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1. Stability optimization of energetic particle driven modes in nuclear fusion devices: the FAR3d gyro-fluid code

Author

J. Varela, D. Spong, L. Garcia, Y. Ghai, J. Ortiz, FAR3d project collaborators, P. Adulsiriswad, N. Aiba, E. Ascasíbar, A. Azegami, A. Bader, M. Baruzzo, H. Betar, B. Breizman, J. Breslau, A. Cappa, W. A. Cooper, D. del-Castillo-Negrete, A. Di Siena, X. Du, L. G. Eliseev, J. Garcia, J. M. García-Regaña, N. Gorelenkov, L. Herrera, C. Hidalgo, J. Huang, M. Honda, I. Holod, K. Ida, M. Idouakass, F. Jenko, C. Jiale, Y. Kamada, Y. Kazakov, S. Kobayashi, U. Losada, S. Mazzi, A. Melnikov, B. Ph. Van Milligen, D. Monseev, M. Murakami, K. Nagaoka, K. Nagasaki, M. Ochando, J. Ongena, K. Ogawa, S. Ohdachi, M. Osakabe, D. C. Pace, F. Papousek, F. Poli, M. Podesta, P. Pons-Villalonga, M. Poradzinski, J. M. Reynolds-Barredo, R. Sanchez, R. Seki, S. Sharapov, K. Shinohara, J. Shiraishi, Z. Stancar, Y. Sun, Y. Suzuki, K. Tanaka, S. Taimourzadeh, Y. Takemura, Y. Todo, T. Tokuzawa, V. Tribaldos, M. A. Van Zeeland, F. L. Waelbroeck, X. H. Wang, K. Y. Watanabe, A. Wingen, S. Yamamoto, M. Yoshinuma, H. Yang, D. Zarzoso, and Y. Zou

Subjects
Alfv én Eigenmodes, gyro-fluid, optimization, FAR3d, stability, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

The development of reduced models provide efficient methods that can be used to perform short term experimental data analysis or narrow down the parametric range of more sophisticated numerical approaches. Reduced models are derived by simplifying the physics description with the goal of retaining only the essential ingredients required to reproduce the phenomena under study. This is the role of the gyro-fluid code FAR3d, dedicated to analyze the linear and nonlinear stability of Alfvén Eigenmodes (AE), Energetic Particle Modes (EPM) and magnetic-hydrodynamic modes as pressure gradient driven mode (PGDM) and current driven modes (CDM) in nuclear fusion devices. Such analysis is valuable for improving the plasma heating efficiency and confinement; this can enhance the overall device performance. The present review is dedicated to a description of the most important contributions of the FAR3d code in the field of energetic particles (EP) and AE/EPM stability. FAR3d is used to model and characterize the AE/EPM activity measured in fusion devices as LHD, JET, DIII-D, EAST, TJ-II and Heliotron J. In addition, the computational efficiency of FAR3d facilitates performing massive parametric studies leading to the identification of optimization trends with respect to the AE/EPM stability. This can aid in identifying operational regimes where AE/EPM activity is avoided or minimized. This technique is applied to the analysis of optimized configurations with respect to the thermal plasma parameters, magnetic field configuration, external actuators and the effect of multiple EP populations. In addition, the AE/EPM saturation phase is analyzed, taking into account both steady-state phases and bursting activity observed in LHD and DIII-D devices. The nonlinear calculations provide: the induced EP transport, the generation of zonal structures as well as the energy transfer towards the thermal plasma and between different toroidal/helical families. Finally, FAR3d is used to forecast the AE/EPM stability in operational scenarios of future devices as ITER, CFETR, JT60SA and CFQS as well as possible approaches to optimization with respect to variations in the most important plasma parameters.

