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Introduction: Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer globally and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Early-stage disease can be managed with endoscopic therapy or surgery, while advanced gastric cancer requires a multimodal treatment approach, including extensive lymphadenectomy. This study aims to evaluate the clinicodemographic profile and treatment outcomes of gastric cancer patients and to establish an effective therapeutic strategy. Methods: This retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Surgery at Shree Birendra Hospital. It included patients with gastric malignancies who had complete medical records. Data on patient history, AJCC staging, operative details, and postoperative findings were analyzed. Surgical choices were based on the clinical indication in each case. Clinicopathological characteristics and surgical outcomes were compared across tumor stages. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. Results: The study included 90 patients (62 males, 28 females) aged between 23 and 82 years. The most common clinical presentations were abdominal pain (58%), gastric outlet obstruction (18%), lump (5%), anemia (5%), and peritonitis (4%). Adenocarcinoma was the predominant histological type (87.78%). Curative surgery was performed on 73 patients (81.11%), while 17 patients (18.89%) underwent palliative procedures. Morbidity occurred in 16 patients (17.7%), primarily due to chest complications and sepsis, and mortality was recorded in 5 patients (5.5%). Conclusion: This study highlights the predominance of locally advanced gastric cancer in males, with distal gastric cancer and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma being the most common. Chest complications and sepsis were the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. No patients received perioperative chemotherapy, underscoring the need for updated treatment protocols to improve outcomes.

Abstract Background Intrauterine devices (IUD) are used in the veterinary practice as the non-pharmacological method of oestrus suppression in mares. When placed in the uterus, IUD create a physical contact with the endometrium that mimics the presence of an equine embryo. However, the mechanism of their action has not been fully elucidated. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of mechanical stimulation of IUD on mare`s endometrium in both in vitro and in vivo study. For this purpose, we demonstrated the effect of IUD on prostaglandin (PG) F2α and PGE2 secretion, and mRNA transcription of genes involved in PG synthesis pathway in equine endometrial cells in vitro. In the in vivo study, we aimed to compare short-term effect of IUD inserted on day 0 (oestrus) with day 5–6 post-ovulation (the specific time when embryo reaches uterus after fertilization) on PG secretion from equine endometrium. To determine the long-term effect on PG synthase mRNA transcription, a single endometrial biopsy was taken only once within each group of mares at certain time points of the estrous cycle from mares placement with IUD on days 0 or 5–6 post-ovualtion. Results We showed for the first time that the incubation of the endometrial cells with the presence of IUD altered the pattern of PG synthase mRNA transcription in equine epithelial and stromal endometrial cells. In vivo, in mares placement with IUD on day 0, PGE2 concentrations in blood plasma were upregulated between 1 and 6, and at 10 h after the IUD insertion, compared with the control mares (P

Forest resource maps and small area estimates have been produced by combining national forest inventory (NFI) field plot data, multispectral satellite images and numerical map data. We evaluated k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) method-based predictions of forest variables for pixels in predicting tree lists of individual stands, including tree diameters at breast height and tree heights and then calculated stem volumes and tree species proportions. We compared alternative parameters (k-NN) using k of either 1 or 5 according to preliminary plot-level study and applying either measured trees (1-NN_trees) or mean stand characteristics (k-NN_stand). In the 1-NN_trees method, a tree list was generated based on the measured trees of the NFI plots, whereas in the 1-NN_stand and 5-NN_stand methods, a Weibull-based diameter distribution was recovered from the stand characteristics of the same inventory plots. In both methods, tree lists were predicted for each 16 m × 16 m pixel included in the stand compartment. Both methods performed well and resulted in 8–14% differences in the total volume compared with the field inventory of the 27 stands used for the evaluation. Moreover, the main tree species was correctly predicted for 74% of cases. The RMSE in total volume ranged from 25% (5-NN_stand) to 31% (1-NN_stand), while the smallest RMSEs in volume by tree species were 61% for broadleaves and 65% for pine and spruce using the 5-NN_stand. When comparing input data for a long-term growth simulation, the choice of the method was less influential as the effect of the error in the initial stand characteristics decreased over time during the simulation period. After 30-year simulation of the inventoried stands, the respective RMSEs were 9.4% for total volume and 39%, 50% and 59% for tree species, respectively. The satellite-based data with NFI plots were useful for predicting tree lists for pixels of a stand. However, the accuracy for operational forest management was still questionable. For a larger area’s strategic information, the accuracy is considered adequate.

