Search

BACKGROUND: In Sierra Leone, adolescents are increasingly engaging in risky activities, including cannabis use, which can lead to substance abuse, poor academic performance, and psychotic symptoms. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of cannabis use among school-going adolescents in the country. METHOD: Data for the study was sourced from the 2017 Sierra Leone Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), a nationally representative survey conducted among adolescents aged 10-19 years using a multistage sampling methodology. A weighted sample of 1,467 adolescents in Sierra Leone was included in the study. The study utilised bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify factors linked to cannabis use, presenting results using adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The prevalence of cannabis use was 5.1% [3.0,8.6] among school-going adolescents in Sierra Leone. School-going adolescents who attempted suicide [aOR = 6.34, 95% CI = 1.71-23.45], used amphetamine [aOR = 15.84, 95% CI = 7.94-31.62] and were involved in sexual risk behaviour [aOR = 5.56, 95% CI = 2.18-14.20] were more likely to be associated with cannabis use. CONCLUSION: In Sierra Leone, a small but non-trivial minority of students use cannabis. Ever-used amphetamines or methamphetamines, suicidal attempts, and sexual risk behaviour were the factors associated with cannabis use in Sierra Leone. The development of school-based health intervention programmes is crucial to address the risk factors associated with cannabis use among school-going adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Sierra Leone grapples with a concerning reality: a high unmet need for contraception among adolescents and young women (AYW). This translates to a multitude of unintended pregnancies, jeopardising their health, education, and overall life trajectory. To effectively address this challenge, we aim to examine the factors associated with the unmet need for contraception among AYW in Sierra Leone. METHODS: The study analysed the 2019 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey data. A total of 1,796 married and cohabiting AYW aged 15 to 24 years, representing the nationally representative sample, comprised the study. A multivariable binary regression analysis was used to explore the drivers of unmet needs for contraception. The regression results were presented using an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The study found that 29% of Sierra Leonean AYW had an unmet need for contraception. AYW with three or more births(AOR = 6.80, 95% CI = 3.97, 11.65), two births (AOR = 4.11, 95% CI = 2.50, 6.76), one birth (AOR = 4.40, 95% CI = 2.81, 6.88), heard family planning on TV last few months (AOR = 1.94, 95% CI = 0.98, 3.83), and are cohabiting (AOR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.29, 2.75) had higher odds of unmet need for contraception. AYW who read the newspaper or magazine at least once a week (AOR = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.01, 1.10) had lower odds of unmet need for contraception. CONCLUSIONS: The study found a high unmet need among AYW in Sierra Leone, which indicates a significant gap between desired and actual contraceptive use, leading to unintended pregnancies and potentially adverse health and socio-economic consequences. Parity, media exposure and cohabitation were associated with a higher unmet need for contraception and newspaper/magazine readership was associated with a lower unmet need for contraception. The study highlights the need to increase access to affordable and diverse contraceptive options, especially in rural areas. Expand educ

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of alcohol use and its associated factors among in-school adolescents in Sierra Leone. DESIGN: Data for the study was sourced from the 2017 Sierra Leone Global School-Based Student Health Survey, a nationally representative survey conducted among in-school adolescents aged 10-19 years using a multistage sampling methodology. Percentages were used to present the prevalence of alcohol use among in-school adolescents. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors associated with alcohol use among in-school adolescents. The results were presented using adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with their respective 95% confidence interval (CI). SETTING: Sierra Leone. PARTICIPANTS: A weighted sample of 1730 in-school adolescents in Sierra Leone. OUTCOME MEASURE: Current alcohol use. RESULTS: The prevalence of alcohol use among in-school adolescents was 10.7% (7.3, 15.3). In-school adolescents in senior secondary schools were more likely to use alcohol compared with those in junior secondary school (aOR=2.13; 95% CI 1.37, 3.30). The odds of alcohol use was higher among in-school adolescents who were truant at school relative to those who were not (aOR=2.24; 95% CI 1.54, 3.26). Also, in-school adolescents who were bullied (aOR=1.85; 95% CI 1.24, 2.76), ever engaged in sexual intercourse (aOR=2.06; 95% CI 1.39, 3.06), and used marijuana (aOR=3.36; 95% CI 1.72, 6.53) were more likely to use alcohol compared with those who were not. However, in-school adolescents who reported that their parents understood their problems (aOR=0.52; 95% CI 0.33, 0.82) had a lower likelihood of consuming alcohol. CONCLUSION: Our study has shown that alcohol use is prevalent among in-school adolescents in Sierra Leone. Grade level, experiences of being bullied, history of sexual intercourse, truancy at school, and previous use of marijuana were the factors influencing alcohol use among in-school adolescents. The findings emphasise the

INTRODUCTION: Tobacco use is a global health threat associated with a high disease burden and death. Current tobacco use and susceptibility to using tobacco products among adolescents who are potential adult tobacco users have not been explored in Sierra Leone. Thus, we aimed to estimate the prevalence and correlates of current tobacco use and tobacco non-users susceptibility to using tobacco amongst high school students in Sierra Leone. METHODS: We used data obtained from the 2017 Sierra Leone Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), which presented information collected from 6680 students aged 11-17 years nationwide. Gender-based correlates of current use and susceptibility to using tobacco among non-tobacco users were determined by complex sample logistic regression analyses. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported. A p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The prevalence of current tobacco use among high school adolescents in Sierra Leone was 24.6%, higher in males (27.9%) than in females (18.6%). Male (AOR=1.50; 95% CI: 1.18-1.91), parental smoking (AOR=1.73; 95% CI: 1.32-2.26) exposure to household secondhand smoke (AOR=1.82; 95% CI: 1.27-2.62), having peers who smoke (AOR=2.24; 95% CI: 1.51-3.31) were more likely to be currently using tobacco. The overall tobacco non-users susceptibility to using tobacco among adolescents in Sierra Leone was 18.2% (males 18.0%, females 18.5%). Exposure to tobacco promotion (AOR=1.50; 95% CI: 1.06-2.10) and non-exposure to anti-smoking education (AOR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.05-1.86) were significantly associated with tobacco non-users' susceptibility to using tobacco. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that one in four school-going adolescents currently uses tobacco, with nearly one in five non-users susceptible to using tobacco. Given the high prevalence of tobacco product use among adults in Sierra Leone, our findings highlight the need for policies and interventions to prevent tobacco use b

Vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) is effective at preventing vertical transmission. Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea are hyperendemic West African countries; yet, childhood vaccination coverage is suboptimal, and the determinants of incomplete vaccination are poorly understood. We analyzed national survey data (2018-2020) of children aged 4-35 months to assess complete HBV vaccination (receiving 3 doses of the pentavalent vaccine) and incomplete vaccination (receiving <3 doses). Statistical analysis was conducted using the complex sample command in SPSS (version 28). Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify determinants of incomplete immunization. Overall, 11,181 mothers were analyzed (4,846 from Sierra Leone, 2,788 from Liberia, and 3,547 from Guinea). Sierra Leone had the highest HBV childhood vaccination coverage (70.3%), followed by Liberia (64.6%) and Guinea (39.3%). Within countries, HBV vaccination coverage varied by socioeconomic characteristics and healthcare access. In multivariate regression analysis, factors that were significantly associated with incomplete vaccination in at least one country included sex of the child, Muslim mothers, lower household wealth index, <4 antenatal visits, home delivery, and distance to health facility vaccination (all p < 0.05). Understanding and addressing modifiable determinants of incomplete vaccination will be essential to help achieve the 2030 viral hepatitis elimination goals.

BACKGROUND: A nationwide assessment of the link between women's empowerment and homebirth has not been fully examined in Sierra Leone. Our study examined the association between women's empowerment and homebirth among childbearing women in Sierra Leone using the 2019 Sierra Leone Demographic Health Survey (2019 SLDHS) data. METHOD: We used the individual file (IR) of the 2019 SLDHS dataset for our analysis. A total of 7377 women aged 15-49 years who gave birth in the five years preceding the survey were included. Outcome variable was "home birth of their last child among women in the five years preceding the 2019 SLDHS. Women's empowerment parameters include women's knowledge level, economic participation, decision-making ability and power to refuse the idea of intimate partner violence. We used the complex sample command on SPSS version 28 to conduct descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Three in every 20 women had home childbirth (n = 1177; 15.3%). Women with low [aOR 2.04; 95% CI 1.43-2.92] and medium [aOR 1.44; 95%CI 1.05-1.97] levels of knowledge had higher odds of giving birth at home compared to those with high levels of knowledge. Women who did not have power to refuse the idea of intimate partner violence against women were more likely to had given birth at home [aOR 1.38; 95% CI1.09-1.74]. In addition, women with no [aOR 2.71; 95% CI1.34-5.46) and less than four antenatal care visits [aOR 2.08; 95% CI:1.51-2.88] and for whom distance to a health facility was a major problem [aOR 1.95; 95% CI1.49-2.56] were more likely to have had a homebirth. However, no statistically significant association was observed between a women's decision-making power and home birth [aOR 1.11; 95% CI 0.86-1.41]. CONCLUSION: Despite improvements in maternal health indicators, homebirth by unskilled birth attendants is still a public health concern in Sierra Leone. Women with low knowledge levels, who did not have power to refuse the idea of intimate pa

Adolescent bullying victimization is recognized as a public health and mental health problem in many countries. However, data on bullying victimization's prevalence and risk factors is scarce in sub-Saharan Africa Sierra Leone. This research aimed to determine bullying victimization prevalence and its associated factors among Sierra Leonean school-going adolescents. The Sierra Leone 2017 Global School-based Health Survey (GSHS) dataset was analyzed. The outcome variable was the respondent's self-report of bullying victimization ("How many days in the previous 30 days were you bullied?"). Descriptive, Pearson chi-square and binary logistic regression analyses were conducted. The regression analysis yielded adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and a significance level of p 0.05. Bullying victimization was prevalent among 48.7% of the in-school adolescents. Adolescents who drank alcohol [aOR = 2.48, 95% CI = 1.50-4.10], who reported feelings of loneliness [aOR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.07-2.14] and who had attempted suicide [aOR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.03-2.87] were also more likely to be bullied. Also, school truancy [aOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.24-1.88] among teenagers was associated with an increased risk of being bullied. Our findings suggest that bullying is a widespread problem among Sierra Leonean school-aged youth, and alcohol drinking, loneliness, suicide attempt and school truancy are potential risk factors. In light of the aforementioned causes of bullying in schools, policymakers and school administrators in Sierra Leone need to develop and execute anti-bullying policies and initiatives that target the underlying risk factors of bullying among teenagers.

Management of COVID-19 in Africa is challenging due to limited resources, including the high cost of vaccines, diagnostics, medical devices and routine pharmaceuticals. These challenges, in addition to wide acceptability, have resulted in increased use of herbal medicines based on African traditional medicines (ATMs) by patients in Africa. This is in spite of the often-significant gaps in evidence regarding these traditional medicines as to their efficacy and safety for COVID-19. African scientists, with some support from their governments, and guidance from WHO and other bodies, are addressing this evidence gap, developing and testing herbal medicines based on ATMs to manage mild-to-moderate cases of COVID-19. Such efforts need further support to meet public health needs.

BACKGROUND: Insights into the use of traditional medicine practitioners (TMP)-for common childhood diseases such as diarrhea and respiratory infections are important to understand the role of Traditional Medicine (TM) in reducing the increasing childhood morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, a comprehensive picture of TMP utilisation and its associated factors for childhood illness in SSA is lacking. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of the use of traditional medicine practitioner services to treat childhood illnesses among women with children under five years old and to identify individual and community-level factors associated with TMP use in SSA. METHODS: The analysis used Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) dataset collected between 2010 and 2021 among 353,463 under-fives children from 32 SSA countries. Our outcome variable was the use of TMP for childhood illness, defined as having diarrhoea or fever/cough or both. Using STATA v14, we employed the random effect meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of TMP use for childhood illness and a two-level multivariable multilevel modelling to determine the individual and community-level factors associated with consultation of a TMP. RESULTS: Approximately [2.80% (95%CI: 1.88-3.90)] women who sought healthcare for childhood illnesses utilised the service of a TMP with the highest occurring in Cote d'Ivoire [16.3% (95%CI: 13.87-19.06)] and Guinea (13.80% (95%CI: 10.74-17.57)] but the lowest in Sierra Leone [0.10%(95%CI:0.01-1.61)]. Specifically, approximately [1.95% (95%CI: 1.33-2.68)] and [1.09% (95%CI:0.67-1.60)] of women sought the service of a TMP for childhood diarrhea and fever/cough, respectively. Women with no formal education [AOR = 1.62;95%CI:1.23-2.12], no media access [AOR = 1.19;95%CI:1.02-1.39), who lived in a male-headed household [AOR = 1.64;95%CI:1.27-2.11], without health insurance [AOR = 2.37;95%CI: 1.53-3.66], who considered it a problem getting permission t