Published
2024
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2. Prevention of core particle depletion in stellarators by turbulence

Author

H. Thienpondt, J. M. García-Regaña, I. Calvo, J. A. Alonso, J. L. Velasco, A. González-Jerez, M. Barnes, K. Brunner, O. Ford, G. Fuchert, J. Knauer, E. Pasch, and L. Vanó

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

In reactor-relevant plasmas, neoclassical transport drives an outward particle flux in the core of large stellarators and predicts strongly hollow density profiles. However, this theoretical prediction is contradicted by experiments. In particular, in Wendelstein 7-X, the first large optimized stellarator, flat or weakly peaked density profiles are generally measured, indicating that neoclassical theory is not sufficient and that an inward contribution to the particle flux is missing in the core. In this Research Letter, it is shown that the turbulent contribution to the particle flux can explain the difference between experimental measurements and neoclassical predictions. The results of this Research Letter also prove that theoretical and numerical tools are approaching the level of maturity needed for the prediction of equilibrium density profiles in stellarator plasmas, which is a fundamental requirement for the design of operation scenarios of present devices and future reactors.

Published
2023
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3. Overview of first Wendelstein 7-X high-performance operation

Author

V. Moncada, S. C. Liu, M. Winkler, P. Pölöskei, A. Tancetti, Naoki Tamura, H. Neilson, M. Krychowiak, Michael Drevlak, K. H. Schlüter, S. A. Henneberg, R. Vilbrandt, N. A. Pablant, M. Schröder, B. van Milligen, Bernd Heinemann, K. Rummel, Jonathan Schilling, Torsten Stange, G. Orozco, Christian Brandt, N. Krawczyk, Suguru Masuzaki, Yunfeng Liang, T. Estrada, Wolfgang Biel, J. H. Harris, B. Unterberg, M. Sleczka, M. Marushchenko, R. Lang, N. Rust, J. P. Kallmeyer, Laurie Stephey, P. Aleynikov, E. Blanco, Hans-Stephan Bosch, B. Buttenschön, D. Mellein, B. Shanahan, M. Vervier, M. Yokoyama, C. Suzuki, Seung Gyou Baek, A. Lücke, Felix Schauer, Ya. I. Kolesnichenko, V. Borsuk, Th. Rummel, B. Gonçalves, R. König, H. P. Laqua, G. Ehrke, K. J. McCarthy, Manfred Zilker, Venanzio Giannella, O. P. Ford, E. Flom, S. Murakami, Andreas Schlaich, P. Xanthopoulos, M. Zanini, E. Ascasíbar, C. Nührenberg, A. Carls, H. Viebke, Y. Feng, A. da Molin, H. Hunger, S. Paqay, Y. Wei, M. Blatzheim, M. W. Jakubowski, F. Köster, T. Wauters, J.C. Schmitt, M. Hubeny, P. van Eeten, H. Damm, Joris Fellinger, Gábor Cseh, Christoph Biedermann, G. Claps, L. Rudischhauser, R. Stadler, J. Mittelstaedt, Matteo Zuin, Z. Szökefalvi-Nagy, M. Knaup, Ch. Linsmeier, Francisco Castejón, J. P. Koschinsky, Bernardo B. Carvalho, L. Wegener, C. Guerard, J.M. Hernández Sánchez, B. Mendelevitch, A. Grosman, S. Pingel, Horacio Fernandes, M. Endler, N. Vianello, Jörg Schacht, Anett Spring, Yu Gao, V. Rohde, Samuel Lazerson, J.H. Matthew, W. Kasparek, R. Neu, R. Burhenn, N. Panadero, Jörg Weggen, P.A. Kurz, Walter H. Fietz, R. Schroeder, Andrea Pavone, G. Offermanns, Ryo Yasuhara, P. Sinha, Massimiliano Romé, José Luis Velasco, Carsten Killer, P. Drewelow, X. Han, T. Windisch, Nengchao Wang, Axel Könies, E.M. Edlund, K. P. Hollfeld, K. Aleynikova, Malte Henkel, Detlev Reiter, S. Brezinsek, Z. Huang, Heinz Grote, S. Langish, Matthias Otte, Alessandro Zocco, Daniel Papenfuß, G. Satheeswaran, Monika Kubkowska, S. Obermayer, G. A. Wurden, Carsten Lechte, F. Wagner, M. Gruca, H. Zhang, Olaf Neubauer, Peter Traverso, T. Ngo, V. Bykov, E. Sánchez, Matt Landreman, Dirk Naujoks, I. Vakulchyk, Andreas Langenberg, E. Wang, B. Hein, I. Ksiazek, S. Valet, Mark Cianciosa, G. Schlisio, Taina Kurki-Suonio, Oliver Schmitz, Adnan Ali, F. Reimold, Shinsuke Satake, Luis Vela Vela, C. Slaby, F. Remppel, David Gates, S. Schmuck, B. Roth, Zhirui Wang, Heinrich P. Laqua, F. Schluck, Olaf Grulke, S. Wadle, A. Runov, Manfred Thumm, Florian Effenberg, G. Fuchert, A. Vorköper, M. Banduch, Jonathan T. Green, J. Nührenberg, F. V. Chernyshev, H. Braune, Ewa Pawelec, David Maurer, A. Winter, A. Charl, Hiroshi Kasahara, T. Mizuuchi, D. Zhang, D. Höschen, J. Riemann, Thomas Klinger, W. Leonhardt, S. Sipliä, Katsumi