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Markets for plant-based protein products are experiencing unprecedented growth. However, the extent to which the wider diffusion of plant-based protein products is beneficial to human and planetary health is still a contested issue in public discourses. The study of media frames for plant-based protein products can serve as a basis for approaches of technology assessment, which aim to inform actors involved in innovation processes of important aspects of diffusion, including controversy and unexpected risks regarding societal reactions. In this paper, we conduct a frame analysis of three U.K. broadsheet newspapers (the Telegraph, the Guardian, and the Times) between 2010–2020 to explore how media frame plant-based protein products. The results show that overall media coverage for plant-based diets has adopted a positive stance. However, there is variation in how plant-based protein products and particularly meat and dairy substitutes are portrayed. The biggest stumbling block appears to be potentially adverse health implications associated with the consumption of meat and dairy substitutes. We therefore argue that the scope of strategic choices regarding product design should also focus on the development of products more analogous to whole plant-based foods. Moreover, we argue that the long-term resilience of the plant-based protein sector will require strategies that convincingly align with policy goals for food security and broader food system sustainability.

This chapter provides an overview of the multi-faceted landscape of methods used to study the steering effects of the Sustainable Development Goals. After a discussion of the political use of science and the complex relations between science and politics, the chapter showcases a selection of different methods that are employed to trace the steering effects of the Sustainable Development Goals. Selecting the most suitable method for a particular research question requires understanding their main characteristics, strengths and weaknesses. The chapter highlights that all methods and tools need to be combined to comprehensively assess the political impact of the goals, the progress towards their achievement, and their overall transformative potential. As data gaps and unequal geographical coverage still hamper a broader understanding of the political impact of the globalgoals, we need to build bridges across language communities, disciplines and methodological camps, which still work very much in isolation.

Private philanthropic foundations—nongovernmental, nonprofit organizations with assets provided by donors for socially useful purposes—have become key political actors in global sustainability governance. Their collective efforts amount to over USD 112 billion for the implementation of the United Nations (UNs)’s ambitious plan to deliver on seventeen interconnected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This corresponds to about a quarter of governmental contribution through official development assistance for the same purposes. Many of these foundations implicitly or explicitly aim to foster global justice, through, for example, empowering women, reducing inequalities, and promoting democracy. They thus act as justice agents shaping the substance and practice of justice in global sustainability governance. But what does this direction of private money into supporting global justice norms really mean? This question deserves scrutiny, especially against a context of diverse and contested meanings of justice and because philanthropy—beyond an act of giving—is often an exercise of power. Using critical discourse analysis of texts produced by selected foundations that are key funders of the UN Sustainable Development Agenda, this paper examines how private foundations frame global justice and with what implications for sustainability governance. Les fondations philanthropiques privées - organisations non gouvernementales à but non lucratif dont les actifs sont fournis par des donateurs à des fins d'utilité sociale - sont devenues des acteurs politiques clés de la gouvernance mondiale de la durabilité. Leurs efforts collectifs s’élèvent à plus de 112 milliards de dollars pour la mise en œuvre du plan ambitieux de l'ONU visant à atteindre dix-sept objectifs de développement durable (ODD) interconnectés. Cela correspond à environ un quart des contributions gouvernementales apportées par le biais de l'aide publique au développement aux mêmes fins. Nombre de ces fondations visent implicitement ou explicitement à favoriser la justice mondiale, par exemple en renforçant l'autonomie des femmes, en réduisant les inégalités et en promouvant la démocratie. Elles agissent ainsi en tant qu'agents de justice façonnant la substance et la pratique de la justice dans la gouvernance mondiale de la durabilité. Mais que signifie réellement cette orientation de l'argent privé vers le soutien des normes de justice mondiale? Cette question mérite un examen approfondi, en particulier dans le contexte de significations diverses et contestées de la justice et parce que la philanthropie - au-delà de l'acte de don - est souvent un exercice du pouvoir. Cet article s'appuie sur une analyse critique du discours des textes produits par une sélection de fondations qui sont des participantes clés au financement du Programme de développement durable de l'ONU et examine la manière dont les fondations privées définissent la justice mondiale et ce que cela implique pour la gouvernance de la durabilité. Las fundaciones filantrópicas privadas (organizaciones no gubernamentales y sin fines de lucro que utilizan los activos que les proporcionan sus contribuyentes con propósitos útiles para la sociedad) se han convertido en actores políticos claves en la gestión de la sostenibilidad global. Sus esfuerzos colectivos equivalen a USD 112 000 millones aproximadamente para la implementación del ambicioso plan de la ONU que plantea cumplir con 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) interconectados. Esto equivale a alrededor de un cuarto de la contribución gubernamental a través de la Ayuda Oficial al Desarrollo para los mismos propósitos. Muchas de estas fundaciones tienen como objetivo implícito o explícito promover la justicia global a través de, por ejemplo, el empoderamiento de las mujeres, la reducción de las desigualdades y el fomento de la democracia. Por lo tanto, actúan como agentes de justicia que configuran el fundamento y la práctica de la justicia en la gestión de la sostenibilidad global. Sin embargo, ¿cuál es el significado real del uso del dinero privado en el apoyo de las normas de justicia global? Esta pregunta debe analizarse especialmente en un contexto de significados diversos y cuestionados sobre la justicia y teniendo en cuenta que la filantropía, más allá de ser un acto caritativo, suele representar un ejercicio del poder. Mediante el análisis crítico del discurso de textos producidos por fundaciones seleccionadas que financian la Agenda sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible de la ONU, este documento analizará cómo las fundaciones privadas construyen la justicia global y cuáles son las implicaciones para la gestión de la sostenibilidad.