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global health challenge. Emerging evidence suggests that poor knowledge and stigma are impacting HBV control efforts in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), but their role is not well understood. We conducted a cross-sectional study of adults aged ≥18 years in a community and pharmacy setting in Freetown, Sierra Leone. A structured questionnaire was used to assess knowledge, stigmatizing attitudes and health-seeking behaviors regarding HBV. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of HBV knowledge and related stigma. A total of 306 adult participants were enrolled (50.7% male, 7.5% HBV positive and 11.7% vaccinated). Overall, 52.2% had good HBV knowledge and 49.3% expressed a stigmatizing attitude towards people with HBV. Notwithstanding, 72.2% stated they would receive the HBV vaccine if offered, 80.4% would take anti-HBV medication and 78.8% would be willing to attend clinic regularly. Good HBV knowledge was associated with HBV positive status (aOR 4.41; p = 0.029) and being vaccinated against HBV (aOR 3.30; p = 0.034). HBV-related stigma was associated with secondary or higher level of education (aOR 2.36; p < 0.001), good HBV knowledge (aOR 2.05; p = 0.006) and pharmacy setting (aOR 1.74, p = 0.037). These findings suggest that education and stigma reduction may benefit HBV elimination efforts in SSA.

AIM: As the COVID-19 pandemic response continues to evolve, the need to protect more vulnerable populations in society becomes more apparent. Studies are still emerging on how different population groups have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study explored the impact of COVID-19 for African migrants in New South Wales, Australia, and their coping strategies. METHODS: We employed inductive, exploratory qualitative interpretive research design using individual semi-structured in-depth interviews with 21 African migrants. RESULTS: COVID-19 lockdowns disrupted the African sense of community. Social isolation, financial insecurity due to joblessness, or reduced working hours led to stress, frustration, anxiety, sadness, loneliness, and depression. On the other hand, COVID-19 lockdowns allowed for more family time, reflecting, and appreciating the gift of life and personal intellectual growth. Despite such challenges, there was much community support, especially from religious organisations. Support from government agencies was available, but access was hampered by misinformation, digital literacy, and immigration status. Holding on to religion and faith was a key coping mechanism, followed by indulging in self-care practices such as healthy eating, exercise, Yoga, meditation, sleep, and limited interaction with social media. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 lockdown disrupted the collectivist culture of African migrants and had untoward socioeconomic impacts that affected their wellbeing, many of which reflect an exacerbation of pre-existing inequities. To ensure that African migrant COVID-19-related health and wellbeing needs are met, the African migrant community must be actively involved in every facet of the NSW COVID-19 and other future outbreak response efforts.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem in Sierra Leone, yet reliable estimates of cases are lacking. This study aimed to provide an estimate of the national prevalence of chronic HBV infection in the general population and select groups in Sierra Leone. We used the electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online to systematically review articles reporting hepatitis B infection surface antigen seroprevalence estimates in Sierra Leone during 1997-2022. We estimated pooled HBV seroprevalence rates and assessed potential sources of heterogeneity. Of 546 publications screened, 22 studies with a total sample size of 107,186 people were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of chronic HBV infection was 13.0% (95% CI, 10.0-16.0) (I2 = 99%; Pheterogeneity < 0.01). During the study period, the HBV prevalence rates were as follows: 17.9% (95% CI, 6.7-39.8) before 2015, 13.3% (95% CI, 10.4-16.9) during 2015-2019, and 10.7% (95% CI, 7.5-14.9) during 2020-2022. The use of the 2020-2022 HBV prevalence estimates corresponded to 870,000 cases of chronic HBV infection (uncertainty interval, 610,000-1,213,000), or approximately one in nine people. The highest HBV seroprevalence estimates were among adolescents aged 10-17 years (17.0%; 95% CI, 8.8-30.5), Ebola survivors (36.8%; 95% CI, 26.2-48.8), people living with HIV (15.9%; 95% CI, 10.6-23.0), and those in the Northern Province (19.0%; 95% CI, 6.4-44.7) and Southern Province (19.7%; 95% CI, 10.9-32.8) regions. These findings may help inform national HBV program implementation in Sierra Leone.

Background: Tobacco use among adolescents has long-term adverse health consequences, especially during adulthood. Currently, little is known about tobacco use behaviour among adolescents in Comoros. Our study aims at estimating the prevalence and identifying key factors associated with tobacco use among adolescents in Comoros using the 2015 Comoros Global Youth Tobacco Survey data. Methods: A national cross-sectional survey secondary data of 2,810 eligible school-going adolescents aged between 11 and 17 years was analysed. Complex sample logistic regression analyses were used to determine the correlates of current cigarette smoking and current use of noncigarette tobacco products. Results: The overall prevalence of current cigarette smoking was 14.3% [males (18.5%) and females (9.9%)]. The prevalence of current use of noncigarette tobacco products was 5.8% [males (6.7%) and females (4.9%)]. Being male (AOR = 2.24; 95% CI:1.39-3.63), exposure to secondhand smoke inside (AOR =3.88; 95% CI:2.84-5.31) and outside (AOR =1.49; 95% CI: 1.08-2.03) their home, and exposure to tobacco industry promotion (AOR =2.90; 95% CI:2.21-3.80) were associated with current cigarette use among school-going adolescents. However, parental smoke (AOR = 1.20; 95% CI:0.78-1.87) and not exposed to antismoking education in schools (AOR = 0.97; 95% CI:0.76-1.22) were not associated with current cigarette use. On the other hand, being male (AOR = 1.24; 95% CI:0.82-1.86) was not associated with the current use of noncigarette tobacco products. Adolescents who were exposed to tobacco industry promotion (AOR = .2.58; 95% CI:1.54-4.32) and not exposed to antismoking education in school (AOR = 0.52; 95% CI:0.32-0.85) were more and less likely associated with noncigarette tobacco use. Conclusion: One in seven school-going adolescents smokes cigarettes, and approximately one in 20 school-going adolescents uses noncigarette tobacco products in Comoros. Exposure to secondhand smoke within and outside the h

