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BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity is associated with adverse health outcomes among Asian Americans, who exhibit the least adherence to physical activity guidelines compared with other racial and ethnic groups. Mobile app-based interventions are a promising approach to promote healthy behaviors. However, there is a lack of app-based interventions focused on improving physical activity among Asian Americans whose primary language is not English. OBJECTIVE: This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a 5-week intervention using a culturally and linguistically adapted, evidence-based mobile phone app with an accelerometer program, to promote physical activity among Chinese-, Tagalog-, or Vietnamese-speaking Americans. METHODS: Participants were recruited through collaborations with community-based organizations. The intervention was adapted from a 12-month physical activity randomized controlled trial involving the app and accelerometer for English-speaking adults. Sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and physical measurements were collected at the baseline visit. A 7-day run-in period was conducted to screen for the participants who could wear a Fitbit One (Fitbit LLC) accelerometer and complete the apps daily step diary. During the 4-week intervention period, participants wore the accelerometer and reported their daily steps in the app. Participants also received daily messages to reinforce key contents taught during an in-person educational session, remind them to input steps, and provide tailored feedback. Feasibility measures were the percentage of eligible participants completing the run-in period and the percentage of participants who used the app diary for at least 5 out of 7 days during the intervention period. We conducted poststudy participant interviews to explore overall intervention acceptability. RESULTS: A total of 19 participants were enrolled at the beginning of the study with a mean age of 47 (SD 13.3; range 29-70) years, and 58% (n=11) of them were female. Of the participants, 26% (n=5) were Chinese, 32% (n=6) were Vietnamese, and 42% (n=8) were Filipino. All participants met the run-in criteria to proceed with the intervention. Adherence to the app diary ranged from 74% (n=14) in week 2 to 95% (n=18) in week 4. The daily average steps per week from accelerometers increased each week from 8451 (SD 3378) steps during the run-in period to 10,930 (SD 4213) steps in week 4. Participants reported positive experiences including an increased motivation to walk and the enjoyment of being able to monitor their physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first pilot study of a multicomponent intervention and evidence-based mobile phone app to promote physical activity among Asian Americans who use apps in traditional Chinese, Tagalog, or Vietnamese, which demonstrated high feasibility and acceptability. Future work focused on multilingual mobile apps to address disparities in physical inactivity among Asian Americans should be considered.

In the United States, patients with chronic conditions experience disparities in health outcomes across the care continuum. Among patients with multiple sclerosis, diabetic retinopathy, and lung cancer, there is a lack of evidence summarizing interventions to improve care and decrease these disparities. The aim of this rapid literature review was to identify interventions among patients with these chronic conditions to improve health and reduce disparities in screening, diagnosis, access to treatment and specialists, adherence, and retention in care. Using structured search terms in PubMed and Web of Science, we completed a rapid review of studies published in the prior five years conducted in the United States on our subject of focus. We screened the retrieved articles for inclusion and extracted data using a standard spreadsheet. The data were synthesized across clinical conditions and summarized. Screening was the most common point in the care continuum with documented interventions. Most studies we identified addressed interventions for patients with lung cancer, with half as many studies identified for patients with diabetic retinopathy, and few studies identified for patients with multiple sclerosis. Almost two-thirds of the studies focused on patients who identify as Black, Indigenous, or people of color. Interventions with evidence evaluating implementation in multiple conditions included telemedicine, mobile clinics, and insurance subsidies, or expansion. Despite documented disparities and a focus on health equity, a paucity of evidence exists on interventions that improve health outcomes among patients who are medically underserved with multiple sclerosis, diabetic retinopathy, and lung cancer.

People who nonmedically use drugs (PWUD) face intricate social issues that suppress self-actualization, communal integration, and overall health and wellness. Strengths-based approaches, an under-used pedagogy and practice in addiction medicine, underscore the significance of identifying and recognizing the inherent and acquired skills, attributes, and capacities of PWUD. A strengths-based approach engenders client affirmation and improves their capacity to reduce drug use-related harms by leveraging existing capabilities. Exploring this paradigm, we conducted and analyzed interviews with 46 PWUD who were clients at syringe services programs in New York City and rural southern Illinois, two areas with elevated rates of opioid-related morbidity and mortality, to assess respondents perceived strengths. We located two primary thematic modalities in which strengths-based ethos is expressed: individuals (1) being and advocate and resource for harm reduction knowledge and practices and (2) engaging in acts of continuous self-actualization. These dynamics demonstrate PWUD strengths populating and manifesting in complex ways that both affirm and challenge humanist and biomedical notions of individual agency, as PWUD refract enacted, anticipated, and perceived stigmas. In conclusion, programs that blend evidence-based, systems-level interventions on drug use stigma and disenfranchisement with meso and micro-level strengths-based interventions that affirm and leverage personal identity, decision-making capacity, and endemic knowledge may help disrupt health promotion cleavages among PWUD.

Emergency departments (ED) in the United States serve a dual role in public health: a portal of entry to the health system and a safety net for the community at large. Public health officials often target the ED for public health interventions due to the perception that it is uniquely able to reach underserved populations. However, under time and resource constraints, emergency physicians and public health officials must make calculated decisions in choosing which interventions in their local context could provide maximal impact to achieve public health benefit. We identify how decisions regarding public health interventions are affected by considerations of cost, time, and available personnel, and further consider the role of local community needs, health department goals, and political environment. We describe a sample of ED-based public health interventions and demonstrate how to use a proposed framework to assess interventions. We posit a series of questions and variables to consider: local disease prevalence; ability of the ED to perform the intervention; relative efficacy of the ED vs community partnerships as the primary intervention location; and expected outcomes. In using this framework, clinicians should be empowered to improve the public health in their communities.

Despite decades of stress research, there still exist substantial gaps in our understanding of how social, environmental, and biological factors interact and combine with developmental stressor exposures, cognitive appraisals of stressors, and psychosocial coping processes to shape individuals stress reactivity, health, and disease risk. Relatively new biological profiling approaches, called multi-omics, are helping address these issues by enabling researchers to quantify thousands of molecules from a single blood or tissue sample, thus providing a panoramic snapshot of the molecular processes occurring in an organism from a systems perspective. In this review, we summarize two types of research designs for which multi-omics approaches are best suited, and describe how these approaches can help advance our understanding of stress processes and the development, prevention, and treatment of stress-related pathologies. We first discuss incorporating multi-omics approaches into theory-rich, intensive longitudinal study designs to characterize, in high-resolution, the transition to stress-related multisystem dysfunction and disease throughout development. Next, we discuss how multi-omics approaches should be incorporated into intervention research to better understand the transition from stress-related dysfunction back to health, which can help inform novel precision medicine approaches to managing stress and fostering biopsychosocial resilience. Throughout, we provide concrete recommendations for types of studies that will help advance stress research, and translate multi-omics data into better health and health care.