Ida, T. Jesche, G. Pelka, U. Stridde, Riccardo Nocentini, Alexandra M. Freund, P. McNeely, A. Gogoleva, Victoria Winters, V. Szabó, Wolf-Dieter Schneider, D. A. Hartmann, Fabian Wilde, H. Schumacher, J. Howard, A. van Vuuren, J.L. Terry, M. Nagel, C. Hidalgo, Georg Kühner, S. Wolf, Boyd Blackwell, Michael Cole, Barbara Cannas, D. Rondeshagen, P. Hacker, Torsten Bluhm, J. Kacmarczyk, Kunihiro Ogawa, A. Zeitler, I. Yamada, P. Rong, Tamara Andreeva, Hiroshi Yamada, G. Anda, N. Panadero Alvarez, Wilfried Behr, F. Purps, H. Esteban, Dag Hathiramani, R. Bussiahn, David Ennis, A. H. Reiman, D. R. Mikkelsen, M. Borchardt, B. Israeli, M. Grahl, M. Losert, T. Dittmar, E. Pasch, U. Kamionka, Toru Ii Tsujimura, Gabriel G. Plunk, Felix Warmer, Jeremy Lore, F. Durodié, M. Balden, B.J. Peterson, J.P. Bähner, R. Schrittwieser, Morten Stejner, M.J. Cole, S. Zoletnik, Kian Rahbarnia, O. Marchuk, T. Bräuer, M. Hirsch, R. Riedl, W. Figacz, H. Trimino Mora, S. Degenkolbe, H. Greuner, B. Böswirth, B. Schweer, Dorothea Gradic, S. B. Ballinger, S. Ryosuke, B. Missal, Jiawu Zhu, J. H. E. Proll, M. Czerwinski, A. Cappa, B. Wiegel, J. Loizu Cisquella, Per Helander, Sehyun Kwak, S. Marsen, L. Carraro, T. Ilkei, D. Pilopp, Gábor Náfrádi, S. Récsei, M. Houry, A. de la Peña, Yu. Turkin, T.A. Scherer, T. Schröder, A. Galkowski, P. Drews, H. Frerichs, Benedikt Geiger, A. Krämer-Flecken, M. Dibon, L.-G. Böttger, A. Czarnecka, R. Krampitz, J. Wendorf, N. Chaudhary, T. Kremeyer, A. da Silva, R. Kleiber, R. Sakamoto, J.-M. Travere, I. Abramovic, T. Funaba, Andreas Meier, Fabio Pisano, Holger Niemann, Mirko Salewski, R. Brakel, M. Mayer, X. Huang, Stefan Illy, Ph. Mertens, Naoki Kenmochi, F. Köchl, Peter Lang, J. Geiger, Albert Mollén, A. Hölting, T. Barbui, M. Lennartz, T. Szabolics, Hayato Tsuchiya, S. Renard, A. Lorenz, J. Krom, C. D. Beidler, J. Cai, Andreas Dinklage, Anne White, Ye. O. Kazakov, P. Junghanns, W. Spiess, J. M. García Regaña, S. Elgeti, J. W. Coenen, Thomas Sunn Pedersen, C. Li, T. Mönnich, Miklos Porkolab, R. Laube, Burkhard Plaum, A. Benndorf, Michael Kramer, J. Ongena, J. Svensson, Dmitry Moseev, U. Wenzel, Chandra Prakash Dhard, S. Tulipán, M. C. Zarnstorff, M. Sibilia, A. von Stechow, G. M. Weir, H. Maaßberg, U. Höfel, P. Scholz, Alexey Mishchenko, R. C. Wolf, D. Carralero, G. Kocsis, Ivan Calvo, J. Tretter, Didier Chauvin, Y. Li, J. Boscary, A. Puig Sitjes, Fumimichi Sano, Andrey Samartsev, Tamás Szepesi, A. Kirschner, Dirk Nicolai, Francesco Cordella, M. Rack, A. Alonso, G. Czymek, E. R. Scott, M. E. Puiatti, Stefan Kragh Nielsen, M. Vergote, H. Schmitz, H. Jenzsch, Donald A. Spong, K. Czerski, A. Knieps, Arnold Lumsdaine, L. Ryć, M. N. A. Beurskens, Matthias F. Schneider, Simppa Äkäslompolo, Ulrich Neuner, V. Perseo, Jim-Felix Lobsien, Gerd Gantenbein, Roberto Guglielmo Citarella, L. Pacios Rodriguez, L. Vano, S. Bozhenkov, J. W. Oosterbeek, H. Röhlinger, J. P. Knauer, T. Nishizawa, A.H. Wright, M. Jia, A. Goriaev, H. Brand, D. Böckenhoff, H. M. Smith, J. P. Thomas, T. Fornal, J. Baldzuhn, D. Loesser, K. Risse, John Jelonnek, T. Wegner, S. Jablonski, Martina Huber, V. V. Lutsenko, S. Sereda, J. Ölmanns, Tomohiro Morisaki, H. Thomsen, J. A. Alcuson, P. Kornejew, J M Fontdecaba, Kai Jakob Brunner, A. Werner, T. Kobarg, European Commission, University of Greifswald, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Princeton University, National Institute for Fusion Science, CIEMAT, EURATOM HAS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Research Center Julich, Australian National University, Eindhoven University of Technology, University of Cagliari, Consorzio RFX, Universidade de Lisboa, CEA Cadarache, St. Petersburg Scientific Centre, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Salerno, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, University of Szczecin, University of Milano-Bicocca, Auburn University, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, University of Stuttgart, Austrian Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences Ukraine, Technical University of Berlin, Opole University of Technology, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Maryland College Park, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Kyoto University, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University