This review article addresses the question: What lessons can we learn from work published in International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics regarding the politics of multilateral environmental agreements? What are the implications of these lessons for those responsible for creating and administering these agreements? Based on an analysis of 147 articles published over the past 20 years, the article explores issues of institutional design, institutional politics, implementation, and effectiveness. It concludes that key conditions for success in this realm include: (a) developing a toolkit that is not limited to rules-based governance, (b) paying attention to matters of implementation, (c) bearing in mind the overall regime complex, (d) developing effective leadership based on credibility and accountability, and (e) allowing for institutional adaptation.

In global sustainability governance, many actors have emphasised the need for policy integration across the economic, social, and environmental dimensions. In 2015, the United Nations agreed on 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to advance such integration. But have international organisations responded to this call, and can we observe any integrative effect of the SDGs? We draw on International Relations theories that incorporate change in their analysis and develop an analytical framework to assess change through the lenses of ideas, norms, and institutions. We use this framework to assess sustainability-oriented change in the International Labour Organisation (ILO). The ILO is traditionally an organisation with a primarily socio-economic mandate and hence an ideal case to study whether the SDGs had any impact after 2015 in strengthening the environmental dimension of sustainability in the ILO’s institutional settings and policy development. We focus on the 2010–2019 period and conduct a systematic qualitative content analysis of primary documentary sources, complemented with expert interviews and data on operational developments. The paper concludes that there is a significant yet instrumental greening trend in the ILO’s approach to sustainable development, but also a bidirectional influence between the ILO and the SDGs.

We explore the relevance of structural characteristics of policy networks for policy outcomes, thereby highlighting the continuing relevance of the policy network approach for policy analysis. Focusing on networks for transparency in the food chain in the Netherlands and the EU, we examine the proposition that network interactions in the form of communication and trust make a substantial difference in the estimation and explanation of transparency policy. Thereby, we identify existing obstacles to a successful transformation of the norm of transparency into appropriate political frameworks and governance mechanisms as well as potential steps for improvement. Data were gathered in structured interviews with the network actors in the Netherlands and at the EU level and are employed in a mathematical model allowing us to highlight the impact of communication and trust relationships on policy output.