AIMS: Irrational medicine use is a global crisis, but incidences are proportionately higher in low- and middle-income countries such as Sierra Leone. This study explores the structure, functions and challenges of drug and therapeutics committees (DTCs), an intervention towards irrational medicine use recently piloted in Sierra Leone. METHODS: A 2-phase mixed-method study design was used in this study. Firstly, a cross-sectional survey was conducted on all pharmacists who have worked for at least 1 year in DTC-piloted hospitals, using an online questionnaire to assess DTCs' structure, indicators and challenges. In phase 2, all eligible pharmacists were invited for a semistructured online interview using the WhatsApp messaging application to get deeper insights into the key issues that emerged from the survey; however, only 5 of the 7 consented to participate. MS Excel 2019 and NVivo version 12 were respectively used for data management and analysis. RESULTS: A total of 6 survey responses and 5 interviews were included in the analysis. Participants are pharmacists from the 7 hospitals in Sierra Leone where DTC was piloted. Most DTCs are comprised of a minimum of 10 members consisting of both medical and hospital administrative staff. The main functions of DTCs are ensuring rational medicines use, monitoring and reporting adverse drug reactions. All 7 hospitals with established pilot DTCs have different subcommittees operating at varying functionality levels, ranging from effective to nonfunctional. The main challenges in DTC functions and maintenance are funding (n = 6), DTC decision implementation (n = 4), and unmotivated members (n = 4). Strategies suggested to improve DTCs at public hospitals and nationwide include resource allocation, monitoring and evaluating DTC functions and its members' capacity building. CONCLUSION: DTCs present a compelling opportunity towards achieving rational medicines use at the hospital level in Sierra Leone. Nonetheless, the lack of fu

Hepatitis B (HBV) is a major public health threat in Sierra Leone. Pregnant women are disproportionately impacted, yet little is known about the epidemiology of HBV in this group. We conducted a cross-sectional study of pregnant women aged ≥16 years receiving antenatal care across 10 community health centers in Freetown from July to September 2021 to assess the prevalence and associated factors of HBsAg seropositivity. Logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of HBsAg seropositivity. In total, 394 pregnant women were screened. The mean age was 24.4 ± 4.9 years, 78.2% were married, and 47.2% were in the second trimester. Only 1% had received the HBV vaccine. The prevalence of HBsAg was 7.9%, while HIV was 5.8% and HIV/HBV co-infection was 0.3%. Regarding high-risk practices, 76.6% reported female genital circumcision, 41.9% ear piercing, 29.0% endorsed multiple sexual partners, and 23.6% reported sexually transmitted infections. In the logistic regression analysis, having a husband/partner with HBV (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 6.54; 95% CI: [1.72-24.86]; p = 0.006) and residing in Central Freetown (aOR: 4.00; 95% CI: [1.46-11.00]; p = 0.007) were independently associated with HBsAg seropositivity. Our findings support the scaling up of HBV services to target pregnant women and their partners for screening and vaccination to help reduce mother-to-child transmission rates in Sierra Leone.

BACKGROUND: Evidence exists reporting a high mental health burden among migrants globally. However, there is no global estimate of mental ill-health among African migrants despite their adverse pre-migration environments. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarise the current scholarship regarding the prevalence of anxiety, depression and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the global African migrant population. METHODS: We searched six databases (Medline (EBSCOHost), PsycINFO (EBSCOHost), Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL) from 1st January 2000 to 31st August 2021. We screened retrieved articles using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools. Random-effects meta-analyses were employed using DerSimonian and Laird estimator based on inverse variance weights. The I2 statistic was used to measure heterogeneity. RESULTS: Our search retrieved 1091 articles, of which 46 were included representing a total of 28,367 African migrants. The weighted mean age of African migrants was 32.98 years, and nearly half were male (n= 12852, 45.31%). Among the included studies, almost nine out of ten (n=41, 89.1%) were cross-sectional studies. The pooled prevalence of anxiety, depression and PTSD was 34.60%;95%CI (26.30-43.00), 33.20%;95%CI (27.70-38.37) and 37.9%;95%CI (23.5- 52.4) respectively. Significant heterogeneity (I2 >98%) existed in the prevalence estimates for anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Sub-group analyses indicate a significantly higher prevalence of anxiety and depression but PTSD for studies conducted in Africa than outside Africa. Similarly, higher prevalence rates for anxiety, depression, and PTSD were seen in studies that used a screening tool than in those that used a diagnostic tool, although a significant difference was observed for depression only. CONCLUSION: Despite significant heterogeneity among included stud

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are known to spearhead the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. As such, their knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are considered critical to the success of the current COVID-19 response efforts. This study aims to determine HCWs’ KAP toward COVID-19 and assesses their perception of their healthcare facilities preparedness to respond appropriately to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone. Methods: We conducted an online cross-sectional study among HCWs (n=516) between 1st May 2020 and 30th June 2020. We collected our data using a self-administered structured questionnaire via email and online social media platforms. We analyzed our data using descriptive statistics and regression analysis (p< 0.05). Results: Close to three-fourth of HCWs (n=375, 72.7%) were knowledgeable regarding COVID-19. Doctors were more knowledgeable than community health workers and laboratory technicians (AOR= 2.48, 95% CI: 1.16– 5.31, p=0.019) regarding COVID-19. Close to two-thirds of HCWs (n=301, 58.3%) HCWs show positive attitudes toward COVID-19. Being male (AOR=2.08, 95% CI: 1.36– 3.20, p=0.001) and directly involved in COVID-19 patient care (AOR=3.21, 95% CI: 1.88– 5.48, p< 0.001) were identified as predictors of positive attitude towards COVID-19. HCWs are generally adhering to COVID-19 safe practices with majority indicating that they regularly wash or sanitize their hands (n=510, 98.8%) and used facemask at point of care (n=499, 96.7%). Majority of HCWs are of the view that their healthcare facilities are ill-prepared to adequately respond to COVID-19 with majority (n= 400, 77.5%) of them stating that their facilities lack enough personal protective equipment. Conclusion: HCWs in Sierra Leone showed good knowledge, positive attitude and practice regarding COVID-19. However, HCWs are of the view that their healthcare facilities are ill-prepared to respond adequately to the COVID-19 outbreak.