Subjects
Technology, CONFINEMENT, 01 natural sciences, impurities, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, ECR heating, Divertor, DENSITY LIMIT, law, Data_FILES, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), 004 Datenverarbeitung, Informatik, Physics, Glow discharge, Condensed Matter Physics, Content (measure theory), ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Electron temperature, Atomic physics, ddc:620, Stellarator, Impurities, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Technology and Engineering, plasma performance, chemistry.chemical_element, Atmospheric-pressure plasma, PHYSICS, stellarator, Physics::Plasma Physics, NBI heating, 0103 physical sciences, divertor, 010306 general physics, Helium, Plasma performance, turbulence, Física, W7-X, Turbulence, TheoryofComputation_MATHEMATICALLOGICANDFORMALLANGUAGES, chemistry, ddc:004, ddc:600, Energy (signal processing), SYSTEM
Abstract

The optimized superconducting stellarator device Wendelstein 7-X (with major radius , minor radius , and plasma volume) restarted operation after the assembly of a graphite heat shield and 10 inertially cooled island divertor modules. This paper reports on the results from the first high-performance plasma operation. Glow discharge conditioning and ECRH conditioning discharges in helium turned out to be important for density and edge radiation control. Plasma densities of with central electron temperatures were routinely achieved with hydrogen gas fueling, frequently terminated by a radiative collapse. In a first stage, plasma densities up to were reached with hydrogen pellet injection and helium gas fueling. Here, the ions are indirectly heated, and at a central density of a temperature of with was transiently accomplished, which corresponds to with a peak diamagnetic energy of and volume-averaged normalized plasma pressure . The routine access to high plasma densities was opened with boronization of the first wall. After boronization, the oxygen impurity content was reduced by a factor of 10, the carbon impurity content by a factor of 5. The reduced (edge) plasma radiation level gives routinely access to higher densities without radiation collapse, e.g. well above line integrated density and central temperatures at moderate ECRH power. Both X2 and O2 mode ECRH schemes were successfully applied. Core turbulence was measured with a phase contrast imaging diagnostic and suppression of turbulence during pellet injection was observed.