In this study, I uncover the moment-by-moment emergence of what I call an “experiencing face” during kisses and hugs between romantic partners. At such moments of intimate touch, the facial gestures often momentarily “shut down” to simply give way to experiencing the emotion and tactile “being-with another person” (M.H. Goodwin, 2017: 76). Focusing on the multisensoriality of the face during kisses and hugs, I reflect on some ways of face-on-communication—direct communication through faces touching. Previous EMCA studies have taken a communicative (see Ruusuvuori, 2013) approach to facial expressions. I add to the study of facial expressions by including a focus on the simultaneity of, and an interplay between, communicative and felt aspects of the face in interaction. Taking a phenomenological perspective on interaction studies based on Merleau-Ponty (1962), I approach facial postures from an intercorporeal framework (Meyer et al., 2017): facial postures are expressions of “living bodies” (Streeck, 2013) entailing felt and communicative features.

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative gut bacterium associated with dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer, whose prevalence is still common in developing countries. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is the gold standard, first-line investigation for evaluating gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in a tertiary care centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary health care centre among the patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy from 5 January 2020 to 5 January 2023 after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee. Convenience sampling method was used. The point estimate was calculated at a 99% Confidence Interval. Results: Among 1,975 patients, Helicobacter pylori infection was found in 561 (28.41%) (25.79-31.03, 99% Confidence Interval). The indication for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was mostly dyspepsia 256 (45.68%) followed by abdominal pain 205 (36.54%). The most common endoscopic finding was gastritis 445 (79.32%) followed by hiatal hernia 93 (16.58%). The commonest biopsy finding was chronic active gastritis 478 (85.20%). Conclusions: The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was found to be similar to other studies done in similar settings. The persistence of H. pylori emphasizes the need of continuous research to address ever evolving H. pylori infections and resistance that are developing against available treatment modalities.

Abstract Background To assess, whether arterial blood gas measurements during trauma patient's pre-hospital shock resuscitation yield useful information on haemodynamic response to fluid resuscitation by comparing haemodynamic and blood gas variables in patients undergoing two different fluid resuscitation regimens. Methods In a prospective randomised study of 37 trauma patients at risk for severe hypovolaemia, arterial blood gas values were analyzed at the accident site and on admission to hospital. Patients were randomised to receive either conventional fluid therapy or 300 ml of hypertonic saline. The groups were compared for demographic, injury severity, physiological and outcome variables. Results 37 patients were included. Mean (SD) Revised Trauma Score (RTS) was 7.3427 (0.98) and Injury Severity Score (ISS) 15.1 (11.7). Seventeen (46%) patients received hypertonic fluid resuscitation and 20 (54%) received conventional fluid therapy, with no significant differences between the groups concerning demographic data or outcome. Base excess (BE) values decreased significantly more within the hypertonic saline (HS) group compared to the conventional fluid therapy group (mean BE difference -2.1 mmol/l vs. -0.5 mmol/l, p = 0.003). The pH values on admission were significantly lower within the HS group (mean 7.31 vs. 7.40, p = 0.000). Haemoglobin levels were in both groups lower on admission compared with accident site. Lactate levels on admission did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusion Pre-hospital use of small-volume resuscitation led to significantly greater decrease of BE and pH values. A portable blood gas analyzer was found to be a useful tool in pre-hospital monitoring for trauma resuscitation.

Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the associations of sports video gaming behaviour in the sociological concept of Physical Activity Relationships (PAR) and to see if sports video gaming differs by gender.

