect on ADG (p=0.209). (3) Pigs starting treatment on day 14 in pens where F4, F18, LI or PILO were detected by qPCR on the pen floor had a statistically significant increase in ADG (66g) compared to pigs treated on day 14 in
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- 2017
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