Published
2019

4. On the role of density fluctuations in the core turbulent transport of Wendelstein 7-X

Author

D Carralero, T Estrada, E Maragkoudakis, T Windisch, J A Alonso, J L Velasco, O Ford, M Jakubowski, S Lazerson, M Beurskens, S Bozhenkov, I Calvo, H Damm, G Fuchert, J M García-Regaña, U Höfel, N Marushchenko, N Pablant, E Sánchez, H M Smith, E Pasch, T Stange, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Condensed Matter Physics, Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

A recent characterization of core turbulence carried out with a Doppler reflectometer in the optimized stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) found that discharges achieving high ion temperatures at the core featured an ITG-like suppression of density fluctuations driven by a reduction of the gradient ratio $\eta_i = L_n/L_{T_i}$ [D. Carralero et al., Nucl. Fusion, 2021]. In order to confirm the role of ITG turbulence in this process, we set out to establish experimentally the relation between core density fluctuations, turbulent heat flux and global confinement. With this aim, we consider the scenarios found in the previous work and carry out power balance analysis for a number of representative ones, including some featuring high ion temperature. As well, we evaluate the global energy confinement time and discuss it in the context of the ISS04 inter-stellarator scaling. We find that, when turbulence is suppressed as a result of a reduction of $\eta_i$, there is a reduction of ion turbulent transport, and global performance is improved as a result. This is consistent with ITG turbulence limiting the ion temperature at the core of W7-X. In contrast, when turbulence is reduced following a decrease in collisionality, no changes are observed in transport or confinement. This could be explained by ITG modes being combined with TEM turbulence when the later is destabilized at low collisionalities., Comment: Submitted to PPCF, 47th EPS special issue

Published
2021
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5. Major results from the first plasma campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

