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17. Reference standards for lean mass measures using GE dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in Caucasian adults

Author

Imboden, Mary T., Swartz, Ann M., Finch, Holmes W., Harber, Matthew P., and Kaminsky, Leonard A.

Subjects
Adult, Male, Sarcopenia, Mexican People, Research Facilities, lcsh:Medicine, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Research and Analysis Methods, Biochemistry, White People, Fats, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Signs and Symptoms, Absorptiometry, Photon, 0302 clinical medicine, Diagnostic Medicine, Medicine and Health Sciences, Ethnicities, Humans, Muscle, Skeletal, lcsh:Science, Musculoskeletal System, Nutrition, Aged, Multidisciplinary, Limbs (Anatomy), lcsh:R, Biology and Life Sciences, 030206 dentistry, Research Assessment, Reference Standards, Lipids, Arms, Age Groups, People and Places, Body Composition, Population Groupings, Female, lcsh:Q, Anatomy, Research Laboratories, Research Article
Abstract

Body composition assessments commonly focus predominantly on fat mass, however lean mass (LM) measurements also provide useful information regarding clinical and nutritional status. LM measurements help predict health outcomes and diagnose sarcopenia, which has been associated with frailty. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is an established technique used in clinical and research settings to assess body composition including total and regional LM. Currently, there are no reference values available that were derived from GE-Healthcare DXA systems directly for US adults for LM, LM index (LMI), percent LM (%LM), and appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) and it is known that whole-body and regional LM measures differ by DXA manufacturer. Objective To develop reference values by age and sex for LM measures using GE-Healthcare DXA systems. Methods A de-identified sample was obtained from Ball State University’s Clinical Exercise Physiology Laboratory and University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee’s Physical Activity & Health Research Laboratory. DXA scans of 2,076 women and 1,251 men were completed using a GE Lunar Prodigy or iDXA. Percentiles (%ile) were calculated for all variables of interest (LM, LMI, %LM, and ALMI) and a factorial ANOVA was used to assess differences for each variable between 10-year age groups and sex, as well as the interaction between age and sex. Results Men had higher mean total LM, %LM, LMI, and ALMI than women (p

Published
2017

21. Abstract 15870: The Association Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness Normalized to Fat-Free Mass and Mortality Risk

Author

Imboden, Mary T, Harber, Matthew P, Whaley, Mitchell H, Peterman, Jim E, Fleenor, Bradley S, and Kaminsky, Leonard A

Abstract

Introduction:Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), typically expressed normalized to total body mass, is an established predictor of premature mortality in healthy adults and heart failure patients. Normalizing CRF to fat-free mass (FFM) improves the predictive utility of CRF in heart failure, however, the relation between CRF normalized to FFM and mortality has not been examined in healthy adults. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the relationship between CRF normalized to both total and FFM and all-cause mortality in a cohort of self-referred apparently healthy men and women.Methods:Participants included 2,905 adults (1,555 men, 1,350 women; 45.3? 13.5 years) who completed a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) between 1970 and 2016 to determine CRF. Body composition was assessed using the skinfold method to estimate FFM. CRF was expressed as VO2maxnormalized both to total mass and FFM. Participants were followed for an average of 19.0 ? 11.7 years after their CPX for mortality outcomes. Cox-proportional hazard models were performed to determine the relationship of CRF normalized to both total and FFM with all-cause mortality. Parameter estimates were assessed to compare the predictive ability of CRF expressed normalized to FFM and CRF normalized to total mass.Results:During follow-up, 439 participants died (15%). Overall, CRF normalized to either FFM or total mass was inversely related to all-cause mortality, with a 12.7% lower risk reduction per 1ml?kgFFM-1?min-1improvement and 4.1% lower risk reduction per 1 ml?kg-1?min-1improvement, respectively. When assessed independently and after multivariable adjustment, the mortality risk reductions were 15% and 11% per unit of improvement for CRF normalized to FFM and total mass, respectively (p<0.01). Further, assessment of the parameter estimates showed CRF normalized to FFM to be a stronger predictor of all-cause mortality than CRF normalized to total body mass (-0.44 vs. -0.16, respectively).Conclusions:Body composition is an important factor when considering the relationship between CRF and mortality in apparently healthy adults. Therefore, future research should consider body composition, when available, in assessing the relationship of CRF and health outcomes.

Published
2019
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22. Abstract 16539: The Influence of Short-Term Changes in Cardiorespiratory Fitness Post-Exercise Training on Mortality Risk.

Author

Imboden, Mary T, Harber, Matthew, Whaley, Mitchell, Finch, W H, Bishop, Derron, and Kaminsky, Leonard A

Subjects
*COOLDOWN, *EXERCISE tests, *MORTALITY, *EARLY death, *PROPORTIONAL hazards models
Abstract

Introduction: Over the past 30 years, cross-sectional studies have established an inverse relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mortality. Exercise training typically leads to improvements in CRF. Given the strong association between CRF and mortality, the change in CRF post-exercise training could alter one's mortality risk. However, longitudinal analyses assessing the influence of short-term changes in CRF on mortality have not been assessed in apparently healthy adults. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the influence of post-exercise training (≤8 months) changes in directly measured CRF on all-cause mortality risk in a cohort of self-referred, apparently healthy men and women. Methods: Participants included 689 adults (410 men, 279 women; mean age: 42.7± 11.0 years) who underwent two maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPX) between 1970 and 2012 to determine CRF at baseline and post-exercise training. Participants were followed for 29.8 ± 10.7 years after their post-exercise CPX for mortality outcomes. Cox-proportional hazard models were performed to determine the relationship of CRF change with all-cause mortality outcomes. Results: During follow-up, 186 participants died (27%). Overall, the change in CPX-derived CRF was inversely related to all-cause mortality, with a 7% lower risk reduction per 1 ml·kg-1·min-1 improvement. Remaining unfit was associated with approximately 2-fold higher risk for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.99, 95% CI 1.18-3.35), compared with those that stayed fit. The relationship remained significant when men and women were examined independently. Following multivariable adjustment an approximately 6 and 13% lower mortality risk was found per 1 ml·kg-1·min-1 improvement in men and women respectively (p<0.01). Conclusions: Improving CRF through exercise training can lower the risk for premature mortality. Therefore, clinicians should encourage individuals, especially those identified as unfit, to participate in an exercise training program to improve CRF, as it may provide survival benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018

23. Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Inversely Associated With Metabolic Syndrome And Clustering Of Metabolic Risk Factors: The Ball State University Adult Physical Fitness Study: 1466 Board #274 May 31 9:00 AM - 10:30 AM.

Author

Koontz, Nicole L., Imboden, Mary T., Kelley, Elizabeth P., Harber, Matthew P., Finch, Holmes W., Kaminsky, Leonard A., and Whaley, Mitchell H.

Subjects
*METABOLIC syndrome risk factors, *CONFERENCES & conventions, *CARDIOPULMONARY fitness
Published
2018
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