Background Patient satisfaction is a critical construct of quality of pharmaceutical care in that it reflects whether a given service is meeting patients' expectations and consistent with their values. The government of Sierra Leone in 2010 introduced a free healthcare policy, which includes free pharmaceutical services for under-five children, lactating mothers, and pregnant women at all governments hospitals nationawide. Objectives The main objective of this study is to evaluate patient's satisfaction with the pharmaceutical services received from public hospitals implementing the free healthcare policy. Setting Four randomly selected public hospitals in Sierra Leone, one from each of the four regions, providing free healthcare services. Methods A cross-sectional design, using an interview-administered questionnaire, was employed in this study. Data were analyzed in SPSS, continuous and categorical data were computed descriptively. Responses to the open question were quantified and analyzed thematically. Adjusted and crude logistical models were used to assess factors associated with satisfaction, and significance was taken at p < 0.05. Main outcome measure Patients satisfaction with pharmaceutical services provided in public hospitals in Sierra Leone. Results Overall, 797 questionnaires were analyzed. The majority of patients seeking free pharmaceutical services were satisfied (n = 470, 56%) or very satisfied (n = 229, 28.7%) with the services they received. Pharmacy staff which includes pharmacists and pharmacy techincians demonstrated good communication skills while delivering services, but lacked technical details like; how to handle (n = 187, 23.5%) and store (n = 135, 16.9%) drugs and their potential side effects (n = 253, 31.8%). Low satisfaction was observed with the lack of private area for patients counseling (n = 474, 60.1%), and a convenient waiting area (n = 229, 28.7%). Respondents also thought the pharmacy was too small (n = 191, 24.6%) and with les

Although the experiences of healthcare workers regarding caring for Ebola patients during the West African Ebola outbreak have been explored, little is known about healthcare workers' experiences in providing care to Ebola survivors. We employed a qualitative design to address this gap in the literature. Healthcare providers described the health complaints of Ebola survivors as similar to those of ordinary patients, but disproportionately frequent and severe. During the Ebola outbreak, fear of infection with the Ebola virus affected healthcare providers' confidence to provide care to survivors leading to the provision of symptomatic or no treatment. At the close of the Ebola outbreak, healthcare providers cited previous experience in providing care to Ebola patients, being more knowledgeable, peer support, commitment to professional duty and the implementation of the CPES programme as motivators that helped boost their confidence to providing care. However, healthcare providers described the unavailability of medicines, the inability to undertake laboratory investigations, the lack of access to specialised care and uncoordinated referrals from peripheral health units as their current challenges to providing care. Such enablers and barriers need to be prioritised within the Sierra Leone health system to further strengthen initiatives aimed at improving healthcare delivery to Ebola survivors.

BACKGROUND:Antibiotic resistance is a global health crisis and irrational prescribing behaviour has been identified as a contributing factor. The current study aimed to assess the knowledge of, attitudes towards and practices regarding antibiotic prescribing of medical doctors providing free healthcare services in the outpatient departments of public hospitals in Sierra Leone. In addition, we evaluated prescribing patterns of antibiotics. METHODS:The study has two parts. First, we conducted a cross-sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire to assess doctor's knowledge of, attitudes towards and practices regarding prescribing antibiotics. Second, using patient medical records, we used the World Health Organization methodology on how to assess drug use in health facilities to evaluate prescribing patterns of antibiotics in four selected public hospitals in Sierra Leone. RESULTS:Of 130 administered questionnaires, 119 were returned, for a response rate of 91.5%. The majority of doctors (n=83 [69.7%]) agreed that amoxicillin is safe in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and considered antibiotic resistance a global (n=108 [90.7%]) and national (n=97 [81.5%]) public health crisis. Less than a quarter of medical doctors agreed that antibiotics may speed up the recovery when added to malaria (n=25 [21%]) or cold and cough (n=81 [68%]) therapies. Prescribing pattern results show that children <5 y of age (adjusted odds ratio 5.199 [confidence interval 2.743 to 9.855], p<0.0001) were more likely to be prescribed an antibiotic than pregnant women/lactating mothers. Penicillins were the most commonly prescribed pharmacological class of antibiotics, with amoxicillin being the most commonly prescribed penicillin. CONCLUSIONS:Doctors demonstrated a sound knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotics resistance, with a positive attitude towards prescribing antibiotics. However, the prescribing pattern of antibiotics was irrational, necessitating the need for the establishmen

BACKGROUND:Poor compliance to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can result in the poor quality of life in children living with Human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) because of low plasma drug concentration and the possibility of drug resistance. This study evaluates the response of caregivers for determination of adherence and the four quality of life domains in children (aged 14 years and under) on HAART. METHODS:We conducted a cross-sectional study of 188 children, each accompanied by their caregivers at Ola During Children's Hospital and Makeni Government Hospital between September and November 2016. Adherence to HAART and Quality of life was assessed using the WHO Quality of life summary questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF). We obtained ethical approval from the Sierra Leone Ethics and Scientific Review Committee. RESULTS:The study revealed 5.9% adherence amongst paediatric patients, and a strong association of adherent patients(p = 0.019*) to the physical health domain (mean = 64.61 SD = 8.1). Caregiver HIV status showed a strong association with the physical (mean = 58.3, SD = 11.7 and p = 0.024*), and psychological health domains (mean = 68.2, SD = 14.7 and p = 0.001). Caregiver type (mother/father/sibling) accompanying child to hospital also showed strong associated with the physical (mean = 58.0, SD = 10.6, p < 0.001), psychological (mean 68.2 SD = 14.81 p < 0.001) and environmental health domains (mean = 59.7, SD = 13.47, p < 0.001). Further regression analysis showed a strong association with physical health domain for HIV positive caregivers (p = 0.014) and adherent paediatric patients (p = 0.005). Nuclear family also showed a strong association with psychological (p < 0.001) and environmental (p = 0.001) health domains. CONCLUSION:This study showed a strong association between the quality of life domains and the involvement of nuclear family caregiver, HIV-positive caregiver and adherence to HAART. Our study su