Author

H. Maaßberg, M. Grahl, V. Moncada, Marek Scholz, Naoki Tamura, H. Neilson, R. Koziol, M. Krychowiak, A. Lücke, T. Estrada, R. Munk, M. Marushchenko, K. Toi, Heinrich P. Laqua, S. Paqay, Olaf Grulke, K. Baumann, A. Czermak, Ivan Calvo, Yasuhiro Suzuki, P.J. Heitzenroeder, H. Hölbe, G. Offermanns, Gintautas Dundulis, U. Stridde, H. Hunger, S. Valet, P. Denner, N. Krawczyk, O. Mishchenko, Andrey Samartsev, Mantas Povilaitis, Andrea Pavone, H. Schumacher, P. Aleynikov, H. P. Laqua, U. Wenzel, M. Sibilia, J. Ongena, Kian Rahbarnia, A. Galkowski, T.A. Scherer, C. Slaby, J. Nührenberg, H.-J. Roscher, Martin Köppen, L.-G. Böttger, A. Czarnecka, R. Krampitz, M. Zilker, T. Kremeyer, J. Wendorf, V. Bykov, A. Goriaev, Josef Preinhaelter, A. Alonso, Peter Titus, G. Czymek, Andreas Langenberg, Matteo Zuin, A. Gogoleva, F. Musielok, A. Zeitler, Andreas Schlaich, P. Xanthopoulos, Victoria Winters, M. Losert, D. A. Hartmann, Roberto Guglielmo Citarella, L. Pacios Rodriguez, Boyd Blackwell, E. Blanco, Hans-Stephan Bosch, R. König, R. Stadler, J. Mittelstaedt, Ch. Linsmeier, U. Höfel, N. Panadero Alvarez, E. Pasch, Francesco Cordella, M. Knaup, Fabian Wilde, M. C. Zarnstorff, B. Mendelevitch, Toru Ii Tsujimura, T. Szabolics, Hayato Tsuchiya, J.C. Schmitt, Tadas Kaliatka, Sadayoshi Murakami, Samuel Lazerson, W. Spiess, J. M. García Regaña, P. Junghans, María Sánchez, A. Grosman, I. Yamada, K. P. Hollfeld, K. Aleynikova, Gábor Náfrádi, T. Krings, Daniel Papenfuß, José Luis Velasco, P. Drewelow, N. A. Pablant, S. Renard, Alessandro Zocco, F. Wagner, D. Böckenhoff, S. Ryosuke, Michael Kramer, A. Vorkörper, M. Turnyanskiy, R. Riedl, W. Figacz, H. Trimino Mora, A. da Silva, D. Gradic, M. Keunecke, A. Pieper, M. Houry, S. Pingel, K. H. Schlüter, J. Loizu Cisquella, L. Carraro, S. Schmuck, M. Banduch, Sehyun Kwak, T. Ilkei, X. Huang, Stefan Illy, N. Fahrenkamp, I. Vakulchyk, G. Kocsis, Ph. Mertens, T. Morizaki, K. Czerski, F. V. Chernyshev, Bernd Heinemann, L. Lewerentz, B.J. Peterson, Francisco Castejón, Olaf Neubauer, D. Zhang, Torsten Bluhm, F. Köchl, C.P. von Thun, Michael Cole, Fabio Pisano, R. Brakel, Peter Traverso, G. Orozco, Wolf-Dieter Schneider, A. A. Ivanov, S. Sipliä, V. Szabó, D. Pilopp, A. Cappa, G. Anda, H. Braune, A. Krämer-Flecken, R. Sakamoto, A. Charl, Hiroshi Kasahara, Massimiliano Romé, J.-H. Feist, Mark Cianciosa, M. Führer, G. Schlisio, Taina Kurki-Suonio, F. Purps, H. Esteban, A. H. Reiman, J. Krom, C. D. Beidler, D. Loesser, H. M. Smith, Nengchao Wang, Axel Könies, Oliver Schmitz, T. Bräuer, M. Hirsch, Gabriel G. Plunk, Felix Warmer, R. Karalevicius, Riccardo Nocentini, J.L. Terry, John Jelonnek, Arnold Lumsdaine, L. Ryć, M. N. A. Beurskens, H. Jenzsch, Z. Sulek, Donald A. Spong, A. Khilchenko, P. Marek, R. Schroeder, T. Schröder, B. Standley, Manfred Thumm, B. Brünner, T. Fornal, Benedikt Geiger, H. Frerichs, R. Kleiber, T. Funaba, Andreas Meier, S. Degenkolbe, P. Rong, Dag Hathiramani, Matthias F. Schneider, Simppa Äkäslompolo, M. R. Stoneking, A. Dudek, Jiawu Zhu, X. Han, T. Windisch, Y. Wei, Detlev Reiter, J. Tretter, N. Rust, J. P. Kallmeyer, J. Baldzuhn, P. Bolgert, Dirk Timmermann, Shinsuke Satake, Luis Vela Vela, Yu. Turkin, Z. Szökefalvi-Nagy, Sigitas Rimkevicius, Naoki Kenmochi, Ulrich Neuner, M. Garcia-Munoz, V. Perseo, Matthias Otte, A. Puig Sitjes, Tamás Szepesi, A. da Molin, Alexis Terra, C. Guerard, J.M. Hernández Sánchez, A. Rodatos, J. Assmann, D. Höschen, Albert Mollén, A. Hölting, Tom Wauters, Adnan Ali, Ewa Pawelec, W. Kasparek, Ryo Yasuhara, D. Kinna, P. Sinha, B. Wiegel, Horacio Fernandes, M. E. Puiatti, S. Récsei, E. Ascasíbar, J.-M. Travere, C. Hidalgo, Joris Fellinger, H. Schmitz, Suguru Masuzaki, Katsumi Ida, G. Pelka, Jim-Felix Lobsien, S. Wolf, Jörg Schacht, J. Koshurinov, Han Zhang, P. Kornejew, J M Fontdecaba, T. Ngo, E. Wang, B. Hein, Gerd Gantenbein, Michael Drevlak, M. Vervier, J. W. Oosterbeek, H. Röhlinger, J. P. Knauer, B. Schweer, Jakub Urban, David Maurer, I. Ksiazek, David Gates, S. C. Liu, S. Massidda, F. Remppel, A.H. Wright, G. Satheeswaran, Monika Kubkowska, K. Rummel, Kai Jakob Brunner, Torsten Stange, J. Riemann, Thomas Klinger, S. Obermayer, H. Brand, Christine Hennig, A. Werner, N. Gierse, S. A. Henneberg, R. Vilbrandt, J. Wolowski, T. Sunn Pedersen, M. Dostal, G. A. Wurden, I. Abramovic, Carsten Lechte, R. Lang, S. A. Bozhenkov, G. Ehrke, K. J. McCarthy, Egidijus Urbonavicius, M. Schröder, S. Jablonski, Martina Huber, M. Nagel, Yunfeng Liang, O. P. Ford, Barbara Cannas, T. Mizuuchi, Anatoly Panin, Jan Skodzik, V. V. Lutsenko, R. Koslowski, R. Laube, Jonathan T. Green, B. Unterberg, Jeremy Lore, Laurie Stephey, J. H. E. Proll, M. Czerwinski, Venanzio Giannella, Jörg Weggen, S. Marsen, Clifford M Surko, Grzegorz Gawlik, B. Roth, D. Birus, Ch. Brandt, M. Mardenfeld, K. Riße, Y. Feng, Alexandra M. Freund, M. Vergote, S. Wadle, H. Thomsen, Wilfried Behr, A. Runov, L. Wegener, Burkhard Plaum, J. Svensson, Dmitry Moseev, Łukasz Ciupiński, G. M. Weir, E. Winkler, W. Pan, E. Erckmann, D. Mellein, B. Shanahan, Th. Kobarg, Marek Barlak, John Howard, Günter Dammertz, M. Endler, D.P. Dhard, N. Vianello, L. V. Lubyako, R. Burhenn, J. Thomas, N. Panadero, M. Gruca, T. Mönnich, J. Majano-Brown, Wolfgang Biel, S. Tulipán, J. H. Harris, C. Nührenberg, A. Carls, H. Viebke, Walter H. Fietz, L. Haiduk, S. Brezinsek, Heinz Grote, S. Langish, V. Huber, Jacek Jagielski, David Ennis, P. Kraszewsk, J. Kacmarczyk, Kunihiro Ogawa, U. Kamionka, O. Bertuch, F. Durodié, B. Missal, A. de la Peña, Robertas Alzbutas, Anett Spring, Yu Gao, Matt Landreman, Dirk Naujoks, Florian Effenberg, P. McNeely, Ya. I. Kolesnichenko, B. Gonçalves, B. van Millingen, M. Blatzheim, X. Peng, F. Harberts, M. W. Jakubowski, F. Köster, Gábor Cseh, Ph. Drews, Christoph Biedermann, G. Claps, L. Rudischhauser, Bernardo B. Carvalho, M. Yokoyama, Seung Gyou Baek, Felix Schauer, V. Borsuk, Th. Rummel, J. Boscary, Fumimichi Sano, J. R. Danielson, M. Rack, G. Fuchert, H.