A Viral Infection Risk Indoor Simulator (VIRIS) has been developed to quickly assess and compare mitigations for airborne disease spread. This agent-based simulator combines people movement in an indoor space, viral transmission modelling and detailed architectural design, and it is powered by topologicpy, an open-source Python library. VIRIS generates very fast predictions of the viral concentration and the spatiotemporal infection risk for individuals as they move through a given space. The simulator is validated with data from a courtroom superspreader event. A sensitivity study for unknown parameter values is also performed. We compare several non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) issued in UK government guidance, for two indoor settings: a care home and a supermarket. Additionally, we have developed the user-friendly VIRIS web app that allows quick exploration of diverse scenarios of interest and visualisation, allowing policymakers, architects and space managers to easily design or assess infection risk in an indoor space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes and pregnancy studies have found better outcomes when interventions were developed with consumer (individuals with lived experience of diabetes) and community involvement. When consumers are central to development and delivery of interventions, study participants have better engagement and outcomes, particularly for individuals from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) and/or lower socio-economic backgrounds. Our study aims to examine the scope of consumer and community involvement (CCI) in the construction and implementation of pre-pregnancy care (PPC) interventions and discuss a framework for consumer-lead intervention development. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted, examining 3 electronic databases. A meta synthesis analysis of tabulated data summarized in a literature matrix was undertaken with a phenomenological approach to develop a Pre-Pregnancy Care CCI-Driven Intervention Framework. Results: Overall, 4642 papers were identified, with 29 meeting inclusion criteria. The meta-synthesis and literature matrix identified several common themes across previous studies. These were: barriers to accessing (PPC) such as negativity and stigma in care from behaviours, attitudes and perceptions of HCPs; limited appointment availability not aligning with work and family commitments; fear of losing a "normal" pregnancy journey; awareness of risk but unwillingness to discuss if consumers have not established trust with HCPs; inaccessibility to CALD appropriate PPC and contraception; and digitisation of PPC information resources including peer support and social media. From these results, a PPC Consumer-Driven Intervention Framework for Women with Pregestational Diabetes was developed with recommendations. Conclusion: Consumers have been under-involved in the majority of previous developments and implementation of interventions for women with diabetes and pregnancy, and their representation as stakeholders in interventions is paramount to the longevity of intervention outcomes. To assist community involvement in diabetes pregnancy intervention design and delivery we created a new framework, for improving clinical and social outcomes in healthcare, empowering relationships between HCPs and consumers, and highlighting the value of lived experience and women-centred care for increased community engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Between 2006 and 2016 the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 5–19 years in Peru increased from 22.7 to 27.0%. This investment case quantifies the economic impacts of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in Peru. It identifies and quantifies the potential impact of a set of new or expanded interventions that can strengthen current national efforts to prevent and reduce child and adolescent overweight and obesity. Methods: A deterministic Markov cohort model with a societal cost perspective estimated reductions in mortality and morbidity from implementing interventions to prevent and reduce child and adolescent overweight and obesity and the impact in savings in healthcare costs and gains in wages and productivity. Interventions identified through a review of published literature includes a school-based social marketing campaign, exclusive breastfeeding promotion and support, a healthy food and drink policy for school premises, and a 20% subsidy on fruits and vegetables for people living below the national poverty line. The return on investment (ROI) was calculated along with the estimated cost savings associated with the interventions. Analysis was conducted to test ROI sensitivity to changes in the key parameters and assumptions. Results: Between 2025 and 2092, the expected combined direct and indirect healthcare costs attributable to child and adolescent overweight and obesity in Peru are 210.6 billion USD. The direct healthcare costs are 1.8 billion USD, and the indirect costs are 208.8 billion USD. Expected savings for all interventions combined is 13.9 billion USD with a per-person savings of 12,089.8 USD. The expected ROI of the four interventions combined is 39.3 USD (30-years), 64.6 USD (50-years), and 164.1 USD (66-years) per one USD invested. Conclusions: The overweight and obesity epidemic among children and adolescents in Peru requires wide-ranging and expanded implementation of policies to achieve long-term reductions in prevalence. This study's findings show that the four priority interventions have high ROIs and can be used to guide policy to address the complex interplay of factors that contribute to the obesogenic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study focuses on exploring the effectiveness of interventions in two community-based language rehabilitation care centers located in an economically underdeveloped region of northwest China. Method: The research focuses on 35 older adults with cognitive-linguistic decline enrolled in both centers. The interventions provided to the participants include auditory training, sign language use enhancement, second language interest classes, and the promotion of elderly-mode applications on smartphones. Results: The interventions were particularly effective in enhancing auditory processing and language comprehension skills. Additionally, the promotion of elderly-mode applications on smartphones proved to be a valuable tool in improving participants' language cognition. Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of tailored community-based interventions in improving language skills and cognition and provides a basis for further research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Resilience is the dynamic adaptive process of maintaining or recovering mental health from stressors, such as trauma, challenging life circumstances, critical transitions, or physical illnesses. Resilience after adversity can be fostered through protective factors and the implementation of interventions that promote resilience. Hence, it is essential to investigate both protective and vulnerable factors to reduce the negative effects of unfavorable life events and increase resilience through positive risk-response interventions. Objective: To assess the effect of previous adversity, protecting factors, and resilience-promoting interventions to possess resilience after adversity in a global context. Methods: The study included English language articles sourced from PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Sciences, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, and Google Scholar published before 15 April 2024. These articles reported the effect of adversity, protecting factors, and/or resilience-promoting interventions to possess resilience after adversity in a global context without a population age limitation. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews. A weighted inverse-variance random-effects model was applied to find the pooled estimates. The subgroup analysis, heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analysis were also assessed. Results: A total of 44 articles (n = 556,920 participants) were included in this umbrella review. From the random-effects model analysis, the pooled effect of adversity on the development of resilience was 0.25 (p < 0.001). The pooled effects of adversity-protective factors and resilience-promoting interventions after adversity were 0.31 (p < 0.001) and 0.42 (p < 0.001), respectively. The pooled effects of specific adversity protective factors were 0.26, 0.09, 0.05, 0.34, 0.23, and 0.43 for the availability of support, cognitive ability, community cohesion, positive self-perception, religious involvement, and self-regulation, respectively. The pooled effects of specific resilience-promoting interventions were 0.30, 0.21, 0.51, and 0.52 for cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) interventions, mindfulness-based interventions, mixed interventions, and resilience-promoting interventions, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of this umbrella review revealed that people who experienced early adversity can develop resilience later in life. The study highlights the need to consider adversity protective factors, such as availability of support (family, friends, and school), cognitive ability, community cohesion, positive self-perception, religious involvement, and self-regulation, and resilience-promoting interventions, including CBT interventions, mindfulness-based interventions, and mixed interventions, to enhance resilience promotion programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prior research has characterized neurodevelopmental phenotypes for Down syndrome (DS), but there is variability in age of milestone attainment and limited identification of early predictors of developmental trajectories. Additionally, less is known about receipt of education and services in relation to development. Objective: This study describes the delivery of education and therapies in the setting of general developmental and behavioral needs in a large clinical cohort of children with DS seen in a specialized Down Syndrome Program (DSP). Method: The clinically collected data included 814 patients with DS who were seen at a specialty DSP at a large, tertiary pediatric care center from March 2018 to January 2023. Data were collected through caregiver-and clinician-reported history at clinical visits to the program. Descriptive frequencies were utilized to describe participant demographics, skills and behaviors, and receipt of services, across age groups in childhood. Results: Delays were present across all developmental domains; in particular delays in language, communication, and academic skills, and behavioral challenges were commonly reported. Almost all children received Early Intervention (EI) services, and many young children received non-public therapies after completing EI. Older participants demonstrated more impairments than younger age groups, yet received services at lower rates, particularly behavioral and speech language interventions. Conclusion: A snapshot of developmental skill attainment