69 results on '"Keon Sang Ryoo"'
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2. Crystal structure of 3,14-diethyl-2,13-diaza-6,17-diazoniatricyclo[16.4.0.07,12]docosane dinitrate dihydrate from synchrotron X-ray data
- Author
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Dohyun Moon, Sunghwan Jeon, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Jong-Ha Choi
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crystal structure ,protonated macrocycle ,nitrate ,hydrate ,hydrogen bonds ,synchrotron radiation ,Crystallography ,QD901-999 - Abstract
The crystal structure of title salt, C22H46N42+·2NO3−·2H2O, has been determined using synchrotron radiation at 220 K. The structure determination reveals that protonation has occurred at diagonally opposite amine N atoms. The asymmetric unit contains half a centrosymmetric dication, one nitrate anion and one water molecule. The molecular dication, C22H46N42+, together with the nitrate anion and hydrate water molecule are involved in an extensive range of hydrogen bonds. The molecule is stabilized, as is the conformation of the dication, by forming intermolecular N—H...O, O—H...O, together with intramolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds.
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- 2019
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3. Crystal structure of silver [(propane-1,3-diyldinitrilo-κ2N,N′)tetraacetato-κ4O,O′,O′′,O′′′]chromate(III) from synchrotron X-ray data
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Dohyun Moon, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Jong-Ha Choi
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crystal structure ,propane-1,3-diyldinitrilotetraacetate ,silver cation ,chromate(III) complex ,twist-boat conformer ,Crystallography ,QD901-999 - Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, Ag[Cr(C11H14N2O8)]·3H2O, contains one [Cr(1,3-pdta)]− anion [1,3-pdta is (propane-1,3-diyldinitrilo)tetraacetate], one Ag+ cation and three water molecules. The Cr3+ ion is coordinated to the four O and two N atoms of the 1,3-pdta ligand, displaying a distorted octahedral geometry. The mean Cr—N and Cr—O bond lengths are 2.0727 (17) and 1.9608 (15) Å, respectively. The conformations of the chelate rings were found to be envelope for the glycinates and twist-boat for the six-membered diamine (T) ring. The Ag+ cation is surrounded by six O atoms from three non-coordinated carbonyl O atoms of neighbouring 1,3-pdta groups and three water molecules. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding involving the water O—H group as donor and the carboxyl O atom as acceptor.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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4. Crystal structure of bis[trans-dichloridobis(propane-1,3-diamine-κ2N,N′)chromium(III)] dichromate from synchrotron data
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Dohyun Moon, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Jong-Ha Choi
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crystal structure ,propane-1,3-diamine ,chloride ligand ,trans–anti conformation ,chromium(III) complex ,dichromate anion ,hydrogen bonding ,synchrotron radiation ,Crystallography ,QD901-999 - Abstract
The structure of the title compound, [CrCl2(tn)2]2[Cr2O7] (tn = propane-1,3-diamine; C3H10N2), has been determined from synchrotron data. The asymmetric unit contains one CrIII complex cation and half a [Cr2O7]2− anion. In the complex cation, the CrIII ion is coordinated by the four N atoms of two propane-1,3-diamine (tn) ligands in the equatorial plane and by two Cl atoms in a trans configuration, displaying a distorted octahedral coordination sphere. The two six-membered rings in the complex cation have an anti chair–chair conformation with respect to each other. The mean Cr—N(tn) and Cr—Cl bond lengths are 2.09 (1) and 2.320 (2) Å, respectively. The slightly bent dichromate anion is disordered over two sets of sites (occupancy ratio = 0.7:0.3) and has a staggered conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds involving the NH2 groups of the tn ligands as donors and the O atoms of the [Cr2O7]2− anion and chlorido ligands as acceptors.
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- 2016
- Full Text
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5. Crystal structure of bis[trans-(1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-κ4N)bis(thiocyanato-κN)chromium(III)] tetrachloridozincate from synchrotron data
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Dohyun Moon, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Jong-Ha Choi
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crystal structure ,synchrotron radiation ,cyclam ,thiocyanate ligand ,trans-III configuration ,chromium(III) complex ,hydrogen bonding ,Crystallography ,QD901-999 - Abstract
The structure of the title compound, [Cr(NCS)2(cyclam)]2[ZnCl4] (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, C10H24N4), has been determined from synchrotron data. The asymmetric unit contains two independent halves of the CrIII complex cations and half of a tetrachloridozincate anion. In each complex cation, the CrIII atom is coordinated by the four N atoms of the cyclam ligand in the equatorial plane and by two N-bound NCS− anions in a trans axial arrangement, displaying a distorted octahedral geometry with crystallographic inversion symmetry. The mean Cr—N(cyclam) and Cr—N(NCS) bond lengths are 2.065 (4) and 1.995 (6) Å, respectively. The macrocyclic cyclam moieties adopt centrosymmetric trans-III configurations with six- and five-membered chelate rings in chair and gauche configurations, respectively. The [ZnCl4]2− anion, which lies about a twofold rotation axis, has a slightly distorted tetrahedral geometry. The crystal packing is stabilized by hydrogen-bonding interactions between the N—H groups of the cyclam ligands, the S atoms of the NCS− groups and the Cl− ligands of the anion.