The future of food is one of the major world-wide challenges. In this perspective paper, we set-up a framework for a multi-disciplinary future food systems approach, building on the UN Sustainable Development Goals. We hereby combine a truly sustainable approach including social science aspects combined with the One Health approach. Scientists from a large number of backgrounds have addressed four key areas that are discussed in more detail in this paper: (i) nature inspired food production, (ii) sustainable immune resilience, (iii) social and cultural change of food behavior, and (iv) food fairness. We believe that transformations to integrated future food system approaches should move beyond single solutions and can only be solved by working in transdisciplinary settings of science, society, and industry.

The social sciences have engaged since the late 1980s in international collaborative programmes to study questions of sustainability and global change. This article offers an in-depth analysis of the largest long-standing social-science network in this field: the Earth System Governance Project. Originating as a core project of the former International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change, the Earth System Governance Project has matured into a global, self-sustaining research network, with annual conferences, numerous taskforces, research centers, regional research fellow meetings, three book series, an open access flagship journal, and a lively presence in social media. The article critically reviews the experiences of the Earth System Governance network and its integration and interactions with other programmes over the last decade.

"Food security, food safety, healthy consumption habits, and environmental sustainability are essential to the well-being of societies worldwide. Yet, progress in fostering sustainability in the global agrifood system has been slow at best and significant challenges remain. First, food insecurity remains a problem for millions of people, while its range and consequences have been aggravated by the recent food crisis (FAO 2008b). Second, repeated food scandals and health scares constitute additional challenges for food governance (World Bank 2005). Food is the number one cause of premature death in the western world due to the increasing consumption of fattier, saltier, and sweeter foods and drinks (Popkin 2002). Even in many Asian countries obesogenic diets are becoming more prevalent (Florentino 2002; IOTF 2005). Third, threats to the provision of adequate amounts of nutritious food are expected to multiply as a result of climate change (European Commission 2008a). At the same time, the food sector itself is a major contributor to direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions (FAO 2008a). Fourth, alternative food products – while promising environmental and health benefits in relation to their conventional equivalents – are also associated with costs. In India, thousands of farmers have reportedly committed suicide, partly as a result of debt due to unfair biotech deals (Nagaraj 2008).(...)" [authors remark]

"This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of private food governance in addressing the environmental challenges facing the global food system, today. Greenhouse gas emissions, decline of biodiversity, water pollution, pesticide use and the generation of waster are considered the new agrarian questions of this century. Crucially, the governance of such environmental strains is a rapidly emerging issue for private actors, who have become key players in global food governance. Yet, few studies have tried to understand the actual impact of private rulesetting, in general, and retail governance, in particular, in detail. Drawing on global governance literature and organisational theory, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of private food governance institutions for sustainability, in terms of their comprehensiveness, stringency, compliance and coverage. Next to this quite narrow understanding of effectiveness the paper also identifies the broader political and soci-economic influence of private food governance in terms of structural, cognitive and normative effects. The paper illustrates its arguments in two cases, namely GlobalGAP and the Marine Stewardship Council. As such, the paper advances our theoretical knowledge on private rule-setting institutions and contributes empirically to political science research by making available new data on a currently understudied case of private governance." [author's abstract]

The dissertation is organised in four parts. The first part (Chapter 2) sets the background. It explores the status quo and explains the need for transparency in the food chain. This chapter argues that transparency is a condition for responding to the set of changes that occurred in the food system during the last decades. The second part (Chapters 3, 4 and 5) presents the theoretical approaches that this dissertation draws on as well as the analytical perspective and methods used. Chapter three examines the theories and approaches most valuable for analyzing the process of promoting transparency in a multi-actor context. Having reviewed the major approaches, the dissertation¿s own analytical perspective is presented in chapter four. We view the formation of policy outputs for transparency, as a result of both actor strategies and network structures. More specifically, the network is considered to set the context within which individual strategies can evolve. The way actors and network characteristics are operationalised and measured is presented in chapter five. We also present the dissertation¿s methodology for the collection as well as analysis of data and case selection in this chapter. The third part (Chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9) presents the empirical analyses. Putting the model into force, chapters six and seven assess the political feasibility of efforts to improve transparency in the pork chain in the Netherlands and the EU respectively. In a similar vein, chapters eight and nine focus on the farmed-fish chain in the Netherlands and the EU respectively. Finally, the fourth part (Chapter 10) concludes the dissertation, interprets the results and discusses their implications for transparency and sustainability related policies and politics.