-J. Hartfuß, W. Leonhardt, Georg Kühner, D. R. Mikkelsen, M. Borchardt, A. Benndorf, P. Scholz, R. C. Wolf, I.V. Shikhovtsev, Holger Niemann, Andreas Zimbal, J. Geiger, T. Barbui, M. Lennartz, A. Lorenz, Andreas Dinklage, G. Krzesiński, J. Zajac, B. Israeli, R. Schrittwieser, M.J. Cole, S. Zoletnik, O. Marchuk, Per Helander, B. Buttenschön, P. van Eeten, Tamara Andreeva, Hiroshi Yamada, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik Teilinstitut Greifswald, Wendelsteinstr. 1, 17491 Greifswald, Germany, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics (KFKI-RMKI), Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Institut fur Energie- und Klimaforschung---Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), Wilhelm-Johnen-Strase, 52428 Julich, Germany, University of Maryland, Princeton, Laboratory for Plasma Physics of the Ecole Royale Militaire/Koninklijke Militaire School (LPP-ERM/KMS), Avenue de la Renaissance 30, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgien, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Institute of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, University of Wisconsin-Madison, National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universität Karlsruhe (IEKP), Geoscience Australia, Max Planck Institut für Plasma Physik and Excellence Cluster, Eindhoven University of Technology, Università degli Studi di Cagliari = University of Cagliari (UniCa), Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa (IST), A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Università di Milano, Warsaw University of Technology, ENEA-Frascati, IPPLM Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 23 Hery Str., 01-497 Warsaw, Poland, Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, University of Szczecin, 70-453, aleja Papieza Jana Pawla II 22A, Szczecin, Poland, Milano, University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC), International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitatsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany, National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), 322-6 Oroshicho, Toki, Gifu Prefecture 509-5202, Japan, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), EURATOM/UKAEA Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), 11, akademika Lavrentieva prospect, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation, Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart (IRS), Fraunhofer-Institut fur Schicht- und Oberflachentechnik IST, Bienroder Weg 54 E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany, Institut für Weltraumforschung, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (IWF), Kiev Institute for Nuclear Research, A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP), Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, University of Opole, plac Kopernika 11a, 45-001 Opole, Poland, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Kyoto University, Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Rd., Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China, Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8---Liben, Czechia, Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFP-CNR), Fraunhofer-Institut fur Werkzeugmaschinen und Umformtechnik IWU, Reichenhainer Strase 88, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany, Universität Rostock, Wayne State University, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7, 00185 Roma, Italy, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, CIEMAT, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Jülich Research Centre, University of Maryland, College Park, Princeton University, Royal Military Academy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Narodowe Centrum Badań Jadrowych, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Australian National University, University of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Instituto Superior Tecnico Lisboa, Ioffe Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Salerno, Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Szczecin, University of Milan - Bicocca, University of California San Diego, Auburn University, Brandenburg University of Technology, National Institute for Fusion Science, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, CEA, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, RAS - Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Stuttgart, Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films, Austrian Academy of Sciences, NASU - Institute of Nuclear Research, RAS - Institute of Applied Physics, Technical University of Berlin, University of Opole, Department of Applied Physics, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, CAS - Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Istituto di Fisica Del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology, University of Rostock, Lawrence University, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Turbulence in Fusion Plasmas, Claps, G., and Cordella, F