Purpose Genetic studies of multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility and severity have focused on populations of European ancestry. Studying MS genetics in other ancestral groups is necessary to determine the generalisability of these findings. The genetic Association study in individuals from Diverse Ancestral backgrounds with Multiple Sclerosis (ADAMS) project aims to gather genetic and phenotypic data on a large cohort of ancestrally-diverse individuals with MS living in the UK.Participants Adults with self-reported MS from diverse ancestral backgrounds. Recruitment is via clinical sites, online (https://app.mantal.co.uk/adams) or the UK MS Register. We are collecting demographic and phenotypic data using a baseline questionnaire and subsequent healthcare record linkage. We are collecting DNA from participants using saliva kits (Oragene-600) and genotyping using the Illumina Global Screening Array V.3.Findings to date As of 3 January 2023, we have recruited 682 participants (n=446 online, n=55 via sites, n=181 via the UK MS Register). Of this initial cohort, 71.2% of participants are female, with a median age of 44.9 years at recruitment. Over 60% of the cohort are non-white British, with 23.5% identifying as Asian or Asian British, 16.2% as Black, African, Caribbean or Black British and 20.9% identifying as having mixed or other backgrounds. The median age at first symptom is 28 years, and median age at diagnosis is 32 years. 76.8% have relapsing–remitting MS, and 13.5% have secondary progressive MS.Future plans Recruitment will continue over the next 10 years. Genotyping and genetic data quality control are ongoing. Within the next 3 years, we aim to perform initial genetic analyses of susceptibility and severity with a view to replicating the findings from European-ancestry studies. In the long term, genetic data will be combined with other datasets to further cross-ancestry genetic discoveries.

Background: The morbidity and mortality of acute subdural hematoma (aSDH) remains high. Several factors have been reported to affect the outcome and survival of these patients. In this study, we explored factors potentially associated with the outcome and survival of surgically treated acute subdural hematoma (aSDH), including postcraniotomy hematomas (PCHs). Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in a single tertiary university hospital between 2008 and 2012 and all aSDH patients that underwent surgical intervention were included. A total of 132 cases were identified for collection of demographics, clinical, laboratory, and imaging data. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to assess factors associated with three-month Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and survival at one- and five-year. Results: In this study, PCH (n = 14, 10.6%) was not associated with a worse outcome according to the 3- month GOS (p = 0.37) or one (p = 0.34) and five-year (p = 0.37) survival. The multivariable analysis showed that the volume of initial hematoma (p = 0.009) and Abbreviated Injury Scale score (p = 0.016) were independent predictors of the three-month GOS. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (p

Methamphetamine (MA) is a extremely addictive psychostimulant drug with a significant abuse potential. Long-term MA exposure can induce neurotoxic effects through oxidative stress, mitochondrial functional impairment, endoplasmic reticulum stress, the activation of astrocytes and microglial cells, axonal transport barriers, autophagy, and apoptosis. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying MA-induced neurotoxicity remain unclear. MA abuse increases the chances of developing neurotoxic conditions such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurotoxic diseases. MA increases the risk of PD by increasing the expression of alpha-synuclein (ASYN). Furthermore, MA abuse is linked to high chances of developing AD and subsequent neurodegeneration due to biological variations in the brain region or genetic and epigenetic variations. To date, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapy for MA-induced neurotoxicity, although many studies are being conducted to develop effective therapeutic strategies. Most current studies are now focused on developing therapies to diminish the neurotoxic effects of MA, based on the underlying mechanism of neurotoxicity. This review article highlights current research on several therapeutic techniques targeting multiple pathways to reduce the neurotoxic effects of MA in the brain, as well as the putative mechanism of MA-induced neurotoxicity.

Moving their bodies in knowledgeable and professional ways in order to handle and connect affectively with infants entails a large part of child health care nurses' work. We deploy a phenomenological approach to videoanalysis of interaction to analyze an episode of a 1-month-old infant visiting the child health care clinic with their caregiver to have their body assessed for a neonatal stepping. Focusing on the co-movement of the baby and the nurse, we ask: how do various ways of moving as a co-embodied entity allow and corporeally prompt the baby's age-appropriate bodily ability to emerge? We develop the notion of professional interkinesthesia to indicate specific forms of body work of nurses which in this case entails moving together with the baby to make her successfully perform a specific health care task—the stepping. Building on Charles Goodwin's concept of professional vision, we uncover how the nurse moves and touches the infant's body in ways relevant to the institutional task. The study shows that accomplishing “normally” developed neonatal stepping is not work accomplished by the baby alone but requires that the bodies of the baby and the professional move in unison. While neonatal stepping is but one specific type of health care task, we propose that nurses' work entails numerous forms of professional touch and interkinesthesia that make it possible to successfully perform different types of health care operations.

