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1. Corrigendum: Protein kinase D1 in myeloid lineage cells contributes to the accumulation of CXCR3+CCR6+ nonconventional Th1 cells in the lungs and potentiates hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by S. rectivirgula

Author

John D. Snyder, Tae Won Yoon, Sangmin Lee, Priyanka Halder, Elizabeth Ann Fitzpatrick, and Ae-Kyung Yi

Subjects
protein kinase D1, cytokines/chemokines, inflammation, alveolitis, Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Published
2024
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2. Protein kinase D1 in myeloid lineage cells contributes to the accumulation of CXCR3+CCR6+ nonconventional Th1 cells in the lungs and potentiates hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by S. rectivirgula

Author

John D. Snyder, Tae Won Yoon, Sangmin Lee, Priyanka Halder, Elizabeth Ann Fitzpatrick, and Ae-Kyung Yi

Subjects
protein kinase D1, cytokines/chemokines, inflammation, alveolitis, Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract

IntroductionHypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an extrinsic allergic alveolitis characterized by inflammation of the interstitium, bronchioles, and alveoli of the lung that leads to granuloma formation. We previously found that activation of protein kinase D1 (PKD1) in the lungs following exposures to Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula contributes to the acute pulmonary inflammation, IL-17A expression in the lungs, and development of HP. In the present study, we investigated whether PKD1 in myeloid-lineage cells affects the pathogenic course of the S. rectivirgula-induced HP.MethodsMice were exposed intranasally to S. rectivirgula once or 3 times/week for 3 weeks. The protein and mRNA expression levels of cytokines/chemokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. Flow cytometry was used to detect the different types of immune cells and the levels of surface proteins. Lung tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, digital images were captured, and immune cells influx into the interstitial lung tissue were detected.ResultsCompared to control PKD1-sufficient mice, mice with PKD1 deficiency in myeloid-lineage cells (PKD1mKO) showed significantly suppressed expression of TNFα, IFNγ, IL-6, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL10 and neutrophilic alveolitis after single intranasal exposure to S. rectivirgula. Substantially reduced levels of alveolitis and granuloma formation were observed in the PKD1mKO mice repeatedly exposed to S. rectivirgula for 3 weeks. In addition, expression levels of the Th1/Th17 polarizing cytokines and chemokines such as IFNγ, IL-17A, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL20 in lungs were significantly reduced in the PKD1mKO mice repeatedly exposed to S. rectivirgula. Moreover, accumulation of CXCR3+CCR6+ nonconventional Th1 in the lungs were significantly reduced in PKD1mKO mice repeatedly exposed to S. rectivirgula.DiscussionOur results demonstrate that PKD1 in myeloid-lineage cells plays an essential role in the development and progress of HP caused by repeated exposure to S. rectivirgula by contributing Th1/Th17 polarizing proinflammatory responses, alveolitis, and accumulation of pathogenic nonconventional Th1 cells in the lungs.

Published
2024
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3. Influenza in Asthmatics: For Better or for Worse?

Author

Raja Veerapandian, John D. Snyder, and Amali E. Samarasinghe

Subjects
allergic asthma, pandemic influenza, co-morbidity, eosinophils, mouse, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract

Asthma and influenza are two pathologic conditions of the respiratory tract that affect millions worldwide. Influenza virus of the 2009 pandemic was highly transmissible and caused severe respiratory disease in young and middle-aged individuals. Asthma was discovered to be an underlying co-morbidity that led to hospitalizations during this influenza pandemic albeit with less severe outcomes. However, animal studies that investigated the relationship between allergic inflammation and pandemic (p)H1N1 infection, showed that while characteristics of allergic airways disease were exacerbated by this virus, governing immune responses that cause exacerbations may actually protect the host from severe outcomes associated with influenza. To better understand the relationship between asthma and severe influenza during the last pandemic, we conducted a systematic literature review of reports on hospitalized patients with asthma as a co-morbid condition during the pH1N1 season. Herein, we report that numerous other underlying conditions, such as cardiovascular, neurologic, and metabolic diseases may have been underplayed as major drivers of severe influenza during the 2009 pandemic. This review synopses, (1) asthma and influenza independently, (2) epidemiologic data surrounding asthma during the 2009 influenza pandemic, and (3) recent advances in our understanding of allergic host–pathogen interactions in the context of allergic airways disease and influenza in mouse models. Our goal is to showcase possible immunological benefits of allergic airways inflammation as countermeasures for influenza virus infections as a learning tool to discover novel pathways that can enhance our ability to hinder influenza virus replication and host pathology induced thereof.

Published
2018
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4. Contribution of Protein Kinase D1 on Acute Pulmonary Inflammation and Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Induced by Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula

Author

Tae Won Yoon, Elizabeth A. Fitzpatrick, John D. Snyder, Sangmin Lee, Young-In Kim, Chidi Zacheaus, and Ae-Kyung Yi

Subjects
Immunology, Immunology and Allergy, General Medicine
Abstract

Protein kinase D1 (PKD1), a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase, regulates diverse cellular processes such as oxidative stress, gene expression, cell survival, vesicle trafficking, Ag receptor signaling, and pattern recognition receptor signaling. We found previously that exposure to hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) inciting Ag Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula leads to the activation of PKD1 in a MyD88-dependent manner in various types of murine cells in vitro and in the mouse lung in vivo. However, it is currently unknown whether PKD1 plays a role in the S. rectivirgula–induced HP. In this study, we investigated contributions of PKD1 on the S. rectivirgula–induced HP using conditional PKD1-insufficient mice. Compared to control PKD1-sufficient mice, PKD1-insufficient mice showed substantially suppressed activation of MAPKs and NF-κB, expression of cytokines and chemokines, and neutrophilic alveolitis after single intranasal exposure to S. rectivirgula. The significantly reduced levels of alveolitis, MHC class II surface expression on neutrophils and macrophages, and IL-17A and CXCL9 expression in lung tissue were observed in the PKD1-insufficient mice repeatedly exposed to S. rectivirgula for 5 wk. PKD1-insuficient mice exposed to S. rectivirgula for 5 wk also showed reduced granuloma formation. Our results demonstrate that PKD1 plays an essential role in the initial proinflammatory responses and neutrophil influx in the lung after exposure to S. rectivirgula and substantially contribute to the development of HP caused by repeated exposure to S. rectivirgula. Our findings suggest that PKD1 can be an attractive new molecular target for therapy of S. rectivirgula–induced HP.