BACKGROUND:There is limited data available on the long-term mental health impact of Ebola virus disease (EVD) on survivors despite the disease experience of survivors meeting the criteria of a traumatic event as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders version IV (DSM IV). This study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictive factors of anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder among EVD survivors, approximately 2 years after discharge from the Ebola treatment centre (ETC). METHODS:We conducted a cross-sectional study between May and August 2017 among 197 adults Ebola survivors in Bombali district, Northern Sierra Leone. We collected information about demographics, mental health status and possible predictive factors. The HAD scale was used to measure anxiety and depression. PTSD was measured using the PTSD-checklist (PCL). Chi-square test or Fisher exact two-tailed tests were used to test for associations and the multiple logistic regressions model to determine factors that were independently associated with the outcome variables. RESULTS:The mean anxiety, depression and PTSD scores were (5.0 ± 3.9), (7.1 ± 3.8) and (39.5 ± 6.4) respectively. Based on cut-off scores, the prevalence of anxiety (HADs score ≥ 8), depression (HADs score ≥ 8) and PTSD (PCL ≥ 45) among Ebola survivors were (n = 49, 24.9%), (n = 93, 47.2%) and (n = 43, 21.8%) respectively. Older Ebola survivors (≥30 years) were more likely to show symptoms of depression (AOR = 8.5, 95% CI: 2.68-27.01, p = 0.001) and anxiety (AOR = 3.04; 95%CI: 1.2-7.7, p = 0.019) compared to younger ones (< 30 years). In addition, Ebola survivors who experienced a decreased level of exercise post-ETC discharge were more likely to show symptoms of depression (AOR = 2.63; 95%CI: 1.25-5.54, p = 0.011) and anxiety (AOR = 3.60; 95%CI: 1.33-9.72, p = 0.012) compared to those whose exercise remained the same post-ETC discharge. CONCLUSION:Our findings show that anxiety, depression and P

BACKGROUND:Considerable number of patients, including Ebola survivors, in Sierra Leone, are using traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM). Healthcare providers' (HCPs) views about T&CM is crucial in addressing the increased need for T&CM among patients. However, healthcare providers' views about T&CM in Sierra Leone is unknown. Our study explores healthcare providers' knowledge of and perception towards T&CM and how that influence their personal and professional T&CM use, communication with Ebola survivors about T&CM as well as its integration into the healthcare system in Sierra Leone. METHODS:We employed a qualitative exploratory study design using semi-structured interviews to collect data from 15 conveniently sampled HCPs in all four geographical regions of Sierra Leone. We analysed our data using thematic network analysis framework. RESULTS:Healthcare providers perceived their knowledge about T&CM to be low and considered T&CM to be less effective and less safe than conventional medicine as well as not evidence-based. HCPs perception of T&CM as non-scientific and their lack of knowledge of T&CM were the key barriers to HCPs' self-use and recommendation as well as their lack of detailed discussion about T&CM with Ebola survivors. HCPs are open to T&CM integration into mainstream healthcare in Sierra Leone although at their terms. However, they believe that T&CM integration could be enhanced by effective professional regulation of T&CM practice, and by improving T&CM evidenced-based knowledge through education, training and research. CONCLUSION:Changing HCPs' negative perception of and increasing their knowledge about T&CM is critical to promoting effective communication with Ebola survivors regarding T&CM and its integration into the healthcare system in Sierra Leone. Strategies such as educational interventions for HCPs, conducting rigorous T&CM research, proper education and training of T&CM practitioners and effective professional regulation of T&CM pra

Background The effective implementation of pharmaceutical care requires pharmacists' collaboration with other healthcare providers, especially doctors. However, doctor's perceptions and expectations may not be in line with the tasks and responsibilities of pharmacists. Objectives We aim to explore doctors' expectations and perceptions of pharmacists while working together in a multi-disciplinary team in Sierra Leone. Setting Twelve public hospitals in Sierra Leone. Method A national cross-sectional survey was conducted between July and September 2018. Anonymous self-administered questionnaires were distributed to all doctors at randomly selected public hospitals. Data were analyzed in Excel and SPSS using descriptive and inferential statistics, and a p > 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Main outcome measure Doctors' perceptions and expectations towards pharmacists role in patient care. Results A total of 119 out of 150 questionnaires were returned. Doctors hold a mixed perception of pharmacists. The majority of medical doctors believed that pharmacists are vital (n = 98; 82.4%) as they provide services that foster better patients outcomes (n = 78; 65.6%). However, about half (n = 58; 48.8%) expressed uncertainty or perceived pharmacists as incompetent in providing clinical pharmacy services. Our findings also showed a large proportion of doctors expect pharmacists to review medication order (n = 110; 92.4%) for appropriateness and monitoring patients' response to therapy and possible adverse drug effects (n = 112; 92.2%). M ore than three quarters (n = 104, 87.4%) were in favour of collaborating with pharmacists in the process of developing patients' treatment plans. Doctors (n = 116; 97.5%) were of the view that doctor-pharmacist collaborations can be improved by developing trust relationships through dialogue. No demographic characteristics were independently associated with doubt in pharmacist clinical competence. Conclusion Reservations regarding pha

BACKGROUND:and Purpose: This study explores Ebola survivors' healthcare-seeking experiences within the context of Sierra Leone's free healthcare initiative (FHCI) and comprehensive package for Ebola survivors (CPES) program while also exploring the enablers and barriers to their use of informal healthcare. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We employed an inductive, exploratory qualitative approach using focus group discussion with 41 adults Ebola survivors in the four administrative regions of Sierra Leone. RESULTS:Biomedical care was the first choice of treatment option for most survivors immediately following post-ETC discharge. Survivors' healthcare-seeking experience varies before and after their inclusion into FHCI and the establishment of the CPES program. Personal and health system factors influenced survivors' decision to seek multiple healthcare approaches, especially T&CM. CONCLUSION:Our findings suggest the determinants of Ebola survivors' healthcare-seeking experiences should be considered when developing and implementing programs aimed at improving the current health status of Ebola survivors in Sierra Leone.