Forest resource maps and small area estimates have been produced by combining national forest inventory (NFI) field plot data, multispectral satellite images and numerical map data. We evaluated k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) method-based predictions of forest variables for pixels in predicting tree lists of individual stands, including tree diameters at breast height and tree heights and then calculated stem volumes and tree species proportions. We compared alternative parameters (k-NN) using k of either 1 or 5 according to preliminary plot-level study and applying either measured trees (1-NN_trees) or mean stand characteristics (k-NN_stand). In the 1-NN_trees method, a tree list was generated based on the measured trees of the NFI plots, whereas in the 1-NN_stand and 5-NN_stand methods, a Weibull-based diameter distribution was recovered from the stand characteristics of the same inventory plots. In both methods, tree lists were predicted for each 16 m × 16 m pixel included in the stand compartment. Both methods performed well and resulted in 8–14% differences in the total volume compared with the field inventory of the 27 stands used for the evaluation. Moreover, the main tree species was correctly predicted for 74% of cases. The RMSE in total volume ranged from 25% (5-NN_stand) to 31% (1-NN_stand), while the smallest RMSEs in volume by tree species were 61% for broadleaves and 65% for pine and spruce using the 5-NN_stand. When comparing input data for a long-term growth simulation, the choice of the method was less influential as the effect of the error in the initial stand characteristics decreased over time during the simulation period. After 30-year simulation of the inventoried stands, the respective RMSEs were 9.4% for total volume and 39%, 50% and 59% for tree species, respectively. The satellite-based data with NFI plots were useful for predicting tree lists for pixels of a stand. However, the accuracy for operational forest management was still questionable. For a larger area's strategic information, the accuracy is considered adequate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a common neuropathological manifestation of traumatic brain injury (TBI), presenting as traumatic alterations in the cerebral white matter (WM) microstructure and often leading to long-term neurocognitive impairment. These WM alterations can be assessed using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are a common finding on head imaging in TBI and are often considered a visible sign of DAI, although they represent diffuse vascular injury. It is poorly known how they associate with long-term white matter integrity. This study included 20 patients with TBI and CMBs, 34 patients with TBI without CMBs, and 11 controls with orthopedic injuries. DTI was used to assess microstructural WM alterations. CMBs were detected using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and graded according to their location in the WM and total lesion load was counted. Patients underwent SWI within 2 months after injury. DTI and clinical outcome assessment were performed at an average of eight months after injury. Outcome was assessed using the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSe). The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) were used to assess clinical severity of the injury. We found that CMB grading and total lesion load were negatively associated with fractional anisotropy (FA) and positively associated with mean diffusivity (MD). Patients with TBI and CMBs had decreased FA and increased MD compared with patients with TBI without CMBs. CMBs were also associated with worse clinical outcome. When adjusting for the clinical severity of the injury, none of the mentioned associations were found. Thus, the difference in FA and MD is explained by patients with TBI and CMBs having more severe injuries. Our results suggest that CMBs are not associated with greater WM alterations when adjusting for the clinical severity of TBI. Thus, CMBs and WM alterations may not be strongly associated pathologies in TBI.

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In this study, we introduce a video-ethnographic study of a research process in which nursing students try on exoskeletons—wearable forms of technology that are meant to decrease lower back strain when lifting something. We adopt microanalysis of video-recorded interaction to analyze moments in which a nurse tests how her body feels with the exoskeleton. Moreover, we explore how the nurse simultaneously makes accountable—observable and reportable (Garfinkel, 1967, p. vii)—to others how her body feels “inside,” i.e. her experience of kinaesthesia, or the ability of the human body to perceive its own movements and states as a ”body-in-motion” (Sheets-Johnstone, 2002, p. 138). We reflect on how the fact that we video recorded the whole process of testing the exoskeleton with three cameras and complemented our video analysis with observations and post-questionnaires enabled us to capture some of the kinesthetic, interactive, and context-specific aspects of trying on the exoskeleton.