Food is essential to human life, yet the current food system is threatening the environment by significantly contributing to climate change and a range of other impacts, including biodiversity loss, terrestrial ecosystem destruction, freshwater consumption, and water pollution. The sustainability of meat and dairy production has become an important concern because of the negative environmental impact of livestock agriculture. Moreover, while meat is an important component of the human diet, scientific studies show adverse health impacts for individuals with high intakes of red processed meat. Taking the environmental and health implications of livestock agriculture and meat consumption into consideration, the importance of diets in determining food system sustainability is paramount. The shaping of dietary consumption patterns has been intertwined with the evolution of the food-processing sector. At the same time, food choices are shaped by societal aspirations, responses to new identities and preferences, and the expression of cultural meaning. Therefore, a change of dietary consumption patterns towards sustainability requires a sustainability transition, radical interlinked shifts in technologies, infrastructures, organizations, markets, regulations, and behavior. This thesis builds on sustainability transitions literature to advance the conceptualization of transition dynamics in the food system by developing insights into the protein transition case, i.e. the recent reorientation of the food industry towards plant-based meat substitute products. While there are many empirical studies on sustainability transitions in electricity and mobility systems, research on meso-level sustainability transition dynamics in the food-processing industry is limited. This gap is significant when seeking to understand shifts in food production and consumption, because the conceptualization of innovation dynamics derived from previous transitions literature does not necessarily hold for transitions in the food industry. This thesis specifically focuses on institutional change processes regarding the emergence and diffusion of plant-based meat substitutes and the behaviour of firms. The chapters in this thesis draw insights from different sustainability transitions frameworks, as well as other streams of social science literature, including organizational science and communication literature. Overall, this thesis illustrates that while empirical sustainability transition studies have over-emphasized the bottom-up dynamics of radical innovation processes in the energy and mobility system, the protein transition case highlights the importance of endogenous change enacted by users and incremental improvements in existing products. It makes a number of important theoretical contributions including illustrating how political change processes can be a lever for accelerating sustainable innovation.

International environmental institutions are key for addressing global environmental problems, such as overfishing, climate change and biodiversity loss. Yet, as the overexploitation of natural resources as well as unsustainable practices of governance, settlement, and economic activities have been established over long periods of time, international environmental institutions are challenged to provide global environmental protection. These difficulties are amplified by the often-lacking cooperation and coordination of international environmental institutions in a fragmented global governance structure. Thus, integration is an indispensable part for achieving global environmental protection. Although both academics and practitioners are increasingly calling for more global environmental protection, there is no simple one-size-fits-all solution available that could ensure such an endeavor. What is needed is a thorough understanding of individual institutional specifications, interactions and interconnections and even systemic dynamics that emerge from institutional linkages over time. Institutional change analysis allows to study these aspects in a comprehensive way and to examine integration efforts of international environmental institutions over time. Rather than taking snapshots of international environmental institutions, this dissertation looks at longitudinal developments towards global environmental protection. Therefore, to discern high expectations and policy objectives from what is really happening, this dissertation addresses the following research question: How do international environmental institutions change and integrate in global governance? This dissertation draws a distinction between how international environmental institutions drive a process of integration in a larger institutional context which is external to them and how they integrate rules which are internal to them. The answer to the question emerged from four studies. Study 1 synoptically reviewed institutional change and integration in the global food governance system. It showed that actors are important for altering global governance processes. Especially, the role of private actors and governments needs to be taken into consideration for understanding the rules of the game. Study 2 provided findings that policy integration is a key institutional change process for global governance. Yet, most international environmental institutions do not integrate their institutional activities but remain in silos, which is a barrier to the achievement of global environmental protection. Study 3 shows in detail that an international environmental institution has the potential to be a driver of global environmental protection through policy integration while being challenged by multiple barriers at the same time. Thus, for international environmental institutions to alter global governance processes, they must actively take efforts in enabling and fostering policy integration as well as international cooperation and collaboration. Study 4 provided support for the idea that institutional change is a gradual transformational process in which there can be multiple variations of rule dynamics over time. Study 4 showed that bridging historical institutionalism and organizational science can bring new insights into institutional change at the sub-institutional level, i.e., internal developments of an organization. This dissertation postulates that international environmental institutions are central for altering global governance processes. Yet, the studies have shown that international environmental institutions are struggling at various fronts when it comes to a successful integration of policies, but also cooperation and coordination efforts.