BACKGROUND:We examined the magnitude and correlates of Ebola virus disease (EVD)-related stigma among EVD survivors in Sierra Leone since their return to their communities. In addition, we determined whether EVD-related stigma is a predictor of informal health care use among EVD survivors. METHODS:We conducted a cross-sectional study among 358 EVD survivors in five districts across all four geographic regions (Western Area, Northern Province, Eastern Province and Southern Province) of Sierra Leone. Ebola-related stigma was measured by adapting the validated HIV related stigma for people living with HIV/AIDS instrument. We also measured traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM) use (as a measure of informal healthcare use). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. RESULTS:EVD survivors report higher levels of internalised stigma (0.92 ± 0.77) compared to total enacted stigma (0.71 ± 0.61). Social isolation (0.96 ± 0.88) was the highest reported enacted stigma subscale. Ebola survivors who identified as Christians [AOR = 2.51, 95%CI: 1.15-5.49, p = 0.021], who perceived their health to be fair/poor [AOR = 2.58, 95%CI: 1.39-4.77. p = 0.003] and who reside in the northern region of Sierra Leone [AOR = 2.80, 95%CI: 1.29-6.07, p = 0.009] were more likely to experience internalised stigma. Verbal abuse [AOR = 1.95, 95%CI: 1.09-3.49, p = 0.025] and healthcare neglect [AOR = 2.35, 95%CI: 1.37-4.02, p = 0.002] were independent predictors of T&CM use among EVD survivors. CONCLUSION:Our findings suggest EVD-related stigma (internalised and enacted) is prevalent among EVD survivors since their return to their communities. Religiosity, perceived health status and region were identified as independent predictors of internalised stigma. Verbal abuse and healthcare neglect predict informal healthcare use. EVD survivor-centred and community-driven anti-stigma programs are needed to promote EVD survivors' recovery and community re-integration.

© 2019 The Author(s). Background: As a result of financial barriers to the utilization of Maternal and Child Health (MCH) services, the Government of Sierra Leone launched the Free Health Care Initiative (FHCI) in 2010. This study aimed to examine the impact of the FHCI on wealth related inequity in the utilization of three MCH services. Methods: We analysed data from 2008 to 2013 Sierra Leone Demographic Health Surveys (SLDHS) using 2008 SLDHS as a baseline. Seven thousand three hundred seventy-four and 16,658 women of reproductive age were interviewed in the 2008 and 2013 SLDHS respectively. We employed a binomial logistic regression to evaluate wealth related inequity in the utilization of institutional delivery. Concentration curves and indices were used to measure the inequity in the utilization of antenatal care (ANC) visits and postnatal care (PNC) reviews. Test of significance was performed for the difference in odds and concentration indexes obtained for the 2008 and 2013 SLDHS. Results: There was an overall improvement in the utilization of MCH services following the FHCI with a 30% increase in institutional delivery rate, 24% increment in more than four focused ANC visits and 33% increment in complete PNC reviews. Wealth related inequity in institutional delivery has increased but to the advantage of the rich, highly educated, and urban residents. Results of the inequity statistics demonstrate that PNC reviews were more equally distributed in 2008 than ANC visits, and, in 2013, the poorest respondents ranked by wealth index utilized more PNC reviews than their richest counterparts. For ANC visits, the change in concentration index was from 0.008331[95% CI (0.008188, 0.008474)] in 2008 to - 0.002263 [95% CI (- 0.002322, - 0.002204)] in 2013. The change in concentration index for PNC reviews was from - 0.001732 [95% CI (- 0.001746, - 0.001718)] in 2008 to - 0.001771 [95% CI (- 0.001779, - 0.001763)] in 2013. All changes were significant (p value < 0.001). C

© 2019 The Author(s). Background: The use of medications, including herbal medicines during breastfeeding is always a concern among women. Currently, there is no published evidence on whether Sierra Leonean women use herbal medicine during breastfeeding. This study investigates the prevalence, correlates and pattern of herbal medicine use during breastfeeding. Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 378 current breastfeeding mothers visiting public healthcare facilities within the Western area of Sierra Leone. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results: Over a third of mothers (n = 140, 37.0%) used herbal medicine during breastfeeding. However, very few herbal medicine users (2.1%, n = 3) used herbal medicine to augment breastfeeding. Dietary changes were the most common method used to increase breast milk supply (93.9%, n = 355) with cassava leaves sauce and tubers being the most common dietary addition. Mothers with children more than six months old were more likely to use herbal medicine than mothers with younger children (OR:1.8; CI:1.13-2.85,p = 0.013). Among herbal medicine users, only 11.4% (n = 16) disclosed their herbal medicine use to their conventional healthcare providers. Conclusion: The use of herbal medicine among breastfeeding mothers attending public health facilities in the Western area of Sierra Leone is common. Whilst this use is not usually specific to increasing breast milk supply, our study indicates that herbal medicines may be used to 'cleanse' initial breast milk.

© 2019 James et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Background It is well established that Ebola Survivors experience a myriad of physical and psychological sequelae. However, little is known about how they seek care to address their health needs. Our study determines the current healthcare seeking behaviour among Ebola survivors and determines the prevalence, pattern of use and correlates of traditional and complementary medicine (T&;CM) use among Ebola survivors in Sierra Leone. Methods We conducted a nationwide questionnaire survey among a cross-sectional sample of Ebola Survivors in Sierra Leone between January and August 2018. We employed descriptive statistics, chi-square test, Fisher exact two-tailed test and backward stepwise binary regression analysis for data analysis. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Ebola Survivors who participated in our study (n = 358), visited a healthcare provider (n = 308, 86.0%), self-medicated with conventional medicines (n = 255, 71.2%) and visited a private pharmacy outlet (n = 141, 39.4%). Survivors also self-medicated with T&;CM products (n = 107, 29.9%), concurrently self-medicated with conventional and T&;CM products (n = 62, 17.3%), and visited a T&;CM practitioner (n = 41, 11.5%). Almost half of (n = 163, 45.5%) Ebola survivors reported using T&;CM treatments for post ebola related symptoms and non-Ebola related symptoms since their discharge from an Ebola treatment centre. Ebola survivors who considered their health to be fair or poor (AOR = 4.08; 95%CI: 2.22–7.50; p<0.01), presented with arthralgia (AOR = 2.52; 95%CI: 1.11–5.69, p = 0.026) and were discharged three years or less (AOR = 3.14; 95%CI: 1.13–8.73, p = 0.028) were more likely to use T&;CM. Family (n = 101,62.0%) and fr