Anterior cruciate ligament is one of the most common ligaments to get injured especially in athletic population. It is a band of dense connective tissue which arises from the antero-medial aspect of the inter condylar area on the tibial plateau and passes upwards and backwards to attach to the posteromedial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle. There is increasing rate of its reported injuries among athletes in Nepal and surgeons report increased consultations among athletes regarding adequate intervention strategies. Factors like over use, inadequate recovery time, playing surface, fitness incompatibility are involved in the increase of anterior cruciate ligament injury among athletes in Nepal. Treatment approach for anterior cruciate ligament injury is ever evolving with regular studies and innovation, but constant guidance and rehabilitation in an institution-based setting have shown positive feedback in recovery and return to play.

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In this paper, we examine the relationship between space and entrepreneurship, understood as organization-creation, by drawing on Deleuze and Guattari's spatial theorizing. Building on an ethnographic study of the Nordic Start-Up Incubator, we focus on the ongoing material, discursive and affective reconfiguration of space to promote entrepreneurial 'buzz'. We show how emancipatory promises (smoothings) are entangled with a logic of enterprise (striations), and how this ambiguity is enacted (folds) as organization-creation emerges spatially. This allows us to problematize the distinction often made between entrepreneurial spaces of emancipation and managerial spaces of control and to consider how they may co-constitute each other through subtle twists and turns. We conclude by discussing this multiplicity and ambiguity with regard to the politics of entrepreneurial spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial and established firms form collaborative relationships to commercialize products. Through such ties, entrepreneurs seek (a) development help to hone ideas into marketable products and (b) access to markets. In most cases, entrepreneurs face a trade-off: they can be a big fish in a small pond, getting more attention and development help from a smaller firm with less market access, or a small fish in a big pond, getting less attention and help from a larger firm with more market access. Our study investigates what goes into choosing between these options. Drawing from resource dependence theory and an empirical study of tie formation between developers and publishers of PlayStation 2 video games, we develop and test a framework that identifies the key decision variables and focuses on two moderators--resource need evolution and resource uncertainty related to competition--that explain whether a big fish (more development help) or a big pond (more market access) drives tie formation. Our findings point to prospective peers as one of the significant decision criteria at tie formation and highlight the dynamic nature of resource dependence. Altogether, the results give resource dependence theory a dynamic element it has lacked in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates a variety of ways in which dental clinicians and adult guardians touch child patients to get them to participate in dental procedures in China’s mainland. Children at the dentist’s office often experience pain and show fear, and dental care practitioners as well as adult guardians (in our case, parents and grandparents) perform tactile and haptic actions of comfort and control in response. Our analysis shows the dual roles that the children’s bodies play when touching and being touched in the dentist’s office: At times, they are agents or animators in control of their own movements; at other times, they are objects of manipulation by others. Moreover, sometimes their movements are collaboratively controlled by multiple participants, including the patient him/herself. During intercorporeal engagements in Chinese pediatric dentistry, as in many other contexts of interpersonal touch, the center of control and the source of animation of movements and actions are often distributed among multiple bodies. What is more, tactile and haptic actions in this context shift back and forth between direct forms, where the act of one body causes a change in the other, and actions that can be properly called semiotic or communicative in Grice’s (1968) sense, which aim to make the other person recognize the actor’s intent and act on it of his or her own volition.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate if admission levels of total tau (T-tau) and β-amyloid isoforms 1-40 (Aβ40) and 1-42 (Aβ42) could predict clinical outcome in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).Methods: A total of 105 patients with mTBI [Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≥ 13] recruited in Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland were included in this study. Blood samples were drawn within 24 h of admission for analysis of plasma T-tau, Aβ40, and Aβ42. Patients were divided into computed tomography (CT)-positive and CT-negative groups. The outcome was assessed 6–12 months after the injury using the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE). Outcomes were defined as complete (GOSE 8) or incomplete (GOSE < 8) recovery. The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPCSQ) was also used to assess mTBI-related symptoms. Predictive values of the biomarkers were analyzed independently, in panels and together with clinical parameters.Results: The admission levels of plasma T-tau, Aβ40, and Aβ42 were not significantly different between patients with complete and incomplete recovery. The levels of T-tau, Aβ40, and Aβ42 could poorly predict complete recovery, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.56, 0.52, and 0.54, respectively. For the whole cohort, there was a significant negative correlation between the levels of T-tau and ordinal GOSE score (Spearman ρ = −0.231, p = 0.018). In a multivariate logistic regression model including age, GCS, duration of posttraumatic amnesia, Injury Severity Score (ISS), time from injury to sampling, and CT findings, none of the biomarkers could predict complete recovery independently or together with the other two biomarkers. Plasma levels of T-tau, Aβ40, and Aβ42 did not significantly differ between the outcome groups either within the CT-positive or CT-negative subgroups. Levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 did not significantly correlate with outcome, but in the CT-positive subgroup, the levels of T-tau significantly correlated with ordinal GOSE score (Spearman ρ = −0.288, p = 0.035). The levels of T-tau, Aβ40, and Aβ42 were not correlated with the RPCSQ scores.Conclusions: The early levels of T-tau are correlated with the outcome in patients with mTBI, but none of the biomarkers either alone or in any combinations could predict complete recovery in patients with mTBI.