in individuals with DS is provided. Therapies to support the levels of need were reported at much lower frequencies than the level of need reported to target aspects of development and behavior. Several gaps in therapies and educational services were identified. There is an important need for tailoring supports, based on developmental level, to meet individual needs. These findings may help to inform policy change related to developmental and educational services for individuals with DS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmstead dairy processing facilities may be particularly susceptible to Listeria spp. contamination due to the close physical proximity of their processing environments (PE) to associated dairy farm environments (FE). In this case study, we supported the implementation of interventions focused on improving (1) cleaning and sanitation efficacy, (2) hygienic zoning, and (3) sanitary equipment and facility design and maintenance in a farmstead dairy processing facility, and evaluated their effect on Listeria spp. detection in the farmstead's PE over 1 yr. Detection of Listeria spp. in the farmstead's PE was numerically reduced from 50% to 7.5% after 1 yr of intervention implementation, suggesting that these interventions were effective at improving Listeria spp. control. In addition, environmental samples were also collected from the farmstead's FE to evaluate the risk of the FE as a potential source of Listeria spp. in the PE. Overall, detection of Listeria spp. was higher in samples collected from the FE (75%, 27/36) compared with samples collected from the PE (24%, 29/120). Whole-genome sequencing performed on select isolates collected from the PE and FE supported the identification of 6 clusters (range of 3 to 15 isolates per cluster) that showed ≤ 50 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism differences. Of these 6 clusters, 3 (i.e., clusters 2, 4, and 5) contained isolates that were collected from both the PE and FE, suggesting that transmission between these 2 environments was likely. Moreover, all cluster 2 isolates represented a clonal complex of L. monocytogenes commonly associated with dairy farm environmental reservoirs (i.e., CC666), which may support that the farmstead's FE represented an upstream source of the cluster 2 isolates that were found in the PE. Overall, our data underscore that although the FE can represent a potential upstream source of Listeria spp. contamination in a farmstead dairy processing facility, implementation of targeted interventions can help effectively minimize Listeria spp. contamination in the PE. The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity in youth is an increasingly prevalent public health concern worldwide. Lifestyle interventions aim to help participants establish healthy habits and reduce obesity-related disease risk by targeting physical activity and dietary habits. Most studies assess weight loss, but biomarkers may enable more rapid and comprehensive assessment of intervention success. This scoping review aims to synthesize the published literature on which biomarkers are assessed during interventions for pediatric obesity to inform future use. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A literature search of five databases conducted in February 2022 returned 1579 unique and relevant articles published between 2006 and 2021. After screening titles, abstracts, and full text, four reviewers determined that 43 studies met eligibility requirements. Quality screening was conducted, and 97.7% of papers were of fair or good quality. Of the 43 studies, 47% reported measures of adipose-related signaling molecules inclusive of adipokines, 74% included insulin-related biomarkers, 63% reported lipid-related biomarkers, 40% reported proinflammatory cytokine biomarkers, 12% reported measures of skin and/or plasma carotenoids, 40% measured blood pressure, and 21% included liver enzymes. Sixty-seven percent of studies measured biomarkers in whole blood, 40% measured biomarkers in plasma, 56% measured biomarkers in serum, and 2% measured biomarkers in urine. This work summarizes the current use of biomarkers in lifestyle intervention studies enrolling children. These biomarkers could be clinically relevant for pediatric weight management interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global health crisis, impacting physical, and mental well-being, particularly among those who have recovered from the illness. This study aimed to assess the mental health status of patients recovered from COVID-19 in Macau, focusing on the impact of sequelae of COVID-19, and identifying demographic factors associated with poor mental health. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted involving 494 adults who had recovered from COVID-19, with 426 participants included in the final analysis. Mental health was evaluated using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), with scores ≥3 indicating poor mental health. Results: This study revealed a high prevalence of poor mental health, affecting 71.8% of the respondents. Binary logistic regression identified experiencing COVID-19 sequelae (OR = 5.727, 95% CI: 2.973–11.031), being in the age groups of 26–45 (OR = 4.227, 95% CI: 1.754–10.185), or 61, and above (OR = 18.072, 95% CI: 3.590–90.962), being male (OR = 0.501, 95% CI: 0.257–0.979), being married (OR = 5.714, 95% CI: 1.919–17.016), and dissatisfaction with family relationships (OR = 2.957, 95% CI: 1.228–7.119) as significant risk factors for poor mental health. Conclusions: This study underscores the critical need for targeted psychological support for patients recovered from COVID-19 in Macau, particularly for those with sequelae, and those in vulnerable demographic groups. The findings suggest that specific age groups and individuals with sequelae may face higher mental health risks, indicating the necessity for prioritized interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The transition period of becoming a new paediatric registrar has limited study. Consequently, the learning needs of such trainees are unclear including educational interventions that may improve the process. This qualitative study examined the negative and positive experiences of transitioning paediatric trainees to identify learning needs and subsequently derive educational interventions that are perceived to ease transition. Methods: This was a qualitative study of semi-structured interviews with Wales deanery paediatric speciality trainees 3 and 4 (ST3 and ST4) undergoing transition to registrar. Participants were asked to recall one positive and one negative experience during transition using the critical incident technique (CIT). Transcribed responses were coded and thematically analysed and categorised into higher and lower order themes. Results: Six paediatric trainees were interviewed for the study. A total of eighteen codes relating to learning needs were identified and dichotomised into two higher order themes; clinical skills, and leadership and management skills, with further exploration into lower order themes. Clinical skills included child protection procedures, difficult communication with relatives, emergencies, childhood death, difficult procedures, tertiary level neonatal care, managing family anxiety and expectations, dealing with uncertainty and running clinics. Leadership and management skills involved clinical decision making by new registrars, leading ward rounds, managing workload, leading a team and supervising junior colleagues. For educational interventions, sixty-seven initial codes were recorded and combined to form thirty-two lower order themes under six higher order themes. This outlined six educational interventions perceived to ease the transition to the registrar grade including; acting up whilst a senior house officer, seniors providing feedback, seniors providing support, staff providing support, trainee familiarisation with the new registrar placement and trainees maximising SHO learning opportunities. Conclusions: This study provided a grounding upon which further research can be based, by identifying learning needs within the themes of clinical skills and leadership and management skills, as well as providing further descriptions of perceived beneficial educational interventions that ease transition to paediatric registrar. Furthermore, this study proposes evidence-based recommendations involving five key stakeholders to improve the experience of transition for future trainees. These stakeholders include; trainees, seniors, educators, nursing staff and rota coordinators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most gratitude interventions for adolescents focus on private experiences of gratitude (e.g., gratitude journaling), dyadic expressions of gratitude (e.g., writing a gratitude letter to another person), or group-based psychoeducation about gratitude. By contrast, group interventions that emphasize gratitude social processes (GSPs)—interpersonal or group processes that involve or are directly triggered by the disclosure or expression of gratitude to other group members—provide an ideal forum for adolescents to reap the full benefits of gratitude experiences. In this perspective article, we propose a typology of five GSPs—disclosing, expressing, receiving, responding to, and witnessing gratitude in relation to other group members—that operate synergistically to produce positive effects for adolescents. In turn, we theorize that these GSPs likely produce superior outcomes, as compared to other gratitude interventions, through five psychosocial mechanisms of change: observational learning, group cohesion, vicarious gratitude, group-based gratitude, and collective gratitude. Overall, we encourage researchers and practitioners to incorporate GSPs in their gratitude interventions with adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionSexual health education is crucial for promoting healthy sexual behaviors among people of all ages. Interventions involving cartoons, comics, and animations have emerged as effective tools due to their engaging and accessible nature. This scoping review explores the effectiveness of these interventions across different time frames and age groups.Using the PICOS framework and PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews, a review was conducted across 14 databases to include relevant studies published between 2000 and 31 May 2024.Analyzing 51 intervention studies meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria revealed varied outcomes in interventions that highlight a significant shift in focus from developing educational tools and empowering youth in the earlier period (2000–2010) to implementing advanced technology-based cartoons, comics, and animations interventions and addressing diverse populations in the later period (2011–2024). The results of these studies were predominantly positive, with many reporting significant improvements in knowledge, behaviors, and engagement.While many studies report positive outcomes, further investigation is needed into the long-term impact of digital-based cartoons, comics, and animation interventions on behavior