Published
2022
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5. Macrophage CD14 impacts immune defenses against influenza virus in allergic hosts

Author

Kim S. LeMessurier, Amali E. Samarasinghe, Maneesha Palipane, Anna K. Schofield, Stacie Woolard, and John D. Snyder

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Viral pathogenesis, CD14, 030106 microbiology, Lipopolysaccharide Receptors, Inflammation, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Microbiology, Article, Virus, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, Immune system, Orthomyxoviridae Infections, medicine, Animals, Asthma, Mice, Knockout, Innate immune system, Histocytochemistry, business.industry, Macrophages, Body Weight, Viral Load, Flow Cytometry, Orthomyxoviridae, medicine.disease, respiratory tract diseases, Disease Models, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, medicine.symptom, business, Viral load
Abstract

Asthma and influenza are leading causes of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Although these two conditions can co-exist in the same patient, the immune parameters that impact disease outcomes are not fully elucidated. The importance of macrophages to both conditions suggested a role for CD14, a co-receptor for endotoxin, as a regulatory mechanism for innate immune responses during asthma and influenza co-morbidity. Herein, we hypothesized that parameters of influenza morbidity will be reduced in the absence of CD14. Age and gender matched wild-type (WT) and CD14 knock-out (KO) mice were subjected to our validated model of Aspergillus-induced model of asthma and/or influenza. Characteristics of disease pathogenesis were investigated using standard methods in weight loss, flow cytometry, airway resistance, histology, quantitative real-time PCR, and viral titer quantification. The absence of CD14 did not have an impact on morbidity as these mice were equally susceptible to disease with similar airway resistance. Peribronchovascular inflammation and goblet cell content were equivalent between WT and KO mice in asthma alone and asthma and influenza co-morbidity. Co-morbid KO mice had less lymphocytes and eosinophils in the airways although their lung viral burden was equivalent to WT. Inflammatory gene signatures were altered in co-morbid mice in each genotype. CD14 expression on macrophages is necessary for airway inflammation but not for viral pathogenesis in allergic hosts.

Published
2019
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6. Contributors

Author

Mark J. Abzug, Elisabeth E. Adderson, Allison L. Agwu, Kevin Alby, Grace M. Aldrovandi, Upton D. Allen, Gerardo Alvarez-Hernández, Krow Ampofo, Evan J. Anderson, Margot Anderson, Stella Antonara, Monica I. Ardura, Paul M. Arguin, John C. Arnold, Naomi E. Aronson, Ann M. Arvin, Shai Ashkenazi, Edwin J. Asturias, Vahe Badalyan, Carol J. Baker, Karthik Balakrishnan, Brittany S. Barros, William J. Barson, Daniel G. Bausch, Kirsten Bechtel, Daniel K. Benjamin, David M. Berman, David A. Blanco, Karen C. Bloch, Margaret J. Blythe, Joseph A. Bocchini, Anna Bowen, William R. Bowie, Thomas G. Boyce, John S. Bradley, Michael T. Brady, Denise F. Bratcher, Paula K. Braverman, Joseph Bresee, Itzhak Brook, Kevin E. Brown, Kristina Bryant, E. Stephen Buescher, Jane L. Burns, Carrie L. Byington, Andres F. Camacho-Gonzalez, Paul Cantey, Bryan D. Carter, Mary T. Caserta, Luis A. Castagnini, Chiara Cerini, Ellen Gould Chadwick, Silvia S. Chiang, John C. Christenson, Susan E. Coffin, Melissa G. Collier, Jennifer P. Collins, Laurie S. Conklin, Beverly L. Connelly, Despina Contopoulos-Ioannidis, James H. Conway, Margaret M. Cortese, Elaine G. Cox, C. Buddy Creech, Jonathan D. Crews, Dennis J. Cunningham, Nigel Curtis, Natalie J.M. Dailey, Lara A. Danziger-Isakov, Toni Darville, Gregory A. Dasch, Irini Daskalaki, Robert S. Daum, Michael Davenport, H. Dele Davies, Fatimah S. Dawood, J. Christopher Day, Maite de la Morena, Gail J. Demmler-Harrison, Gregory P. DeMuri, Dickson D. Despommier, Karen A. Diefenbach, Kathryn M. Edwards, Morven S. Edwards, Lawrence F. Eichenfield, Dirk M. Elston, Beth Emerson, Moshe Ephros, Guliz Erdem, Marina E. Eremeeva, Jessica E. Ericson, Douglas H. Esposito, Monica M. Farley, Anat R. Feingold, Kristina N. Feja, Adam Finn, Marc Fischer, Patricia M. Flynn, LeAnne M. Fox, Michael M. Frank, Douglas R. Fredrick, Robert W. Frenck, Sheila Fallon Friedlander, Hayley A. Gans, Gregory M. Gauthier, Jeffrey S. Gerber, Francis Gigliotti, Mark A. Gilger, Carol A. Glaser, Amanda F. Goddard, Benjamin D. Gold, Jane M. Gould, Michael Green, David Greenberg, Tanya Greywal, Daniel Griffin, Patricia M. Griffin, Alexei A. Grom, Kathleen Gutierrez, Julie Gutman, Judith A. Guzman-Cottrill, Aron J. Hall, Jin-Young Han, Marvin B. Harper, Julie R. Harris, Christopher J. Harrison, David B. Haslam, Sarah J. Hawkes, J. Owen Hendley, Marion C.W. Henry, Joseph A. Hilinski, Susan L. Hills, Scott D. Holmberg, Deborah Holtzman, David K. Hong, Peter J. Hotez, Katherine K. Hsu, David A. Hunstad, Loris Y. Hwang, Mary Anne Jackson, Richard F. Jacobs, Ravi Jhaveri, Kateřina Jirků-Pomajbíková, Jeffrey L. Jones, Mahima Karki, M. Gary Karlowicz, Ben Z. Katz, Ishminder Kaur, Gilbert J. Kersh, Jay S. Keystone, Muhammad Ali Khan, David W. Kimberlin, Martin B. Kleiman, Bruce S. Klein, Karl Klontz, Barbara Knust, Andrew Y. Koh, E. Kent Korgenski, Paul Krogstad, Preeta Krishnan Kutty, Christine T. Lauren, Hillary S. Lawrence, Amy Leber, Grace M. Lee, Eugene Leibovitz, Eyal Leshem, Stéphanie Levasseur, David B. Lewis, Robyn A. Livingston, Eloisa Llata, Sarah S. Long, Ben A. Lopman, Yalda C. Lucero, Jorge Luján-Zilbermann, Katherine Luzuriaga, Noni E. MacDonald, Yvonne A. Maldonado, John Manaloor, Chitra S. Mani, Kalpana Manthiram, Gary S. Marshall, Stacey W. Martin, Almea Matanock, Catalina Matiz, Alison C. Mawle, Tony Mazzulli, Kathleen A. McGann, Kenneth McIntosh, Lucy A. McNamara, Michal Meir, Debrah Meislich, H. Cody Meissner, Elissa Meites, Asunción Mejías, Jussi Mertsola, Kevin Messacar, Mohammed Nael Mhaissen, Marian G. Michaels, Melissa B. Miller, Eric D. Mintz, John F. Modlin, Parvathi Mohan, Susan P. Montgomery, José G. Montoya, Pedro L. Moro, Anna-Barbara Moscicki, R. Lawrence Moss, Angela L. Myers, Simon Nadel, Michael N. Neely, Karen P. Neil, Joanna Nelson, Noele P. Nelson, William L. Nicholson, Victor Nizet, Amy Jo Nopper, Theresa J. Ochoa, Walter A. Orenstein, Miguel O'Ryan, Christopher D. Paddock, Harpreet Pall, Suresh Kumar Panuganti, Diane E. Pappas, Robert F. Pass, Thomas F. Patterson, Monica E. Patton, Stephen I. Pelton, Brett W. Petersen, Larry K. Pickering, Swetha Pinninti, Paul J. Planet, Andrew J. Pollard, Klara M. Posfay-Barbe, Casper S. Poulsen, Susan M. Poutanen, Ann M. Powers, Charles G. Prober, Octavio Ramilo, Shawn J. Rangel, Suchitra Rao, Sarah A. Rawstron, Jennifer S. Read, Michael D. Reed, Ryan F. Relich, Megan E. Reller, Neil Rellosa, Katherine A. Rempe, Melissa A. Reyes, Samuel E. Rice-Townsend, Frank O. Richards, José R. Romero, David A. Rosen, Christina A. Rostad, G. Ingrid J.G. Rours, Janell A. Routh, Anne H. Rowley, Lorry G. Rubin, Edward T. Ryan, Lisa Saiman, Julia S. Sammons, Laura Sass, Jason B. Sauberan, Sarah Schillie, Grant S. Schulert, Jennifer E. Schuster, Kevin L. Schwartz, Bethany K. Sederdahl, Jose A. Serpa, Kara N. Shah, Samir S. Shah, Andi L. Shane, Eugene D. Shapiro, Jana Shaw, Avinash K. Shetty, Linda M. Dairiki, George Kelly Siberry, Jane D. Siegel, Robert David Siegel, Kari A. Simonsen, Nalini Singh, Upinder Singh, P. Brian Smith, John D. Snyder, Eunkyung Song, Jennifer L. Sorrell, Emily Souder, Joseph W. St. Geme, Mary Allen Staat, J. Erin Staples, Jeffrey R. Starke, William J. Steinbach, Christen R. Stensvold, Bradley P. Stoner, Raymond A. Strikas, Jonathan B. Strober, Paul K. Sue, Deanna A. Sutton, Douglas Swanson, Jacqueline E. Tate, Marc Tebruegge, Eyasu H. Teshale, Amelia B. Thompson, George R. Thompson, Robert Thompson-Stone, Richard B. Thomson, Emily A. Thorell, Nicole H. Tobin, Philip Toltzis, James Treat, Stephanie B. Troy, Russell B. Van, Louise Elaine Vaz, Jennifer Vodzak, Ellen R. Wald, Rebecca Wallihan, Zoon Wangu, Matthew Washam, Joshua R. Watson, Rachel L. Wattier, Geoffrey A. Weinberg, A. Clinton White, Harold C. Wiesenfeld, John V. Williams, Rodney E. Willoughby, Sarah L. Wingerter, Robert R. Wittler, Karen K. Wong, Kimberly A. Workowski, Terry W. Wright, Pablo Yagupsky, Catherine Yen, Jumi Yi, Jonathan S. Yoder, Edward J. Young, Andrea L. Zaenglein, and Kanecia Zimmerman