During the negotiations of the Sustainable Development Goals, the United Nations consulted worldwide nearly 10 million people for their views. Such proliferating megaconsultations are often uncritically accepted as a remedy for an assumed democratic deficit of intergovernmental policymaking. The research argues, however, that civil society consultations have fallen short of democratizing global governance for mainly three reasons. First, global civil society consultations have limited legitimacy. Whether they are conducted online or within global negotiating hubs, these consultations regularly fail to include actors from developing countries or beyond institutionalized civil society networks. Second, global civil society consultations have limited influence on intergovernmental policymaking and eventually fail to increase the responsiveness of global norms and institutions to collective preferences. The research reveals a democracy—influence paradox, whereby civil society is less likely to influence within formally-commissioned, far-reaching and inclusive consultations than within informal and elitist participatory spaces. Third, despite the proliferation of megaconsultations, discursive diversity in global policymaking remains low, with mainstream discourses being over-represented compared to transformative ones. Participatory exclusiveness eventually produces discursive exclusiveness, thus indicating the limits of discursive representation for global democratization. Despite their limitations, the research concludes that global consultations still provide an important impetus to democratization by building civil society actors' democratic skills. It advances a set of recommendations to guide the future action of practitioners in strengthening much needed global democratic safeguards, now that recent developments in world politics suggest it is fear, rather than cooperation, that dictates political behaviors in the global system.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2014. Vrije Univesiteit Amsterdam (VU), Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Environment and Resource Management Master Program (ERM), 2014. A presente dissertação examina a evolução das políticas brasileiras de mudança climática de 1970 a 2013, com base em extensa revisão literária e de documentos oficiais. O Brasil possui relevância econômica e política internacionalmente, sobressaindo-se mais devido suas características ambientais. A dissertação inicia as observações, primeiramente, com a performance climática do país baseada nos princípios de responsabilidades comuns, porém diferenciadas, do poluidor-pagador e do direito ao desenvolvimento. Entretanto, devido às mudanças nas esferas econômica e política nas últimas três décadas, observa-se uma alteração de postura com ênfase na progressividade ao tratar de assuntos climáticos. O primeiro período de progressividade foi identificado de meados da década de 1980 até 1992, com a adoção da Convenção das Nações Unidas para Mudanças Climáticas e ao sediar a Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento. O segundo período de considerável progressividade ocorreu entre 2007 e 2009, quando o Brasil adotou voluntariamente objetivos de redução nas emissões de GEE, além da aprovação do Plano e da Política Nacionais de Mudança Climática. Esse trajeto de progressividade, no entanto, é atenuado entre 1993 e 2006, e não é percebido de maneira consistente após 2010. O objetivo principal desta dissertação é documentar e analisar tais mudanças nas políticas doméstica e externa de mitigação às mudanças climáticas, e tentar explicá-las com base no conceito de janela de oportunidade, combinando influências nacionais e internacionais. No âmbito desta análise conclui-se que a existência de janelas de oportunidades podem explicar as mudanças nos períodos de maior progressividade. This thesis examines the evolution of Brazilian climate change policies from 1970's to 2013 based on an extensive review of literature and policy documents. Brazil has international economic and political relevance and stands out especially due to its unique climate and environmental characteristics. The thesis starts from the observation that, at first, the country's climate performance was based on common but differentiated responsibilities, polluter pays and right to