change and health outcomes. Research should also explore the effectiveness of these tools in different cultural and socioeconomic contexts to ensure their broad applicability. Ongoing research and iterative development are warranted to ensure that these interventions continue to evolve and meet the changing needs of users in an increasingly digital world across diverse populations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying is a serious problem among adolescents that often occurs in schools. The problem occurs because of the high level of bullying behavior. Bullying causes negative impacts such as anxiety, low self-esteem, and suicide risk. So that interventions are needed to prevent and reduce bullying behavior. The aim of this study is to explore the effectiveness and implementation methods of the KiVa anti-bullying program for preventing and reducing bullying behavior for students. Scoping review design was used in this study using PRISMA Extension for Scoping Review search strategy. A scoping review of studies indexed in CINAHL, PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted. After duplicates were removed and articles screened, 11 studies were included in the review. Data analysis in this study used descriptive qualitative. The 11 included studies comprised of randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies involving range of samples from 1051 to 23.520 respondents from elementary school to high school students aged 6–15 years. The KiVa Anti-bullying intervention was effective for reducing bullying behavior in students (p value < 0.05). This intervention involves teachers, government, students, and health workers to collaborate in building a bullying prevention system. The activities carried out are providing education, assertive and empathy training, role play, counseling, and games. The method in implementing the intervention is online and offline. This therapy can be optimized by providing special interventions to victims, perpetrators, and both. The provision of interventions also needs to be carried out and monitored regularly to prevent repeated bullying behavior in students. The development of online interventions is needed to prevent bullying in students so that it can reach students widely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To facilitate the use of the mounting evidence on how human health is inextricably linked to the health of the planet and the urgent need for measures against the escalating triple planetary crisis, the WHO has developed a repository of systematic reviews on interventions in the area of environment, climate change and health (ECH). This commentary introduces the repository, describes its rationale and development, and points to potential future evolutions. The repository aims to provide a user-friendly tool for quickly finding systematic reviews and meta-analyses on specific ECH topics. The spreadsheet includes details on each systematic review, such as population, intervention type, control group, outcomes, and location, among other information. This supports effective assessment of the available evidence, potentially informing policy decisions across various sectors. The repository is a resource for anyone interested in the interlinkages between health and environment and is also targeted at decision makers, intervention implementers and researchers in order to identify priority issues and support evidence-based action. Furthermore, it can be used to identify areas in need of greater research. Additionally, systematic reviews of intervention effectiveness are often used for setting general guidelines and standards, for choosing the most promising intervention in a certain situation and for calculating the disease burden attributable to a specific environmental risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying is a serious problem among adolescents that often occurs in schools. The problem occurs because of the high level of bullying behavior. Bullying causes negative impacts such as anxiety, low self-esteem, and suicide risk. So that interventions are needed to prevent and reduce bullying behavior. The aim of this study is to explore the effectiveness and implementation methods of the KiVa anti-bullying program for preventing and reducing bullying behavior for students. Scoping review design was used in this study using PRISMA Extension for Scoping Review search strategy. A scoping review of studies indexed in CINAHL, PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted. After duplicates were removed and articles screened, 11 studies were included in the review. Data analysis in this study used descriptive qualitative. The 11 included studies comprised of randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies involving range of samples from 1051 to 23.520 respondents from elementary school to high school students aged 6–15 years. The KiVa Anti-bullying intervention was effective for reducing bullying behavior in students (p value < 0.05). This intervention involves teachers, government, students, and health workers to collaborate in building a bullying prevention system. The activities carried out are providing education, assertive and empathy training, role play, counseling, and games. The method in implementing the intervention is online and offline. This therapy can be optimized by providing special interventions to victims, perpetrators, and both. The provision of interventions also needs to be carried out and monitored regularly to prevent repeated bullying behavior in students. The development of online interventions is needed to prevent bullying in students so that it can reach students widely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study focuses on exploring the effectiveness of interventions in two community-based language rehabilitation care centers located in an economically underdeveloped region of northwest China. Method: The research focuses on 35 older adults with cognitive-linguistic decline enrolled in both centers. The interventions provided to the participants include auditory training, sign language use enhancement, second language interest classes, and the promotion of elderly-mode applications on smartphones. Results: The interventions were particularly effective in enhancing auditory processing and language comprehension skills. Additionally, the promotion of elderly-mode applications on smartphones proved to be a valuable tool in improving participants' language cognition. Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of tailored communitybased interventions in improving language skills and cognition and provides a basis for further research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria is one of the world's most lethal vector-borne diseases, causing significant health burdens in endemic countries. Several studies on the prevalence of malaria among pregnant women in Ghana have been conducted in various parts of the country, yielding evidence pointing to intra- and inter-regional variations. The current study assessed the prevalence, risk factors, and sociodemographic predictors of malaria among pregnant women in the Bono East Region of Ghana. Methods: This multicentre hospital-based study employed a mixed-method cross-sectional design. A multistage sampling technique was used to select seven health facilities and recruited 1452 pregnant women who attended ANC at seven selected health facilities. Haematological examination, a structured closed-ended questionnaire, in-depth interviews (IDIs), and focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to obtain relevant data. Quantitative data were analysed with STATA 14 (StataCorp, College Station, USA). Likewise, the four-step thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. A significant level was set at (p < 0.05) at a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The ages of the pregnant women at enrolment ranged between 17 and 40 years, with a mean (SD) of 28.8 ± 3.73 (95% C.I: 28.63–29.02). The overall prevalence of malaria infection among pregnant women was 10.8% (95% CI: 9.32–12.56). Presence of farm or domestic animals, living close to drainage tunnels, living near overgrown vegetation, not married, not having formal education, living in extended-type households, living in compound-type households, mud and thatch households, mud and iron sheet households, primigravidae, multiparity, first-time pregnant women, second-time, third-time, fourth-time, and fifth-time ANC visits, blood groups A, B, and AB were independent factors or predictors significantly associated with increased risk of malaria. Conclusion: The current study revealed an approximately 10.8% prevalence of malaria among pregnant women. The prevalence revealed, was, however, higher than the national prevalence of 8.6%. The high prevalence of malaria, associated risk factors, and sociodemographic and maternal predictors highlight the need to strengthen screening for malaria, administer treatments, monitor maternal and foetal health, and provide education and counselling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Inadequate care for asthma has been linked to higher hospital admissions and morbidity. Researchers have developed several strategies to improve treatment adherence in this specific group. We aimed to investigate the impact of several interventions on the adherence of asthmatic patients to controller inhalers. Data sources: We searched four databases (the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) for studies published between 1998 and 2022. Study selections: We considered studies that assessed adherence as the main finding of an intervention for asthma patients. Data were extracted and analyzed. Results: The analysis included a total of 40 studies. A diverse range of interventions was identified, including educational sessions on asthma, reminders via text messages, and technology-based feedback systems. The overall efficacy of interventions compared to the control group resulted in a small effect size, but it was statistically significant, with an estimated SMD of 0.44 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.63, P < 0.001). Electronic monitoring achieved a significantly higher effect size [SMD 0.8, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.14, P < 0.001) compared to pharmacy refill and self-report methods [(SMD 0.09, 95% CI − 0.18–0.37, P = 0.51), and (SMD 0.25, 95% CI − 0.03, 0.54, P = 0.08), respectively]. Conclusions: Adherence promotion interventions have been proven effective among patients with asthma. Electronic monitoring modalities have demonstrated superiority and effectiveness in improving patient adherence to asthma inhalers. Additional longitudinal research studies can be conducted to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and identify a more accurate measure of intervention efficiency for prolonged follow-up time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Transitions in healthcare settings can be a challenge for patients and they express a need for guidance and support to cope with these transitions. The aim of this scoping review was to investigate if interventions can