Since the 1990âs, forest resource maps and small area estimates have been produced by combining national forest inventory (NFI) field plot data, optical satellite images and numerical map data using a non-parametric -nearest neighbour method. In Finland, thematic maps of forest variables have been produced by the means of multi-source NFI (MS-NFI) for eight to ten times depending on the geographical area, but the resulting time series have not been systematically utilized. The objective of this study was to explore the possibilities of the time series for monitoring the key ecosystem condition indicators for forests. To this end, a contextual Mann-Kendall (CMK) test was applied to detect trends in time-series of two decades of thematic maps. The usefulness of the observed trends may depend both on the scale of the phenomena themselves and the uncertainties involved in the maps. Thus, several spatial scales were tested: the MS-NFI maps at 16 Ã 16 m pixel size and units of 240 Ã 240 m, 1200 Ã 1200 m and 12â000 Ã 12â000 m aggregated from the MS-NFI map data. The CMK test detected areas of significant increasing trends of mean volume on both study sites and at various unit sizes except for the original thematic map pixel size. For other variables such as the mean volume of tree species groups, the proportion of broadleaved tree species and the stand age, significant trends were mostly found only for the largest unit size, 12â000 Ã 12â000 m. The multiple testing corrections decreased the amount of significant -values from the CMK test strongly. The study showed that significant trends can be detected enabling indicators of ecosystem services to be monitored from a time-series of satellite image-based thematic forest maps.k22222p

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are used in mares to suppress oestrous behaviour, but the underlying mechanism is yet to be elucidated. The presence of an embryo or an IUD prevents cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and, subsequently, prostaglandin (PG) release and luteolysis. However, inflammation may also be involved. Endometrial inflammatory markers in uterine lavage fluid were measured on Day 10 (EXP 1, n = 25) and Day 15 (EXP 2, n = 27) after ovulation in inseminated mares, non-pregnant or pregnant, and in mares in which a small plastic sphere had been inserted into the uterus 4 (EXP 1) or 3 days (EXP 2) after ovulation. Uterine lavage fluid samples were analysed for nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (only EXP 1), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), inhibin A and cytokines, and blood samples for progesterone and oestradiol. On Day 10, the concentration of PGF2α was lower (p < 0.05) in the IUD group than in pregnant mares. The concentration of the modulatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly higher in the IUD group in comparison to non-pregnant mares, and inhibin A was significantly higher in IUD mares than in the pregnant counterparts on Day 15. The results suggest that the presence of IUD causes endometrial inflammation which is at a resolution stage on Day 15.