develop principles. However, due to changes in both economic and political spheres over the last three decades, a shift in its stance can be observed, towards a more progressive political approach on climate change. The first progressive period was identified from mid-1980's to 1992 with the adoption of the United Nations Convention on Climate Change and the hosting of United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. The second period of considerable progressiveness occurred from 2007 to 2009, when Brazil voluntarily adopted goals of GHG emissions reduction and approved the National Plan and the National Policy of Climate Change domestically. This progressive pathway, nonetheless, decreased between 1993-2006 and has not been consistently perceived after 2010. The main objective of this thesis is to document and analyse these changes in the Brazilian domestic and foreign climate change mitigation policies and try to explain them on the basis of the windows of opportunities concept, combining domestic and international influences. On the basis of its analysis it concludes that the existence windows of opportunity can explain changes in the most progressive periods. De huidige scriptie beschrijft de evolutie van Braziliaans beleid rondom klimaatverandering tussen de jaren 1970 en 2013 op basis van uitputtend onderzoek van academische en politieke werken. Brazilië heeft op economisch en politiek gebied internationale relevantie en onderscheidt zich omwille van haar unieke klimaat- en omgevingskarakteristieken. De scriptie stemt vanuit de observatie dat de oorspronkelijke prestaties van het land gebaseerd waren op de zogenaamde gemeenschappelijke doch gedifferentieerde principes, vervuiler-betaalt- en recht op ontwikkelingsprincipes. Desalniettemin kan, binnen de afgelopen drie decennia, een transitie naar een progressievere politieke aanpak worden waargenomen wat betreft klimaatbeleid wegens veranderingen op economische en politieke gebied. De eerste progressieve periode was in 1992 met de overname van het Raamverdrag van de Verenigde Naties inzake klimaatverandering, de piek van desbetreffende transitie wordt herkend tussen 2007 en 2010 toen Brazilië vrijwillig doeleinden omtrent het reduceren van broeikasgasemissies op zich nam alsmede landelijk de zogenaamde Nationale Plan en Nationaal Beleid der Klimaatverandering akkoord gaf. Dit progressieve pad verminderde tussen 1993 en 2006 en heeft zich sindsdien op geen van beide gebieden niet concreet hersteld na 2010. Hoofddoel van huidige scriptie is om veranderingen in Braziliaanse landelijke en buitenlandse omtrent klimaatbeleid te documenteren en analyseren en een poging te doen deze te verklaren op basis van het concept der “windows of opportunity” aldoende nationale en internationale invloeden combinerend. Op basis van de analyse in deze scriptie kan worden geconcludeerd dat "windows of opportunity" een verklaring kan geven voor veranderingen in de meest progressieve periodes. Esta tesis analiza la evolución de las políticas de cambio climático de Brasil desde 1970 hasta 2013 basada en una extensa revisión de literatura y documentos oficiales. Brasil tiene una relevancia económica y política a nivel internacional y se destaca por sus particulares características climáticas y ambientales. La tesis parte de la observación de que, en un primer momento, las políticas climáticas de Brasil se basaban en el principio de responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas, principio del contaminador-pagador y el principio de derecho al desarrollo. Sin embargo, cambios en las esferas políticas durante las tres últimas décadas han incentivado un enfoque más progresista en materia de cambio climático. El primer período de progreso tuvo lugar a mediados de la década de 1980 hasta 1992, con la adopción de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático y la celebración de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo. El segundo período de progreso considerable se produjo entre 2007 y 2009, cuando Brasil adoptó metas voluntarias de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y aprobó el Plan Nacional y la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático a nivel nacional. Sin embargo, este camino progresista se atenuó entre 1993 y 2006 y además, no ha sido percibido de manera consistente desde 2010. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es documentar y analizar los cambios en la política nacional y externa para la mitigación del cambio climático y explicar estos cambios tomando como base el concepto de ventanas de oportunidad, combinando influencias domésticas e internacionales. Este análisis concluye que la existencia de ventanas de oportunidad puede explicar los cambios en los períodos más progresistas. Ce mémoire examine l'évolution de la politique climatique brésilienne des années 1970 à 2013 sur la base d'un examen de la littérature et documents de politiques. Le Brésil est d'importance économique et politique à l'échelle internationale et se démarque par son climat et ses caractéristiques environnementales uniques. Le mémoire débute avec l'observation que la performance climatique du pays est basé sur les responsabilités communes mais différenciés, le principe du pollueur payeur et le droit au développement. Cependant, pour cause de changements dans les sphères économiques et politiques durant les trois dernières décennies, une réorientation vers une approche plus progressiste est perceptible. La première période progressiste s'étend de la moitié des années 1980 à 1992 et l'adoption de la Conférence Cadre des Nations Unies pour le Changement Climatique et la tenue de la Conférence des Nations Unies pour l'Environnement et le Développement. La seconde période de progressivité s'étale de 2007 à 2009 quand le Brésil a volontairement adopté l'objectif de réduire ses émissions des gaz à effet de serre et a approuvé le Plan National et la Politique Nationale sur le Changement Climatique. Ce courant progressiste a néanmoins diminué entre 1993-2006 et n'a pas été perçue de manière continue après 2010. L'objectif principal de ce mémoire est de documenter, d'analyser ces changements dans la politique nationale et la politique extérieure de réduction du changement climatique brésilienne ainsi que d'essayer de les expliquer sur la base du concept de fenêtres d'opportunités qui combine influences domestiques et internationales. Sur la base de cette analyse, il conclue que l'existence de ces fenêtres d'opportunités peut expliquer les changement des périodes les plus progressives. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Diese wissenschaftliche Arbeit analysiert den Wandel der brasilianschen Klimawandel-Politik zwischen 1970 und 2013. Die Analyse beruht zum einen auf einer intensiven Literaturrecherche und zum anderen auf politischen Positionspapieren. Brasilien hat international eine große politische und ökonomische Bedeutung und sticht hervor durch seine einzigartigen klimatischen und umweltbezogenen Charakteristika. Die Analyse setzt an der Beobachtung an, dass Brasiliens Klimapolitik auf den Prinzipien 1. allgemeine aber differenzierte Verantwortung , 2. der Umweltsünder zahlt und 3. das Recht weitere Prinzipien zu entwerfen, beruht. Innerhalb der vergangenen Jahre, verursacht durch politischen und ökonomischen Wandel, konnte jedoch eine Abkehr von diesen Prinzipien hin zu einer deutlich progressiveren politischen Herangehensweise in Bezug auf Klimawandel beobachtet werden. Die erste progressive Phase zeichnete sich Mitte der 1980er Jahre bis 1992 ab, gekennzeichnet durch die Einführung der „United Nations Convention on Climate Change“ und durch ausrichten der „United Nations Conference on Environment and Development“. Die zweite als progressiv zu wertende Phase liegt zwischen 2007 und 2009. Brasilien akzeptierte auf freiwilliger Basis die Ziele der GHG Emissionsreduktion und stimmte zu, den „National Plan“ und die „National Policy of Climate Change“ umzusetzen. Zwischen 1992 und 2007 jedoch zeigte sich eine vermindert progressive Umweltpolitik. Dieser Trend folgte nach der zweiten progressiven Phase (2007-2009) bis zum heutigen Tage. Das Hauptmotiv dieser wissenschaftlichen Arbeit ist es, diese Veränderungen der brasilianischen Klimawandel-Politik auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene, zum einen, zu analysieren, und zum anderen, beruhend auf dem „windows of opportunities“ Konzept, zu erklären. Dabei werden nationale und internationale Einflüsse kombiniert. Basierend auf dieser Analyse ist zu schlussfolgern, dass das Konzept „windows of opportunities“ in der Tat die Veränderungen in den progressivsten Phasen erklären kann.