improve patients’ experiences when transitioning between healthcare settings. Methods: This review was conducted following the Johanna Briggs Institute’s methods and reported according to the PRISMA-ScR Checklist. Included articles were published and peer-reviewed, and reported qualitative and quantitative findings on patient experiences with interventions when transitioning between healthcare settings. The search was conducted in May 2024 in Medline Ovid, Embase Ovid, and Cinahl. Results: Twenty-three studies were included. Factors extracted from the studies were: author(s), year of publication, country of origin, study design, theoretical methods, population description, intervention, phenomena of interest(s), and key findings. There has been an increase in published studies on the subject in the last few years, and most of the included studies originated from Western countries. Most studies were quantitative, primarily RCTs, and the theoretical methods were thus mainly statistical analysis. The study populations were found to be heterogeneous. The interventions were categorized: care coordinator, program, integrated care, online communication platform, coaching, discharge care plan, and miscellaneous interventions. Conclusions: Overall, interventions were found to improve the patient experience. Centralization of healthcare has increased the number of transitions, and patients express that the coordination of healthcare transitions can be improved. This review’s findings should be used alongside other research on interventions’ effect on factors like hospital readmissions and mortality to determine the optimal intervention to implement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical problem posing, generally defined as the process of interpreting given situations and formulating meaningful mathematical problems, is academically important, and thus several interventions have been used to enhance this competence among students and teachers. Yet little is known about the interventions' various components and their relative or combined effectiveness. In this meta-analysis of 26 intervention studies in mathematics, we identified nine intervention components and found that the interventions had a medium, positive, and significant mean weighted effect size. A stepwise meta-regression analysis revealed that intervention efficacy varied by moderators relevant to the research design, sample characteristics, and intervention characteristics. The findings obtained from this meta-analysis are expected to serve as a foundation for future efforts to design and implement (more) effective interventions to improve mathematical problem posing competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health is deteriorating far and fast globally post-COVID. Though there were already over one billion people living with mental disorders pre-pandemic, in the first year of COVID-19 alone, the prevalence of anxiety and depression soared by 25% worldwide. In light of the chronic shortages of mental health resources and talents, along with disruptions of available health services caused by pandemic-related restrictions, technology is widely believed to hold the key to addressing the rising mental health crises. However, hurdles such as fragmented and oftentimes suboptimal patient protection measures substantially undermine technology's potential to address the global mental health crises reliably and at scale. To shed light on these issues, this paper aims to discuss the post-pandemic mental health challenges and opportunities, and the strategies and solutions the global mental health community could leverage to protect and elevate society's mental health in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Food literacy (FL) is a rapidly emerging area of research that provides a framework to explain the interplay of food-related skills, beliefs, knowledge and practises that contribute to nutritional health and wellbeing. This review is the first to scope the current literature for FL interventions, assess their characteristics against the components provided in the most widely cited definition of FL. and describe their characteristics to identify gaps in the literature. Methods: This review scopes original articles describing FL interventions in the Medline, CINAHL, ProQuest Education, Web of Science and AMED databases up to August 2023. Results: Despite the heterogeneity between all seven included studies, they all demonstrated some improvements in their FL outcome measures alongside dietary intake (DI), with the greatest improvements seen in studies that employed a FL theoretical framework in intervention design. Populations at high risk of food insecurity, such as university students and people living in disadvantaged areas, were the main targets of FL interventions. Conclusion: The minimal inclusion of FL theory amongst interventions led to an overall poor coverage of essential FL components, indicating researchers should aim to design future FL interventions with a FL theoretical framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early detection through screening dramatically improves lung cancer survival rates, including among war Veterans, who are at heightened risk. The effectiveness of low dose computed tomography scans in lung cancer screening (LCS) prompted the Veteran's Affairs Lung Precision Oncology Program (VA LPOP) to increase screening rates. We aimed to develop an adaptive population health tool to determine adequate resource allocation for the program, with a specific focus on primary care providers, nurse navigators, and radiologists. Methods: We developed a tool using C + + that uses inputs that represents the process of the VA LCS program in Ann Arbor, Michigan to calculate FTEs of human resource needs to screen a given population. Further, we performed a sensitivity analysis to understand how resource needs are impacted by changes in population, screening eligibility, and time allocated for the nurse navigators' tasks. Results: Using estimates from the VA LCS Program as demonstrative inputs, we determined that the greatest number of full-time equivalents required were for radiologists, followed by nurse navigators and then primary care providers, for a target population of 75,000. An increase in the population resulted in a linear increase of resource needs, with radiologists experiencing the greatest rate of increase, followed by nurse navigators and primary care providers. These resource requirements changed with primary care providers, nurse navigators and radiologists demonstrating the greatest increase when 1–20, 20–40 and > 40% of Veterans accepted to be screened respectively. Finally, when increasing the time allocated to check eligibility by the nurse navigator from zero to three minutes, there was a linear increase in the full-time equivalents required for the nurse navigator. Conclusion: Variation of resource utilization demonstrated by our user facing tool emphasizes the importance of tailored strategies to accommodate specific population demographics and downstream work. We will continue to refine this tool by incorporating additional variability in system parameters, resource requirements following an abnormal test result, and resource distribution over time to reach steady state. While our tool is designed for a specific program in one center, it has wider applicability to other cancer screening programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hazardous alcohol use and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are highly prevalent among clients in mental health services, yet significant gaps remain in the adequate assessment of alcohol use and provision of appropriate alcohol interventions. The aim of this study was to conduct an exploration of (i) alcohol intervention elements used in mental health services and (ii) professionals' reported barriers and facilitators in identifying and intervening with hazardous alcohol use and AUD. Methods: Qualitative data were obtained by conducting semi-structured interviews among a purposive sample of 18 professionals from 13 different Dutch mental health services organizations (i.e., five integrated mental health organizations with addiction services, five mental health organizations without addiction services, and three addiction services organizations without mental health services). Transcripts were qualitatively analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Identified alcohol intervention elements included conducting assessments, brief interventions, treatment, referrals of clients, collaborations with other parties, and providing information to professionals. Professionals mentioned nine barriers and facilitators in the identification and intervention with hazardous alcohol use and AUD, including three aspects of professionals' behavior (i.e., professionals' agenda setting, knowledge and skills, and attitudes), actions related to identification and intervening, client contact, collaboration with other parties, and three factors in a wider context (i.e., organizational characteristics, organizational resources, and governmental aspects). Conclusions: Although diverse alcohol intervention elements are available in Dutch mental health services, it remains unclear to what extent these are routinely implemented. To better address hazardous alcohol use and AUD in mental health services, efforts should focus on enhancing alcohol training, improving collaboration with addiction services, providing appropriate tools, and facilitating support through organizational and governmental measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last few years, percutaneous procedures have undergone great advances, thanks to the ultrasound (US) guidance, due to the technical improvements in the US field, combined with the greater availability, good portability, and reduced cost of US devices. The direct target visualization and the real-time imaging performance enabled by US-guidance account for an improved accuracy in needle placement in several rheumatology interventions. So, ultrasound-guided procedures contribute to several diagnostic or therapeutic procedures such as fluid aspiration or treatment instillations of common joints, tendons, and bursas. In clinical practice, this fact is especially important in the case of depth areas like the hip, small anatomical structures as tendon sheaths or nerves in tenosynovitis or nervous blocks, or complex anatomical structures like the spine's facet joints. The US-guide is an essential tool for performing diagnostic procedures as synovial biopsy. US can also be combined with other imaging techniques, like the establishment portal arthroscopy for instance. Compared to older blind procedures, US-guided injections are more accurate and safer, and they result in better clinical outcomes in terms of joints improvement in function and decreased risk of damages caused by needle misplacement. With the ultrasound guided treatment, we can avoid the instillation of therapeutic products outside the predetermined target, which may be sometimes potentially harmful. The aim of this article is to describe the main generalities of ultrasound-guided