Published
2018
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7. Directing Diarrhoeal Disease Research towards Disease-burden Reduction

Author

Igor Rudan, John D. Snyder, Damian G. Walker, Dilip Mahalanabis, Olivier Fontaine, Mohammed Abdus Salam, Claudio F. Lanata, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Margaret Kosek, Robert E. Black, and Shinjini Bhatnagar

Subjects
Program evaluation, Diarrhea, medicine.medical_specialty, Child heath, Biomedical Research, Cost effectiveness, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Child Health Services, Psychological intervention, Child Welfare, Priority setting, Diarrhoeal diseases, Medical research, Cost of Illness, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, Mortality, Developing Countries, Health policy, Disease burden, business.industry, Health Priorities, Public health, Health services research, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Original Papers, Editorial, Child, Preschool, Health Services Research, business, Food Science
Abstract

Despite gains in controlling mortality relating to diarrhoeal disease, the burden of disease remains unacceptably high. To refocus health research to target disease-burden reduction as the goal of research in child health, the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative developed a systematic strategy to rank health research options. This priority-setting exercise included listing of 46 competitive research options in diarrhoeal disease and their critical and quantitative appraisal by 10 experts based on five criteria for research that reflect the ability of the research to be translated into interventions and achieved disease-burden reduction. These criteria included the answerability of the research questions; the efficacy and effectiveness of the intervention resulting from the research; the maximal potential for disease-burden reduction of the interventions derived from the research; the affordability, deliverability, and sustainability of the intervention supported by the research; and the overall effect of the research-derived intervention on equity. Experts scored each research option independently to delineate the best investments for diarrhoeal disease control in the developing world to reduce the burden of disease by 2015. Priority scores obtained for health policy and systems research obtained eight of the top 10 rankings in overall scores, indicating that current investments in health research are significantly different from those estimated to be the most effective in reducing the global burden of diarrhoeal disease by 2015.