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Background and objectives: In addition to conventional healthcare, Ebola survivors are known to seek traditional and complementary healthcare (T&CM) options to meet their healthcare needs. However, little is known about the general beliefs of Ebola survivors regarding T&CM and the impact of these beliefs in influencing their decisions around T&CM use. This study examines Ebola survivors’ attitudes towards T&CM use in Sierra Leone. Materials and Methods: We conducted a nationwide quantitative cross-sectional study of 358 Ebola survivors in Sierra Leone between January and August 2018. We used descriptive analysis, chi-square tests and backward stepwise binary logistic regression for data analysis. Results: Close to half of the survivors (n = 163, 45.5%) had used T&CM since their discharge from an Ebola treatment centre. Survivors who viewed T&CM as boosting their immune system/resistance were 3.89 times (95%CI: 1.57–9.63, p = 0.003) more likely to use T&CM than those who did not view T&CM as boosting their immune system/resistance. Additionally, survivors who viewed T&CM as having fewer side effects than conventional medicine were more likely to use T&CM [OR = 5.03 (95%CI: 1.92–13.19, p = 0.001)]. Ebola survivors were more influenced to use T&CM based on their personal experience of the effectiveness of T&CM than by clinical evidence [OR = 13.72 (95%CI: 6.10–30.84, P < 0.001)]. Ebola survivors who perceived T&CM as providing them with more control than conventional medicine over their health/body were more likely to use T&CM [OR = 4.15 (95%CI: 1.74–9.89, p = 0.001)] as opposed to those who did not perceive T&CM in this way. Conclusions: Considering the widespread use of T&CM, an understanding of Ebola survivors’ attitudes/beliefs towards T&CM is useful to healthcare providers and policymakers with regard to public education and practitioner–survivors communication, T&CM regulation and research in Sierra Leone.

© 2017 Australian College of Midwives Background: The influence of complementary therapies on maternal health has attracted the attention of policy makers, health professionals and researchers globally especially in developing countries. However, there is lack of evidence on whether Sierra Leonean women use herbal medicine during pregnancy which limit the chance of providing better maternity care. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and pattern of herbal medicines use among pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic at a tertiary maternal hospital in Sierra Leone. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women (n = 134) who were at least 18 years of age and who have had at least one previous pregnancy, using face to face interview. Descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results: The response rate was 82.7%. Nearly two-thirds of pregnant women reported using herbal medicine (62.7%). Herbal medicine users were more likely to be Muslim than Christian. Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb was the most cited herbal medicine used and was mostly indicated for urinary tract infection and pedal oedema. Perceived effectiveness and safety over conventional medicine (70.2%) was key driver for use, and majority did not disclose their use of herbs to their maternal health professional (95.2%). Conclusion: Herbal medicine use among pregnant women in this study was widespread. Maternal health providers should be aware of this relatively common practice and routinely discuss and educate pregnant women on the potential risks and benefits associated with the use of herbs.

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2018. background The WHO estimates that a considerable number of people in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) rely on traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) to meet their primary healthcare needs, yet there remains a dearth of research evidence on the overall picture of TCAM utilisation in the region. Methods We conducted a literature search of original articles examining TCAM use in SSA between 1 January 2006 and 28 February 2017, employing Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Scopus, ProQuest, PubMed, Embase and African Journals Online databases. A critical appraisal of relevant articles reporting a quantitative or mixed-method design was undertaken. results Despite the heterogeneity and general low quality of the identified literature, the review highlights a relatively high use of TCAM alone or in combination with orthodox medicine, in both general population and in specific health conditions in SSA. TCAM users compared with non-TCAM users are more likely to be of low socioeconomic and educational status, while there were inconsistencies in age, sex, spatial location and religious affiliation between TCAM users and non-TCAM users. Most TCAM users (55.8%–100%) in SSA fail to disclose TCAM use to their healthcare providers, with the main reasons for non-disclosure being fear of receiving improper care, healthcare providers’ negative attitude and a lack of enquiry about TCAM use from healthcare providers. Conclusion TCAM use in SSA is significant, although most studies emerge from a few countries. Factors associated with TCAM use in SSA are similar to those observed in other regions, but further research may be required to further elucidate challenges and opportunities related to TCAM use specific to SSA.

© 2018 Peter Bai James et al. In resource-poor countries where access to infertility care is limited, women may turn to traditional medicine to achieve motherhood. It is unknown whether Sierra Leonean women with such condition use herbal medicine. This study investigates the prevalence and factors associated with herbal medicine use among women seeking care for infertility. This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study conducted among women seeking care for infertility at various clinics within Freetown, Sierra Leone. Data analysis included Chi-square tests and logistic regression. Out of the 167 women that participated, 36.5% used herbal medicine for infertility treatment. Women with no formal (AOR 4.03, CL: 1.38-11.76, p=0.011), primary education (AOR: 6.23, CL: 2.02-19.23, p=0.001) and those that visited a traditional medicine practitioner (AOR: 20.05, CL: 2.10-192.28, p=0.009) as well as women suffering from other reproductive health problems (AOR: 2.57, CL: 1.13-5.83, p=0.024) were more likely to use herbal medicines. Friends and family (n=57, 96.7%) were the main influencers of herbal medicine use. Only (n=12) 19.7% of users disclosed their status to their healthcare provider. Over half (n=32, 52.5%) could not remember the name of the herb they used. Luffa acutangula (n=29, 100%) was the herbal medicinal plant users could recall. Herbal medicine use among women seeking care for infertility in Freetown is common. Healthcare providers should be aware of the potential dyadic use of herbal and allopathic medicines by their patients and be knowledgeable about commonly used herbal remedies as well as being proactive in communicating the potential risks and benefits associated with their use.

© 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. Xueshuantong injection (Lyophilized, XST), extracted from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Panax notoginseng, has neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia. Revascularization of ischemic tissue is good for the therapy of cerebrovascular disease. In this study, angiogenic potentiality and possible mechanism of XST for cerebral ischemia were explored. Rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and then intraperitoneally administered with XST daily for 3 or 7 consecutive days. The neurological function deficits, and endogenous antioxidant capacity were evaluated. Post-stroke angiogenesis and vascularization were assessed by ELISA and immunohistochemical staining. Transcription levels of Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1 in brain tissues were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. The results showed that XST could remarkably ameliorate neuronal functional deficit, promote angiogenesis and vascularization after MCAO. The mechanism of angiogenesis might be related to endogenous antioxidant capacity and Nrf2 pathway. In conclusion, administered XST for 7 days after stroke could significantly improve functional recovery and promote angiogenesis, that might be related to Nrf2 signaling pathway. These findings could provide scientific evidence for the use of XST in cerebral ischemic diseases and provide theoretical support for further studies.