procedures in rheumatology, their main advantages and disadvantages, and their particularities in joints where they are most frequently used, such as the shoulder, hip, and knee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Burnout and moral injury are among the most pressing issues facing healthcare and public safety today. In 2021, Congress provided $120 million through the American Rescue Plan Act for 44 Health Resources and Services Administration grants to implement evidence-informed strategies to address burnout and improve mental health among the health workforce. This article examines facilitators and barriers to implementation and reported impact of grantees' interventions. Method: Key informant interviews (n = 39) and surveys (n = 36) with grantees were conducted between May and August 2023 and qualitatively analyzed using inductive and deductive approaches. Results: This study found grantees were adapting their program modality, timing, and content to meet the needs of their workforce. Many grantees were increasingly focused on training/engaging leadership, establishing structures for worker engagement, and allowing worker voice and priorities to guide operational changes. Though many grantees could not yet report program impact, those who could provide early data documented decreases in staff turnover, burnout, and moral distress. A common challenge was ongoing resource constraints, including staff and leadership turnover. Discussion: Findings suggest health and public safety organizations continued to struggle with staffing post-COVID, increasing the challenges of implementing their programs to improve burnout and well-being. However, just 18 months into their activities, grantees reported their efforts were leading to changes in organizations, culture, and the experiences of individuals. Key lessons include the importance of engaging workers, building trust, and developing intentional communication, evaluation, and feedback strategies to advance organizational-level efforts to improve worker and learner well-being. Public Significance Statement: The present study provides early evidence that the Dr. Lorna Breen Healthcare Provider Protection Act grantees are reporting changing organizations, culture, and the experiences of health and public safety workers. This occurs through continuously adapting initiatives to meet the diverse needs of their workforce. This research has implications for clinicians, organizations, and policymakers who seek to implement the changes needed to stop the cycle of health worker burnout and moral injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Access to safe drinking water remains a critical challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa, driven by a complex mix of environmental, political, social, economic, and infrastructural factors. This scoping review aims to map the literature on water access in Sub-Saharan Africa over the past decade. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search of academic databases and grey literature from January 2013 to the present. We included peer-reviewed quantitative, qualitative, and mixedmethods research, as well as reviews and reports focusing on factors influencing water access and related interventions in SubSaharan Africa. Data were extracted on study characteristics, key determinants, proposed solutions, and outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 137 studies were included. Commonly reported determinants included droughts, climate change, conflict, governance, gender, wealth, education, poverty, and inadequate infrastructure. Identified potential interventions included infrastructure development, water quality monitoring, climate adaptation, governance reforms, decentralized management, targeted subsidies, and integrated water resources management. However, most studies described barriers rather than evaluating solutions. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent inequities in water access are driven by interconnected factors such as poverty, governance, gender, and infrastructure. Implementing integrated solutions is crucial, with a shift from problem identification to evaluating contextualized interventions across sectors. Dedicated implementation research is needed to translate knowledge into action, advancing water security and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Appropriate use of antimicrobials is essential to enhance therapeutic safety and efficacy. Clinical pharmacists play a crucial role in optimizing antimicrobial use; however, the contribution of pharmacy interns in antimicrobial use has not been studied. The objective of this study was to ascertain the quantity and nature of interventions related to antimicrobials documented by pharmacy interns, along with the rates at which physicians accepted these interventions. Methods: From August 2017 to March 2022, this study retrospectively evaluated antimicrobial-related interventions recorded by pharmacy interns during their rotations at King Khalid University. The categories of interventions included medication selection, addition of antimicrobials, dose or frequency adjustments, medication discontinuation, de-escalation, therapeutic drug monitoring, and others. Statistical analysis was conducted to identify patterns and correlations. Results: This study evaluated 1295 antimicrobial-related interventions, with high physician acceptance rates of 91.6% and 4.0% accepted with modifications. The most frequent interventions were dose/frequency adjustments (36.3%) and medication discontinuation (23%). Vancomycin, colistin, and meropenem were the most frequently intervened antimicrobials. Documented clinical outcomes included enhancing treatment efficacy (37.3%), reducing treatment toxicity (26.81%), and avoiding unnecessary antimicrobial exposure (21.8%). Significant correlations were observed between hospital units and intervention types, indicating unit-specific intervention patterns. Conclusions: Theses findings highlight the vital role of pharmacy interns in optimizing antimicrobial therapy. Future research should focus on evaluating the long-term clinical and economic benefits of their involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain can be defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with or resembling that associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Though consistent with this definition, different types of pain result in different behavioural and psychophysiological responses. For example, the transient, non‐threatening, acute muscle pain element of exercise‐induced pain (EIP) is entirely different from other pain types like delayed onset muscle soreness, muscular injury or chronic pain. However, studies often conflate the definitions or assume parity between distinct pain types. Consequently, the mechanisms through which pain might impact exercise behaviour across different pain subcategories may be incorrectly assumed, which could lead to interventions or recommendations that are inappropriate. Therefore, this review aims to distinguish EIP from other subcategories of pain according to their aetiologies and characteristics, thereby providing an updated conceptual and operational definition of EIP. Secondly, the review will discuss the experimental pain models currently used across several research domains and their relevance to EIP with a focus on the neuro‐psychophysiological mechanisms of EIP and its effect on exercise behaviour and performance. Finally, the review will examine potential interventions to cope with the impact of EIP and support wider exercise benefits. Highlights: What is the topic of this review?Considerations for future research focusing on exercise‐induced pain within endurance exercise settings.What advances does it highlight? An updated appraisal and guide of research concerning exercise‐induced pain and its impact on endurance task behaviour, particularly with reference to the aetiology, measurement, and manipulation of exercise‐induced pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology is the property of Editorial of the University of Almeria (Spain) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: People with intellectual disabilities (ID) experience many health and social inequalities. Increasing physical activity is a proven intervention to address such inequalities, yet the physical activity rates of this population are substantially lower than the general population. Aim: Research has been growing to understand why this is and how to intervene to increase the physical activity levels of people with ID. Method: Using a behavioural epidemiological framework, the research in this area from barriers and facilitators of physical activity to translational research testing interventions within natural settings is reviewed. Findings from a total of 14 reviews and eight empirical studies and protocols were included. Results: Whilst there are multiple investigations into what promotes or enhances physical activity for people with ID, findings from intervention studies show few successful outcomes. Gaps within the existing research are identified and recommendations about how intervention efficacy might be improved are provided to inform future research and practice. Conclusion: Findings from previous research on barriers and facilitators can be further capitalised on and intervention studies should be underpinned by better links to theory and more systemic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rabies remains a significant public health issue in Ghana, predominantly affecting rural communities with limited access to health care and veterinary services. The disease is primarily transmitted through bites from infected domestic dogs and leads to many deaths worldwide each year. Despite various interventions, Ghana continues to struggle with rabies control and prevention. This narrative paper focuses on rabies control in Ghana, examining stakeholders' interventions, challenges faced, and opportunities available. Methods: The paper reviews existing rabies control measures in Ghana, including dog vaccination efforts and One Health strategies. It also discusses the limitations of these interventions, such as minimal vaccination coverage, weak surveillance, and inadequate intersectoral coordination. Results: Ghana has implemented dog vaccination campaigns, but coverage remains minimal. Additionally, weak disease surveillance, cultural perceptions, and inadequate coordination across sectors have hampered the country's ability to control rabies effectively. Conclusion: Adopting One Health principles, which integrate human, animal, and environmental health efforts, is emphasized as a critical strategy to eliminate rabies in Ghana by 2030. By addressing these challenges and leveraging available opportunities, Ghana can strengthen its rabies control programs and work toward a rabies‐free future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy had major implications for racial health equity at the beginning of the vaccination campaign in the U.S. Interventions to reduce vaccine hesitancy among Black and African American individuals partially helped