Published
2009

9. Contributors

Author

Elisabeth E. Adderson, Aarti Agarwal, Grace M. Aldrovandi, Upton D. Allen, Manuel R. Amieva, Krow Ampofo, Alicia D. Anderson, Margot Anderson, Paul M. Arguin, John C. Arnold, Ann M. Arvin, Shai Ashkenazi, Carol J. Baker, William J. Barson, Daniel G. Bausch, Kirsten Bechtel, Daniel K. Benjamin, Frank E. Berkowitz, Margaret J. Blythe, Joseph A. Bocchini, Michael Boeckh, Anna Bowen, William R. Bowie, Thomas G. Boyce, John S. Bradley, Michael T. Brady, Denise F. Bratcher, Paula K. Braverman, Caroline Breese Hall, Joseph S. Bresee, Itzhak Brook, Kristina Bryant, E. Stephen Buescher, Jane L. Burns, Gale R. Burstein, Carrie L. Byington, Kathy K. Byrd, Michael Cappello, Bryan D. Carter, Emily J. Cartwright, Mary T. Caserta, Chiara Cerini, Ellen Gould Chadwick, Beth Cheesebrough, P. Joan Chesney, John C. Christenson, Thomas G. Cleary, Susan E. Coffin, Laura M. Conklin, Laurie S. Conklin, Beverly L. Connelly, Despina Contopoulos-Ioannidis, James H. Conway, Margaret M. Cortese, C. Michael Cotten, Elaine Cox, Maryanne E. Crockett, James E. Crowe, Nigel Curtis, Dennis J. Cunningham, Linda Marie Dairiki Shortliffe, Toni Darville, Gregory A. Dasch, Irini Daskalaki, Robert S. Daum, Fatimah S. Dawood, Gail J. Demmler, Dickson D. Despommier, Karen A. Diefenbach, Christopher C. Dvorak, Kathryn M. Edwards, Morven S. Edwards, Lawrence F. Eichenfield, Dirk M. Elston, Janet A. Englund, Veronique Erard, Marina E. Eremeeva, Anat R. Feingold, Adam Finn, Anthony E. Fiore, Marc Fischer, Sarah J. Fitch, Patricia M. Flynn, LeAnne M. Fox, Michael M. Frank, Douglas R. Fredrick, Sheila Fallon Friedlander, Hayley A. Gans, Carla G. Garcia, Maria C. Garzon, Jeffrey S. Gerber, Michael D. Geschwind, Laura B. Gieraltowski, Francis Gigliotti, Peter H. Gilligan, Carol Glaser, Benjamin D. Gold, Brahm Goldstein, Jane M. Gould, Michael Green, David Greenberg, Patricia M. Griffin, Alexei A. Grom, Kathleen Gutierrez, Judith A. Guzman-Cottrill, Aron J. Hall, Marvin B. Harper, Christopher J. Harrison, David B. Haslam, Sarah J. Hawkes, Edward B. Hayes, Rohan Hazra, Sara Jane Heilig, J. Owen Hendley, Marion C.W. Henry, Joseph A. Hilinski, Scott D. Holmberg, Deborah Holtzman, Peter J. Hotez, Katherine K. Hsu, Dale J. Hu, Loris Y. Hwang, David Y. Hyun, Mary Anne Jackson, Richard F. Jacobs, Jeffrey L. Jones, Saleem Kamili, M. Gary Karlowicz, Ben Z. Katz, Gilbert J. Kersh, Laura M. Kester, Jay S. Keystone, David W. Kimberlin, Martin B. Kleiman, Mark W. Kline, Andrew Y. Koh, Andreas Konstantopoulos, Katalin I. Koranyi, E. Kent Korgenski, Andrew T. Kroger, Paul Krogstad, Christine T. Lauren, Hillary S. Lawrence, Eugene Leibovitz, Stéphanie Levasseur, David B. Lewis, Jay M. Lieberman, Jen-Jane Liu, Robyn A. Livingston, Eloisa Llata, Anagha R. Loharikar, Sarah S. Long, Ben A. Lopman, Bennett Lorber, Donald E. Low, Yalda C. Lucero, Jorge Luján-Zilbermann, Katherine Luzuriaga, Noni E. MacDonald, Adam MacNeil, Yvonne A. Maldonado, Chitra S. Mani, Mario J. Marcon, Gary S. Marshall, Stacey W. Martin, Catalina Matiz, Alison C. Mawle, Tony Mazzulli, George H. McCracken, Matthew B. McDonald, Robert S. McGregor, Kenneth McIntosh, Meredith McMorrow, Candice McNeil, Jennifer H. McQuiston, Debrah Meislich, H. Cody Meissner, Asunción Mejías, Manoj P. Menon, Jussi Mertsola, Marian G. Michaels, Melissa B. Miller, Eric D. Mintz, John F. Modlin, Parvathi Mohan, Susan P. Montgomery, Jose G. Montoya, Zack S. Moore, Maite de la Morena, Pedro L. Moro, Anna-Barbara Moscicki, R. Lawrence Moss, Trudy V. Murphy, Dennis L. Murray, Angela L. Myers, Simon Nadel, James P. Nataro, Michael N. Neely, William L. Nicholson, Victor Nizet, Amy Jo Nopper, Anna Norrby-Teglund, Theresa J. Ochoa, Miguel O’Ryan, Walter A. Orenstein, Christopher D. Paddock, Diane E. Pappas, Robert F. Pass, Thomas F. Patterson, Stephen I. Pelton, Larry K. Pickering, Caroline Diane Sarah Piggott, Philip A. Pizzo, Andrew J. Pollard, Klara M. Posfay-Barbe, Susan M. Poutanen, Dwight A. Powell, Alice S. Prince, Charles G. Prober, Octavio Ramilo, Shawn J. Rangel, Sarah A. Rawstron, Jennifer S. Read, Michael D. Reed, Joanna J. Regan, Megan E. Reller, Melissa A. Reyes, Peter A. Rice, Samuel E. Rice-Townsend, Frank O. Richards, Gail L. Rodgers, Pierre E. Rollin, José R. Romero, G. Ingrid J.G. Rours, Anne H. Rowley, Sharon L. Roy, Lorry G. Rubin, Guillermo M. Ruiz-Palacios, Lisa Saiman, Laura Sass, Jason B. Sauberan, Peter M. Schantz, Eileen Schneider, Gordon E. Schutze, Benjamin Schwartz, Heidi Schwarzwald, Kara N. Shah, Samir S. Shah, Andi L. Shane, Craig A. Shapiro, Eugene D. Shapiro, Umid M. Sharapov, Jana Shaw, George Kelly Siberry, Jane D. Siegel, Robert David Siegel, Nalini Singh, Upinder Singh, P. Brian Smith, John D. Snyder, David E. Soper, Mary Allen Staat, J. Erin Staples, Jeffrey R. Starke, William J. Steinbach, Ina Stephens, Joseph W. St. Geme, Bradley P. Stoner, Jonathan B. Strober, Kanta Subbarao, Deanna A. Sutton, Douglas Swanson, Leonel T. Takada, Jacqueline E. Tate, Robert V. Tauxe, Marc Tebruegge, Eyasu H. Teshale, George R. Thompson, Herbert A. Thompson, Richard B. Thomson, Emily A. Thorell, Rania A. Tohme, Robert W. Tolan, Philip Toltzis, James Treat, Stephanie B. Troy, Russell B. Van Dyke, Jorge J. Velarde, Jennifer Vodzak, Ellen R. Wald, Geoffrey A. Weinberg, A. Clinton White, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Harold C. Wiesenfeld, John V. Williams, Roxanne E. Williams, Rodney E. Willoughby, Craig M. Wilson, Sarah L. Wingerter, Jerry A. Winkelstein, Kimberly A. Workowski, Terry W. Wright, Pablo Yagupsky, Nada Yazigi, Catherine Yen, Edward J. Young, Andrea L. Zaenglein, and Theoklis E. Zaoutis

Published
2012
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10. Contributors