Subjects
Magnetic confinement, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Technology and Engineering, Plasma heating, Cyclotron resonance, CONFINEMENT, 01 natural sciences, Electron cyclotron resonance, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, PHYSICS, Nuclear physics, stellarator, current drive, magnetic confinement, plasma heating, Condensed Matter Physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, 010306 general physics, tellarator, Stellarator, Physics, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, 530 Physik, TRANSPORT, Current drive, Electron temperature, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, Wendelstein 7-X, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

After completing the main construction phase of Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) and successfully commissioning the device, first plasma operation started at the end of 2015. Integral commissioning of plasma start-up and operation using electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and an extensive set of plasma diagnostics have been completed, allowing initial physics studies during the first operational campaign. Both in helium and hydrogen, plasma breakdown was easily achieved. Gaining experience with plasma vessel conditioning, discharge lengths could be extended gradually. Eventually, discharges lasted up to 6 s, reaching an injected energy of 4 MJ, which is twice the limit originally agreed for the limiter configuration employed during the first operational campaign. At power levels of 4 MW central electron densities reached 3 × 1019 m−3 , central electron temperatures reached values of 7 keV and ion temperatures reached just above 2 keV. Important physics studies during this first operational phase include a first assessment of power balance and energy confinement, ECRH power deposition experiments, 2nd harmonic O-mode ECRH using multi-pass absorption, and current drive experiments using electron cyclotron current drive. As in many plasma discharges the electron temperature exceeds the ion temperature significantly, these plasmas are governed by core electron root confinement showing a strong positive electric field in the plasma centre. EURATOM 633053

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