to reduce vaccine hesitancy in specific communities. This article describes findings on interventions to reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Black and African American individuals from a literature review we conducted. We found 12 studies that described communication, partnerships, and distribution interventions. Regarding communication, examples include a webinar hosted by an academic-community partnership team, information sessions, social media campaigns, educational materials, and virtual town halls. Effective partnerships identified through this literature review were a statewide alliance and one between an academic institution and faith and community leaders. Distribution interventions identified through the literature review were the deployment of multiple tactics to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake (virtual town halls, a confidential employee hotline, department huddles, written educational material, and accessible vaccination stations) and offering to administer the COVID-19 vaccine during medical appointments. The results of this review show that implementing interventions directed at specific minority groups improves COVID-19 vaccine acceptance without undermining overall vaccine distribution or uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a prevalent global health problem. IPV that occurs before pregnancy often continues during the perinatal period, resulting in ongoing violence and many adverse maternal, obstetrical, and neonatal outcomes. Objectives: This scoping review is designed to broadly capture all potential interventions for perinatal IPV and describe their core components and measured outcomes. Search Methods: We conducted a search for empirical studies describing IPV interventions in the perinatal population in June 2022. The search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts, ClinicalTrials.gov and MedRxiv. Hand searching of references from select articles was also performed. Selection Criteria: Included studies described an intervention for those experiencing IPV during the perinatal period, including 12 months before pregnancy, while pregnant or in the 12 months post‐partum. The search encompassed January 2000 to June 2022 and only peer‐reviewed studies written in either English or French were included. Included interventions focused on the survivor exposed to IPV, rather than healthcare professionals administering the intervention. Interventions designed to reduce IPV revictimization or any adverse maternal, obstetrical, or neonatal health outcomes as well as social outcomes related to IPV victimization were included. Data Collections and Analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by The Campbell Collaboration. Main Results: In total, 10,079 titles and abstracts were screened and 226 proceeded to full text screening. A total of 67 studies included perinatal IPV interventions and were included in the final sample. These studies included a total of 27,327 participants. Included studies originated from 19 countries, and the majority were randomized controlled trials (n = 43). Most studies were of moderate or low quality. Interventions included home visitation, educational modules, counseling, and cash transfer programs and occurred primarily in community obstetrician and gynecologist clinics, hospitals, or in participants' homes. Most interventions focused on reducing revictimization of IPV (n = 38), improving survivor knowledge or acceptance of violence, knowledge of community resources, and actions to reduce violence (n = 28), and improving maternal mental health outcomes (n = 26). Few studies evaluated the effect of perinatal IPV interventions on obstetrical, neonatal or child health outcomes. Authors' Conclusion(s): The majority of intervention studies for perinatal IPV focus on reducing revictimization and improving mental health outcomes, very few included obstetrical, neonatal, and other physical health outcomes. Future interventions should place a larger emphasis on targeting maternal and neonatal outcomes to have the largest possible impact on the lives and families of IPV survivors and their infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Societal changes have led to greater isolation and higher levels of loneliness particularly for older generations. Loneliness is a significant public health challenge leading to increased levels of poor mental health. Depression and anxiety are also increasing in prevalence amongst children and young people. Intergenerational activities are interventions designed to bring together older and younger generations with the purpose of allowing participants to utilise their experiences and skills, and to give participants a chance to experience the pleasure and excitement that occurs with the transmission of knowledge and skills from one generation to another. Intergenerational activities are therefore potential interventions that can address the growing problems associated with loneliness and lack of wellbeing. Objectives: This systematic review aims to examine the impact of intergenerational interventions on the wellbeing and mental health in children and adolescents, and potential harmful effects. It also aims to identify areas for future research as well as key messages for service commissioners. Search Methods: We searched an evidence and gap map published in 2022 (comprehensive searches conducted July 2021 and updated June 2023) to identify randomised controlled trials of intergenerational interventions that report mental health and wellbeing outcomes for children and young people. Selection Criteria: Randomised controlled trials of intergenerational interventions that involved unrelated younger and older people with at least one skipped generation between them and reported mental health or wellbeing outcomes for children and young people were included in this review. Data Collection and Analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by The Campbell Collaboration. We conducted data extraction and Cochrane risk of bias assessments in EPPI reviewer. Main Results: While we identified 500 evaluations of intergenerational interventions, where the impact on participating children and/or young people was evaluated this was most often limited to assessing their impact on attitudes to aging. We identified five studies evaluating five different types of intergenerational interventions which included one‐off sessions to ones that spanned a year measuring their impact on the mental health and wellbeing of children and/or young people. The purposes of the interventions differed, which included promoting social skills, preventing harmful behaviour and promoting learning. The ages of children also varied across the five studies, with one targeting younger children, two targeting younger teenagers and two targeting older teenagers. One study included socioeconomically disadvantaged children, and in the other studies the socioeconomic backgrounds of the children and young people were not described. The outcome measures used to evaluate the interventions varied with none of the studies measuring the same outcomes. One study showed improvements in wellbeing measures, and this was an intervention delivered to children in deprived neighbourhoods, where the intervention duration was for a year allowing the development of a greater depth of relationship between the younger and older participants. Four studies found no....... The included studies were at high risk of bias therefore raising uncertainty in the reliability of the findings. Underpinning theories that supported the development of the interventions and explained the mechanisms of effect were poorly described. Authors' Conclusions: The evidence for the effectiveness of intergenerational interventions on the mental health and wellbeing of children and young people is limited and inconclusive. Few evaluations have sought to measure how intergenerational interventions impact children and young people and where this impact is measured the focus is usually limited to attitudes to aging. The evidence that has been collected is too heterogenous to allow synthesis of the findings. The underpinning theories to support their development are poorly described with no follow‐up data to ascertain if benefits are maintained. Intergenerational interventions show promise but researchers have failed to measure how they impact on the mental health and wellbeing of children and young people. This is a serious limitation of the evidence base that needs to be addressed in robust and rigorous evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a sexually transmitted infection that requires early detection to prevent complications. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of CT among asymptomatic women in Spain and investigate the relationship between CT and risk factors associated with sexual practices, as well as factors such as stress and depression. Results: We found that 3.8% of asymptomatic women tested positive for CT. Our findings suggested that having more than five sexual partners increases the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) by 3.87 times when compared with having fewer partners (p = 0.005, OR: 3.87, 95% CI 1.24–11.65). Additionally, 4.5% of participants admitted to using drugs. We found that there was a slightly higher proportion of anxiety and depression among women who tested positive for CT. Conclusions: We aimed to establish a basis for the implementation of screening in asymptomatic women. Early identification and preventive measures are crucial in minimizing the long-term complications and transmission of the disease. Sexual behavior must be recognized as a risk factor, and women's psychological well-being should be given top priority as a vital aspect of their sexual health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) seem to attend higher education more frequently. Yet, the academic performance of students with ASD and the graduation rate appear to be poorer than those of typical development students. Moreover, college students with ASD face several challenges in their everyday and social lives. Students with ASD seem not to receive the appropriate social and educational support in higher education. This article reports the results of a systematic literature review of research programs and services designed to meet the needs of students with ASD enrolled in higher education. Several interventions are available and appear to be effective in supporting students with ASD in higher education (e.g., social planning intervention, focus groups, coaching paired with behavioral skills training, video feedback, visual framework, peer mentoring, and virtual reality). In addition, this article shows that colleges and universities face the challenge of preparing for these students and the need to provide psychological support for them. Moreover, studies of experiences and opinions of college students with ASD from their perspectives are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medication errors have serious consequences and high costs for the patient and the system. The treatment process and the care required for