Author

Elisabeth E. Adderson, Felice C. Adler-Shohet, Manuel R. Amieva, Gregory L. Armstrong, Wences Arvelo, Ann M. Arvin, David M. Asher, Shai Ashkenazi, Kevin A. Ault, Carol J. Baker, William J. Barson, Beth P. Bell, Michael J. Bell, Daniel K. Benjamin, Stephanie R. Bialek, Margaret J. Blythe, Joseph A. Bocchini, Michael Boeckh, William A. Bower, Kenneth M. Boyer, Christopher R. Braden, John S. Bradley, Michael T. Brady, Denise Bratcher, Paula K. Braverman, Joseph S. Bresee, Itzhak Brook, Kevin E. Brown, John C. Browning, Steven C. Buckingham, E. Stephen Buescher, Jane L. Burns, Michael Cappello, Bryan D. Carter, Ellen Gould Chadwick, Patricia Joan Chesney, James E. Childs, John C. Christenson, Thomas G. Cleary, Susan E. Coffin, Beverly L. Connelly, C. Michael Cotton, Elaine Cox, Robert Andrew Cramer, Maryanne E. Crockett, James E. Crowe, Dennis J. Cunningham, Toni Darville, Gregory A. Dasch, Robert S. Daum, Maite de la Morena, Gail J. Demmler, Dickson D. Despommier, Karen A. Diefenbach, Elidia Dominguez, Stephen M. Downs, Christopher C. Dvorak, Kathryn Edwards, Morven S. Edwards, Janet A. Englund, Véronique Erard, Marina E. Eremeeva, Lyn Finelli, Adam Finn, Anthony E. Fiore, Marc Fischer, Sarah J. Fitch, Patricia M. Flynn, J. Dennis Fortenberry, LeAnne M. Fox, David O. Freedman, Hayley A. Gans, Michael A. Gerber, Francis Gigliotti, Peter Gilligan, Benjamin D. Gold, David L. Goldman, Brahm Goldstein, Susan T. Goldstein, Jane M. Gould, Michael Green, Sharon K. Greene, Mark J. Greenwald, Alexei A. Grom, Leigh B. Grossman, Marta A. Guerra, Kathleen Gutierrez, Judith A. Guzman-Cottrill, Caroline Breese Hall, Marvin B. Harper, David B. Haslam, Edward B. Hayes, J. Owen Hendley, Kelly J. Henrickson, Marion C.W. Henry, Joseph A. Hilinski, Peter J. Hotez, David L. Ingram, Mary Anne Jackson, Richard F. Jacobs, M. Gary Karlowicz, Ben Z. Katz, Jay S. Keystone, David W. Kimberlin, Martin B. Kleiman, Jerome O. Klein, Mark W. Kline, Andrew Y. Koh, Katalin I. Koranyi, E. Kent Korgenski, Robert J. Leggiadro, Moise L. Levy, David B. Lewis, Jay M. Lieberman, Abhijit Limaye, Jacob A. Lohr, Bennett Lorber, Sarah S. Long, Donald E. Low, Gina Lowell, Elizabeth Lowenthal, Jorge Lujan-Zilbermann, Katherine Luzuriaga, Noni E. MacDonald, Yvonne A. Maldonado, Chitra S. Mani, John F. Marcinak, Mario J. Marcon, Gary S. Marshall, Stacey W. Martin, Robert F. Massung, Eric E. Mast, Tony Mazzulli, George H. McCracken, Robert S. McGregor, Kenneth McIntosh, Catherine A. McLean, Rima McLeod, Julia A. McMillan, Jennifer H. McQuiston, H. Cody Meissner, Manoj P. Menon, Marian G. Michaels, Melissa B. Miller, Juan Carlos Millon, John F. Modlin, Matthew R. Moore, Zack S. Moore, Mary M. Moran, Pedro L. Moro, R. Lawrence Moss, Dennis L. Murray, Simon Nadel, James P. Nataro, Michael N. Neely, Victor Nizet, Anna Norrby-Teglund, Ann-Christine Nyquist, Theresa J. Ochoa, Sara M. O'Hara, Walter A. Orenstein, Eduardo Ortega-Barria, Gary D. Overturf, Christopher D. Paddock, John A. Painter, Diane E. Pappas, Monica E. Parise, Robert F. Pass, Thomas F. Patterson, Andrew T. Pavia, Stephen I. Pelton, Georges Peter, Timothy R. Peters, William A. Petri, Larry K. Pickering, Philip A. Pizzo, Andrew J. Pollard, Susan M. Poutanen, Dwight A. Powell, Alice S. Prince, Charles G. Prober, Shawn J. Rangel, Sarah Anne Rawstron, Michael D. Reed, Megan E. Reller, Frank O. Richards, Gail L. Rodgers, Luz I. Romero, Harley A. Rotbart, Anne H. Rowley, Lorry G. Rubin, Guillermo M. Ruiz-Palacios, Xavier Sáez-Llorens, Lisa Saiman, Jason B. Sauberan, Mark H. Sawyer, Peter M. Schantz, Theresa A. Schlager, Gordon E. Schutze, Benjamin Schwartz, Richard H. Schwartz, Heidi Schwarzwald, Samir S. Shah, Andi L. Shane, Eugene D. Shapiro, Avinash K. Shetty, Jane D. Siegel, Robert D. Siegel, Walter E.B. Sipe, Jacek Skarbinski, P. Brian Smith, John D. Snyder, Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi, Mary Allen Staat, Jeffrey R. Starke, William J. Steinbach, Ina Stephens, Joseph W. St. Geme, Kanta Subbarao, John L. Sullivan, Deanna A. Sutton, Madeline Y. Sutton, David L. Swerdlow, Robert V. Tauxe, Herbert A. Thompson, Richard B. Thomson, Emily A. Thorell, James K. Todd, Philip Toltzis, Theodore F. Tsai, Ellen R. Wald, Richard J. Wallace, Geoffrey A. Weinberg, Avery H. Weiss, A. Clinton White, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Ian T. Williams, John V. Williams, Rodney E. Willoughby, Craig M. Wilson, Jerry A. Winkelstein, Kimberly Workowski, Terry W. Wright, Nada Yazigi, Ram Yogev, Edward J. Young, and Theoklis E. Zaoutis

Published
2008
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15. Is rice based oral rehydration therapy effective in young infants?

Author

Kristy Hendricks, A Yameen, Ayesha Molla, Z Issani, M A Ahmed, R Thara, A Islam, Molla Am, and John D. Snyder

Subjects
Diarrhea, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, Copper Sulfate, Diet therapy, medicine.medical_treatment, Citric Acid, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Feces, Randomized controlled trial, law, Oral administration, medicine, Humans, Citrates, Prospective Studies, Oral rehydration therapy, Prospective cohort study, Sodium bicarbonate, business.industry, food and beverages, Infant, Oryza, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Surgery, Drug Combinations, Sodium Bicarbonate, chemistry, Rehydration Solutions, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Fluid Therapy, Indicators and Reagents, medicine.symptom, business, Research Article
Abstract

Rice based oral rehydration therapy (ORT) solutions have been shown to be superior to glucose oral rehydration salts (World Health Organisation (WHO) ORS) in reducing stool volume and duration of diarrhoea in children and adults. Rice based ORT has been used only sparingly in young infants, however, because of theoretical concerns about digestibility. A randomised controlled trial of rice based ORT (50 g rice and electrolytes identical to WHO ORS) and WHO ORS was carried out in 52 male infants less than 6 months old with moderately severe acute diarrhoea to evaluate efficacy and digestibility. Nineteen (70%) of 27 children who received rice based ORT and 18 (72%) of 25 children who received WHO ORS were treated successfully. The mean (SD) diarrhoeal stool output for the first 24 hours of treatment was significantly lower in the infants receiving the rice based ORT than in those receiving WHO ORS (101.0 (60.5) v 137.1 (74.6) g/kg). The stool output was also significantly less in the rice based ORT group in the second 24 hours. Infants in the rice based ORT group drank significantly less rehydration solution than infants in the WHO ORS group (mean (SD) 165.4 (77.4) v 217.9 (86.1) during the first 24 hours of treatment. There was no difference in the duration of diarrhoea between the groups. The volume of breast and formula feeding was similar in the two groups. No difference was seen in the frequency of finding reducing substances or acid pH in the stools of either group of children. The results suggest that rice based ORT is as effective as WHO ORS in infants with moderately severe diarrhoea and that rice based ORT is as well tolerated as WHO ORS in infants.

Published
1994

17. Setting Research Priorities To Reduce Global Mortality from Childhood Diarrhoea by 2015

Author

Olivier Fontaine, Margaret Kosek, Shinjini Bhatnagar, Cynthia Boschi-Pinto, Kit Yee Chan, Christopher Duggan, Homero Martinez, Hugo Ribeiro, Nigel C Rollins, Mohammed A Salam, Mathuram Santosham, John D Snyder, Alexander C Tsai, Beth Vargas, and Igor Rudan

Subjects
Diarrhea, Medicine(all), Research, Administrative Personnel, Pediatrics and Child Health, Public Health and Epidemiology, Infant, General Medicine, Global Health, World Health Organization, children, diarrhoea, mortality, priority setting, health research, Guidelines and Guidance, Research Design, Child, Preschool, Research Support as Topic, Diarrhea, Infantile, Humans, Medicine, Investments, Child, Policy Making, Goals
Abstract

The Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development (CAH) of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) applied the CHNRI priority- setting methodology to address research priority issues on childhood diarrhoea to improve the rate of progress in reducing global diarrhoea mortality by 2015, as set out in the UN’ s Millennium Development Goal #4. CAH/WHO invited 24 technical experts to systematically list and then score 154 research questions on diarrhoeal diseases according to likelihood of their (i) answerability, (ii) potential contribution to effectiveness, (iii) deliverability, affordability and sustainability, (iv) maximum potential for death burden reduction and (v) predicted effect on equity. The top 10% of research investment priorities were dominated by health systems and policy research questions and epidemiological questions. They were mainly targeted at better understanding the barriers towards implementation, the effectiveness and optimization of use of available interventions and programmes such as oral rehydration solution, zinc supplementation, exclusive breastfeeding and integrated management of childhood illness.

Published
2009
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18. Incidence and Risk Factors for Cholestasis in Neonates Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition: 1995-98

Author

Kathy Love, Barbara Bratton, O Elkayam, Augusto Sola, Andrew M Fine, John D. Snyder, and Melvin B. Heyman

Subjects
Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Parenteral nutrition, Cholestasis, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, medicine, medicine.disease, business
Abstract

Incidence and Risk Factors for Cholestasis in Neonates Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition: 1995-98

Published
1999
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19. Contents, Vol. 82, 1987

Author

S.C. Thorpe, K.C. Flint, I. Rauschen, Stephen Holgate, Beate M. Czarnetzki, G.A. Stewart, Lars Svennerholm, Richard Beasley, B.N. Hudspith, B. Sailer-Kramer, John White, A.J. Wardlaw, Achsah D. Keegan, A. Capron, A. Genovese, Moriaki Akasaki, K. Krska, T. Nakagawa, K. Alving, P.J. Marsh, E. Giannella, A. Avanzini, Leif Bjermer, L. Siri, T. Greven, M.D. Hammond, Penny A. Hutson, Per Venge, Orion P. Twentyman, H.J. Brom, S. Makino, Roberto Fantozzi, Jörg Weber, R. Prendergast, Emanuela Masini, Gertrud M. Hänsch, M.D. Topping, Yukihiko Kitamura, Stephen J. Galli, N.McI. Johnson, J. Bujanowski, A.B. Kay, F.L. Pearce, J. Knöller, J.F.A.P. Miller, M. Condorelli, Howard Streicher, Yuzuru Kanakura, Thomas Ruzicka, Stephen T. Holgate, R. Holmdahl, Marjorie Robert-Guroff, C.-J. Jackson, K.D. Bremm, B.J. Graneek, Guillermo Quinonez, Paul Rafferty, Janne Björkander, D. Wilker, R. Peitrequin, John Bienenstock, Alexander Kapp, T. Miyamoto, John Ruhno, Heidrun Behrendt, J.C. Ameisen, Göran K. Hansson, R. Olin, F. Carswell, Peter Scheftner, Clive Robinson, J. Brooks, B.A. Helm, Hans J. Maasch, H.J. Gould, N. Nakamura, M. Kolly, M. Forsbeck, Motoaki Tomioka, R. Söderström, E. Gomez, F.J. Schmitz, S.R. Durham, D.M. Kemeny, Jerry Dolovich, Bernhard Przybilla, W. König, C. Monti, Dominique Gauchat, Robert C. Gallo, H. Cairns, V. Monafo, S.M. Laycock, Thomas Bayer, A.-K. Ulfgren, Allan Walker, K. Mano, Andrew Saxon, Sabina Rak, Hidekazu Asai, Alain L. de Weck, W. Schönfeld, Örjan Strannegård, Lars Belin, G. Beck, W.M. Gold, Gerard T. Simon, Flossie Wong-Staal, G. Feinberg, Pier Francesco Mannaioni, Kimishige Ishizaka, W. Kepron, B.A. Spicer, V. Pancré, Marvin S. Reitz, Hiroshi Matsuda, Hidekazu Fujimaki, Erwin Schöpf, D. Geraint-James, T. Yukawa, Guido Hein, Edda Frank, E. Maggi, S.J. Thompson, P. Massimi, Martin Thunell, Raif S. Geha, Yoseph A. Mekori, Inga-Lisa Strannegård, P. Brandtzaeg, W.R. Thomas, M. Raulf, Dean Befus, Lawrence M. Lichtenstein, N. Saito, H. Smith, A. Pécoud, Christer G.B. Peterson, V.D.M. Stejskal, K.B.P. Leung, J. Resau, Lena Håkansson, A.J. Newman Taylor, J. Brostoff, P.H. Scheuber, William T. Lee, W. Gross-Weege, A. Plebani, Kazunori Nakajima, Marie-Louise Hildbrand, G. Sandberg, D.A. Levy, Barry K. Wershil, Elliott H. Sherr, J.M. Lundberg, Michael D. Coughlin, J.C. Foreman, Margarita Betz, M. Joseph, François-B. Michel, Lars Å. Hanson, B. Schwartz, Jill A. Price, M. Amandi, W. Schmutzler, U. Bamberger, C. Urata, L. Klareskog, M. Capron, Stefan Brantschen, S. Mukherjee, K. Shichijo, G Del Prete, T.C. Stokes, Anne Kagey-Sobotka, J. Keymling, Teruko Ishizaka, K.M. Venables, T. Söderström, S. Kölare, V. Han, A.G. Ugazio, David Proud, A. Scott, Michael Seitz, M.A. Avanzini, Ann M. Dvorak, Toru Nakano, Donald Y.M. Leung, Tatiana Bani-Sacchi, Hirohisa Saito, Peter Southgate, Sanae Sonoda, Masaki Ohnisi, Gertrud Maria Hänsch, A.H. Sehon, R.J. Davies, Ilan Hammel, Joan L. Longbottom, Hildebert Wagner, M. Ricci, K.J. Cameron, Xiadong Yang, H. Nygren, Daniel H. Conrad, Koichi Hirai, D.K. Hammer, P. Heap, B.J. Holt, T. Nagakura, Göran Karlsson, J.V. Collins, Roger Hällgren, P. Lind, Paula M. Jardieu, Jean Bousquet, P. Pfeiffer, Michel Soussana, G.R. Burgio, Ron H. Stead, Per Brandtzaeg, J.A. Nadel, M. Köller, Mark Swieter, D. Eichelberg, O.-H. Wilhelms, I. Enander, B. Palmerani, R. Panzani, H. Løwenstein, Björn Petruson, P.C. Frei, D. Keppler, Judah A. Denburg, J.P. Lantin, K.J. Turner, Johannes Ring, M. Stüning, Walter Dorsch, P. Zuber, C. Auriault, R. Ziesche, Beda M. Stadler, Robert M. Naclerio, Martin K. Church, John D. Snyder, A. Kortemeier, Lennart Enerbäck, U. Braam, Adnan Hejjaoui, O. Söder, Gerd Mecklenburg, R.S. Geha, C. Denzlinger, L.Å. Hanson, Y. Iikura, S. Romagnani, G. Karlsson, S. Ahlstedt, Mangala Rao, S.C. Lazarus, D.B. Borson, M. Viegas, K. Theobald, Michael Ettl, Hirokuni Otsuka, N.P. Siemensma, R.J. Simpson, M.H. Lessof, P. Larsson, Timothy D.G. Lee, Makoto Iwata, K. Seager, Hajime Kimata, Suresh K. Arya, U. Ernström, Anna Engström-Laurent, M. Aniol, John E. Salvaggio, G. Marone, P.G. Holt, T.S.C. Orr, and Örjan Ouchterlony