critically ill patients are complex, and these patients are more vulnerable to errors and potential consequences. A scoping review using the JBI methodology was conducted across PubMed, CINAHL, and MEDLINE databases and reported by the PRISMA-ScR guidelines to explore strategies that can mitigate medication errors by nurses. The search strategy focused on references published between January 2012 and April 2023. Sixteen studies were included, and the results were organized into thematic areas. Medication errors by nurses are in the areas of preparation, administration, and documentation; organizational, system-related, procedural, personal, and knowledge and training factors are predisposing factors for errors; educational intervention, verification and safety methods, organizational changes, and error reporting are the strategic areas to mitigate medication error. The organization of the data could be different, as it depends on the reviewers' experience. Knowledge of the factors that cause medication errors and interventions to mitigate them make it possible to outline strategies to minimize their occurrence and achieve health gains. The protocol preceding this review has been registered in the Open Science Framework and published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe existing and cutting-edge knowledge on cost-effectiveness or item costs related to palliative home-based care for patients with cancer. We evaluated various costs, including direct medical, non-medical, and indirect costs in different geographical regions and analysed how different options for care affect the patients' quality of life and associated expenses. Methods: This Prospero-registered systematic review (CRD42023404217) adhered to the PRISMA criteria. Following a multistep selection process, we selected 22 articles published between 2013 and 2023 focused on quality of life outcomes and cost-effectiveness of home-based palliative care for cancer patients. Results: Home-based palliative care decreases the number of hospital visits, while its influence on patients quality of life is currently difficult to demonstrate across geographic regions based on available evidence. Overall, home care decreases the costs associated to the palliative care of patients with cancer. The cost structure analysis revealed that besides healthcare costs, informal care expenses and productivity losses represent a significant proportion of overall expenses). In Europe, the direct medical, non-medical, and indirect costs (in purchasing power parity) were on average $1,941, $842, and $1,241, per month per person, respectively. In the USA and Asia, direct medical and indirect costs are on average $1,095 (USA) vs $1,444 (Asia) and $2,192 (USA) vs $1,162 (Asia). Conclusion: In conclusion, the studies reviewed highlight significant cost variations and potential savings associated with palliative home-based care for cancer patients. Home-based palliative care, particularly involving medications, has shown favorable cost-effectiveness compared to hospital care. Specialized palliative home care, psychological interventions, and outpatient services further contribute to overall cost savings. However, the economic impact varies across different geographical contexts and cost categories, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches in palliative care planning and implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anemia is a multifactorial condition; approaches to address it must recognize that the causal factors represent an ecology consisting of internal (biology, genetics, and health) and external (social/behavioral/demographic and physical) environments. In this paper, we present an approach for selecting interventions, followed by a description of key issues related to the multiple available interventions for prevention and reduction of anemia. We address interventions for anemia using the following 2 main categories: 1) those that address nutrients alone, and, 2) those that address nonnutritional causes of anemia. The emphasis will be on interventions of public health relevance, but we also consider the clinical context. We also focus on interventions at different stages of the life course, with a particular focus on women of reproductive age and preschool-age children, and present evidence on various factors to consider when selecting an intervention-inflammation, genetic mutations, nutrient delivery, bioavailability, and safety. Each section on an intervention domain concludes with a brief discussion of key research areas.

Abstract A Viral Infection Risk Indoor Simulator (VIRIS) has been developed to quickly assess and compare mitigations for airborne disease spread. This agent-based simulator combines people movement in an indoor space, viral transmission modelling and detailed architectural design, and it is powered by topologicpy, an open-source Python library. VIRIS generates very fast predictions of the viral concentration and the spatiotemporal infection risk for individuals as they move through a given space. The simulator is validated with data from a courtroom superspreader event. A sensitivity study for unknown parameter values is also performed. We compare several non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) issued in UK government guidance, for two indoor settings: a care home and a supermarket. Additionally, we have developed the user-friendly VIRIS web app that allows quick exploration of diverse scenarios of interest and visualisation, allowing policymakers, architects and space managers to easily design or assess infection risk in an indoor space.

Abstract Background The transition period of becoming a new paediatric registrar has limited study. Consequently, the learning needs of such trainees are unclear including educational interventions that may improve the process. This qualitative study examined the negative and positive experiences of transitioning paediatric trainees to identify learning needs and subsequently derive educational interventions that are perceived to ease transition. Methods This was a qualitative study of semi-structured interviews with Wales deanery paediatric speciality trainees 3 and 4 (ST3 and ST4) undergoing transition to registrar. Participants were asked to recall one positive and one negative experience during transition using the critical incident technique (CIT). Transcribed responses were coded and thematically analysed and categorised into higher and lower order themes. Results Six paediatric trainees were interviewed for the study. A total of eighteen codes relating to learning needs were identified and dichotomised into two higher order themes; clinical skills, and leadership and management skills, with further exploration into lower order themes. Clinical skills included child protection procedures, difficult communication with relatives, emergencies, childhood death, difficult procedures, tertiary level neonatal care, managing family anxiety and expectations, dealing with uncertainty and running clinics. Leadership and management skills involved clinical decision making by new registrars, leading ward rounds, managing workload, leading a team and supervising junior colleagues. For educational interventions, sixty-seven initial codes were recorded and combined to form thirty-two lower order themes under six higher order themes. This outlined six educational interventions perceived to ease the transition to the registrar grade including; acting up whilst a senior house officer, seniors providing feedback, seniors providing support, staff providing support, trainee familiarisation with the new registrar placement and trainees maximising SHO learning opportunities. Conclusions This study provided a grounding upon which further research can be based, by identifying learning needs within the themes of clinical skills and leadership and management skills, as well as providing further descriptions of perceived beneficial educational interventions that ease transition to paediatric registrar. Furthermore, this study proposes evidence-based recommendations involving five key stakeholders to improve the experience of transition for future trainees. These stakeholders include; trainees, seniors, educators, nursing staff and rota coordinators.

Dyspnea is a subjective sensation often described as a feeling of respiratory effort, tightness, or air hunger. The underlying mechanisms of this symptom are multifaceted and involve factors such as respiratory centers, cardiovascular system, airways, neuromuscular components, and metabolic factors, although not fully elucidated. The classical theory of imbalance between inspiratory neural drive (IND) and the simultaneous dynamic responses of the respiratory system posits that the disruption of a normal and harmonious relationship fundamentally shapes the expression of respiratory discomfort. Assessment and comprehensive treatment of dyspnea are crucial for patient rehabilitation, including subjective self-reporting and objective clinical measurements. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as pulmonary rehabilitation, fan therapy, exercise, chest wall vibration, virtual reality technology, traditional Chinese medicine (acupuncture and acupressure), and yoga, have shown promise in alleviating dyspnea symptoms. Additionally, oxygen therapy, has demonstrated short-term benefits for patients with pre-hospital respiratory distress and hypoxemia. This review provides a comprehensive overview of dyspnea, emphasizing the importance of a multifaceted approach for its assessment and management, with a focus on non-pharmacological interventions that contribute to enhanced patient outcomes and quality of life.

Abstract To facilitate the use of the mounting evidence on how human health is inextricably linked to the health of the planet and the urgent need for measures against the escalating triple planetary crisis, the WHO has developed a repository of systematic reviews on interventions in the area of environment, climate change and health (ECH). This commentary introduces the repository, describes its rationale and development, and points to potential future evolutions. The repository aims to provide a user-friendly tool for quickly finding systematic reviews and meta-analyses on specific ECH topics. The spreadsheet includes details on each systematic review, such as population, intervention type, control group, outcomes, and location, among other information. This supports effective assessment of the available evidence, potentially informing policy decisions across various sectors. The repository is a resource for anyone interested in the interlinkages between health and environment and is also targeted at decision makers, intervention implementers and researchers in order to identify priority issues and support evidence-based action. Furthermore, it can be used to identify areas in need of greater research. Additionally, systematic reviews of intervention effectiveness are often used for setting general guidelines and standards, for choosing the most promising intervention in a certain situation and for calculating the disease burden attributable to a specific environmental risk.