Subjects
business.industry, Immunology, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, General Medicine, business
Published
1987
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20. Antitoxin Levels in Botulism Patients Treated with Trivalent Equine Botulism Antitoxin to Toxin Types A, B, and E

Author

Timm A. Edell, Charles H. Hatheway, Jerry E. Seals, George E. Lewis, and John D. Snyder

Subjects
Male, Toxin, Botulinum Antitoxin, Botulism, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, medicine.disease, Injections, Intramuscular, complex mixtures, Vial, Microbiology, Route of administration, Infectious Diseases, Injections, Intravenous, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Botulism Antitoxin, Female, Antitoxin, Toxin types, Half-Life
Abstract

Serum levels of equine-botulism antitoxin to toxin types A, B, and E were measured in four type-A botulism patients who had received equine-botulism antitoxin. High circulating levels capable of neutralizing in excess of 1 X 10(8), 9 X 10(7), and 6 X 10(6) 50% mouse lethal doses of toxin of types A, B, and E, respectively, were detected. There was little depletion of type-A antitoxin even though two of the patients had circulating type-A toxin before treatment. The half-life for antitoxin persistence for one patient was calculated as being 6.5, 7.6, and 5.3 days for antitoxin types A, B, and E, respectively. Antitoxin levels were not proportionate to the amount (range, 2-4 vials) injected and did not appear to be affected by whether the route of administration was iv or im. Peak serum levels of antitoxin were 10-1,000 times higher than amounts needed to neutralize the toxin measured in the serum of these and other patients with botulism.

Published
1984
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21. In Honour of Paul Kallós

Author

Marjorie Robert-Guroff, Lennart Enerbäck, K.D. Bremm, B.J. Graneek, K. Seager, Göran K. Hansson, Sabina Rak, W. Schönfeld, R. Olin, Suresh K. Arya, Jill A. Price, U. Ernström, Dominique Gauchat, C. Auriault, R. Ziesche, Richard Beasley, B.N. Hudspith, Örjan Strannegård, E. Maggi, Michael D. Coughlin, Achsah D. Keegan, P.H. Scheuber, Elliott H. Sherr, F.L. Pearce, L. Siri, T. Greven, J. Knöller, W. Schmutzler, Lars Belin, Hiroshi Matsuda, Hildebert Wagner, M. Swieter, S. Makino, Janne Björkander, K. Theobald, Michael Ettl, Joan L. Longbottom, Gertrud Maria Hänsch, H.J. Brom, B. Palmerani, O. Söder, B. Schwartz, Heidrun Behrendt, J. Keymling, Erwin Schöpf, Stephen J. Galli, Guillermo Quinonez, A. Plebani, R.J. Simpson, Motoaki Tomioka, Per Brandtzaeg, R. Peitrequin, T. Söderström, A.G. Ugazio, D.K. Hammer, Jerry Dolovich, Masaki Ohnisi, A.J. Wardlaw, Clive Robinson, Ron H. Stead, M. Köller, Hajime Kimata, Leif Bjermer, P. Heap, Robert C. Gallo, Lars Svennerholm, M.H. Lessof, Beda M. Stadler, John D. Snyder, K. Krska, S.C. Thorpe, K.C. Flint, Toru Nakano, J.C. Foreman, P. Larsson, Timothy D.G. Lee, Bernhard Przybilla, Alain L. de Weck, P. Pfeiffer, R. Prendergast, Yukihiko Kitamura, Stephen Holgate, Beate M. Czarnetzki, E. Giannella, François-B. Michel, B. Sailer-Kramer, J.F.A.P. Miller, M. Amandi, A. Kortemeier, S. Mukherjee, Flossie Wong-Staal, P. Massimi, T. Miyamoto, V. Han, Roberto Fantozzi, Hirokuni Otsuka, Ann M. Dvorak, U. Braam, W.R. Thomas, D. Geraint-James, Makoto Iwata, J. Brooks, B.A. Helm, J.P. Lantin, Roger Hällgren, R. Söderström, Alexander Kapp, M. Kolly, Judah A. Denburg, Yoseph A. Mekori, Mangala Rao, S.C. Lazarus, M. Stüning, H.J. Gould, William T. Lee, W. Gross-Weege, M. Ricci, T. Nagakura, A. Avanzini, S.M. Laycock, A.-K. Ulfgren, K.J. Turner, Johannes Ring, M. Forsbeck, Peter Southgate, J.C. Ameisen, Margarita Betz, Walter Dorsch, G. Sandberg, S.R. Durham, Lawrence M. Lichtenstein, J. Brostoff, Michael Seitz, F. Carswell, N.P. Siemensma, A. Hejjaoui, V. Pancré, John Ruhno, V. Monafo, M.A. Avanzini, Robert M. Naclerio, Christer Peterson, Gerd Mecklenburg, H. Cairns, E. Gomez, K.B.P. Leung, M. Joseph, K. Shichijo, Jörg Weber, K.J. Cameron, Martin K. Church, Koichi Hirai, Lena Håkansson, R.S. Geha, P. Zuber, Xiadong Yang, N.McI. Johnson, J. Bujanowski, A.B. Kay, G.R. Burgio, Marie-Louise Hildbrand, R. Panzani, H. Løwenstein, N. Saito, G. Beck, Michel Soussana, W. Kepron, Jean Bousquet, A.H. Sehon, C.-J. Jackson, G Del Prete, Tatiana Bani-Sacchi, L. Klareskog, M. Capron, B.J. Holt, P. Lind, Paula M. Jardieu, J. Resau, R.J. Davies, W.M. Gold, G. Feinberg, Pier Francesco Mannaioni, L.Å. Hanson, B.A. Spicer, Stefan Brantschen, T.C. Stokes, C. Denzlinger, Hirohisa Saito, H. Nygren, Edda Frank, S.J. Thompson, Y. Iikura, T. Yukawa, Moriaki Akasaki, D.M. Kemeny, S. Romagnani, J.M. Lundberg, Göran Karlsson, H. Smith, G. Karlsson, A.J. Newman Taylor, S. Ahlstedt, Anne Kagey-Sobotka, M.D. Hammond, John White, I. Enander, K.M. Venables, D.B. Borson, M. Condorelli, Kimishige Ishizaka, R. Holmdahl, K. Alving, M. Viegas, P.J. Marsh, Penny A. Hutson, Donald Y.M. Leung, Emanuela Masini, M. Raulf, Hidekazu Fujimaki, Stephen T. Holgate, D.A. Levy, Guido Hein, Barry K. Wershil, A. Capron, A. Genovese, T. Nakagawa, O.-H. Wilhelms, D. Keppler, J.A. Nadel, D. Wilker, Peter Scheftner, Sanae Sonoda, Björn Petruson, P.C. Frei, Martin Thunell, V.D.M. Stejskal, I. Rauschen, G.A. Stewart, Per Venge, Orion P. Twentyman, Daniel H. Conrad, J.V. Collins, D. Eichelberg, John E. Salvaggio, G. Marone, P.G. Holt, T.S.C. Orr, Örjan Ouchterlony, Hans J. Maasch, Thomas Ruzicka, W. König, F.J. Schmitz, P. Brandtzaeg, Dean Befus, A. Pécoud, Allan Walker, Andrew Saxon, Thomas Bayer, C. Urata, Anna Engström-Laurent, M. Aniol, Gertrud M. Hänsch, M.D. Topping, Yuzuru Kanakura, John Bienenstock, N. Nakamura, K. Mano, U. Bamberger, David Proud, Ilan Hammel, Raif S. Geha, Inga-Lisa Strannegård, Kazunori Nakajima, Lars Å. Hanson, Teruko Ishizaka, S. Kölare, A. Scott, Howard Streicher, Paul Rafferty, C. Monti, Hidekazu Asai, Gerard T. Simon, and Marvin S. Reitz

Subjects
Honour, Philosophy, media_common.quotation_subject, Immunology, Immunology and Allergy, General Medicine, Classics, media_common
Published
1987
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22. Impact of Moose Browsing on Boreal-type Forests of Isle Royale National Park

Author

John D. Snyder and Robert A. Janke

Subjects
biology, Climax, National park, ved/biology, Ecology, Taiga, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Ecological succession, biology.organism_classification, Shrub, Basal area, Geography, Boreal, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Abies balsamea
Abstract

Measurable long-range effects of moose browsing were found in a boreal-type forest at Isle Royale National Park. Overall forest density decreased while average basal area per tree increased. Total basal area and reproduction density were unaffected. Balsam fir densities were drastically reduced, especially in younger age classes. For the most heavily used site, the oldest firs affected are linked to the time of moose arrival on Isle Royale. Mountain ash densities were also drastically reduced. White spruce, unpalatable to moose, increased in density, possibly due to reduced competition from fir. Birch and aspen densities were relatively unaffected. Their stems were mostly out of reach of moose when these animals first arrived. Reduction in fir and mountain ash densities accounts for the reduction in total tree density. Total cover in the shrub layer was unaffected by browsing, but averace stem height decreased. Taxus canadensis has almost disappeared on all browsed sites. Cover of low vascular plants and the ratio of windfalls to standing trees increased. INTRODUCTION The forests of Isle Royale National Park show several striking effects of moose (Alces alces andersoni) browsing. Many shrubs and tree saplings are truncated 1-1.5 m above the ,ground. Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) saplings appear scraggly and misshapen. Older firs exhibit a distinct browse line '2.5-3.5 m above the ground. Moose appear to be a maior ecological factor influencinz the successional development of the forest as well as the characteristics of the climax. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of this influence. It is one phase of a comDrehensive research proiect aimed at investigating all maior aspects of the ecology of the upland boreal forest type in the park. It has been supnorted by the United States National Park Service and the Michigan Technological University. The effects of moose on a forest were studied by Berzerud and Manuel (1968) in the Noel Paul Drainage of Newfoundland where the forest type closely resembles that of Isle Royale. The emphasis in their study was on evaluating the effects on reproduction of tree sgecies and on determining the moose-carrying capacity of the area. Pimlott (1965) studied the effect of both moose and deer browsing upon major tree species in both Newfoundland and Anticosti Island. STUDY AREA Isle Royale National Park is an archipelago consisting of a large island about 72 km long and 14 km wide at its widest point and surrounded bv approximately 200 small islands. It lies in the western portion of Lake Superior 24 km SE of the Canadian shore and 72 km NW of Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula. Uptilted layers of basaltic

Published
1976
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24. Novel Diagnostic Tests to Detect Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Pediatric Perspective

Author

John D Snyder and Sander Veldhuyzen van Zanten

Subjects
Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology, RC799-869
Abstract

Because of the widespread problem of Helicobacter pylori infections, there is an increased need for rapid, reliable and inexpensive diagnostic tests. Five recently developed tests that offer potential advantages because they are less invasive or permit easier acquisition of samples than available tests are assessed. The tests assessed are whole blood, saliva and urine assays that measure systemic antibody response to H pylori, stool tests that measure H pylori antigens and string tests that recover H pylori organisms.

Published
1999
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