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- 2015
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6. Crystal structure of cis-aquabis(2,2′-bipyridine-κ2N,N′)chloridochromium(III) tetrachloridozincate determined from synchrotron data
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Dohyun Moon, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Jong-Ha Choi
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crystal structure ,synchrotron radiation ,2,2′-bipyridine ,chloride ligand ,aqua ligand ,cis-geometry ,chromium(III) complex ,Crystallography ,QD901-999 - Abstract
The structure of the title salt, [CrCl(C10H8N2)2(H2O)][ZnCl4], has been determined from synchrotron data. The CrIII ion is coordinated by four N atoms from two 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy) ligands, one O atom from a water molecule and a chloride anion in a cis arrangement, displaying a distorted octahedral geometry. The tetrahedral [ZnCl4]2− anion is slightly distorted owing to its involvement in O—H...Cl hydrogen bonding with the coordinating water molecule. The Cr—N(bipy) bond lengths are in the range 2.0485 (13)–2.0632 (12) Å, while the Cr—Cl and Cr—(OH2) bond lengths are 2.2732 (6) and 1.9876 (12) Å, respectively. In the crystal, molecules are stacked along the a axis.
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- 2016
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7. Bis[trans-difluoridotetrakis(pyridine-κN)chromium(III)] sodium tetrachloridozincate perchlorate from synchrotron data
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Dohyun Moon, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Jong-Ha Choi
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crystal structure ,Crystallography ,QD901-999 - Abstract
The title salt, Na[CrF2(C5H5N)4]2[ZnCl4]ClO4, consists of two cationic CrIII complexes, an Na+ cation, one [ZnCl4]2− anion and one ClO4− anion. The CrIII atoms are coordinated by four pyridine (py) N atoms and two F atoms in a trans arrangement, displaying a distorted octahedral geometry. The mean Cr—N(py) and Cr—F bond lengths are 2.086 (8) and 1.864 (14) Å, respectively. The [ZnCl4]2− anion has a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The most notable feature of the crystal packing is the formation of weak pyridine–perchlorate C—H...O hydrogen bonds, resulting in supramolecular chains along the b-axis direction. The perchlorate anion was disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.868 (3):0.132 (3) ratio.
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- 2014
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8. cis-(1,4,8,11-Tetraazacyclotetradecane-κN4)bis(thiocyanato-κN)chromium(III) thiocyanate
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Dohyun Moon, Jong-Ha Choi, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Yong Pyo Hong
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Crystallography ,QD901-999 - Abstract
The crystal structure of [Cr(NCS)2(cyclam)]NCS (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, C10H24N4) has been determined by using synchrotron radiation at 98 K. The CrIII atom is in a slightly distorted octahedral environment with four N atoms of the macrocyclic ligand and two N-coordinated NCS− anions in cis positions. The average Cr—N(cyclam) and Cr—NCS bond lengths are 2.085 (5) and 1.996 (15) Å, respectively. In the crystal, the uncoordinating SCN− anion is hydrogen bonded through N—H...S and N—H...N interactions to neighbouring complex cations.
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- 2013
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9. 3,14-Dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[16.4.0.07,12]docosane–(naphthalen-1-yl)methanol (1/2)
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Jong-Ha Choi, Md Abdus Subhan, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Seik Weng Ng
- Subjects
Crystallography ,QD901-999 - Abstract
In the title co-crystal, C20H40N4·2C11H10O, the macrocycle is generated by a crystallographic inversion centre. The N atoms show a pyramidal coordination, and the cyclohexane ring that is fused to the 14-membered C10N4 ring exists in a chair conformation, whereas the methyl substituent occupies an axial site. The (naphthalen-1-yl)methanol molecule forms an O—H...N hydrogen bond to a cyclam N atom. The mean-square-plane passing through the 14-membered ring is approximately coplanar with the naphthalene fused-ring [dihedral angle = 6.6 (1)°].
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- 2012
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10. Study on Causes and Countermeasures for the Mass Death of Fish in Reservoirs in Andong-si
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Su Ho Bae, Sun Jin Hwang, Youn Jung Kim, Cheol Ho Jeong, Seong Yun Kim, and Keon Sang Ryoo
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General Medicine - Published
- 2023
11. Crystal structure of diaqua(3,14-diethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[16.4.0.07,12]docosane)copper(II) (3,14-diethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[16.4.0.07,12]docosane)copper(II) tetrabromide dihydrate, [Cu(C22H44N4)(H2O)2][Cu(C22H44N4)]Br4·2H2O
- Author
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Woo Taik Lim, Jong-Ha Choi, Keon Sang Ryoo, Dohyun Moon, and Sunghwan Jeon
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biology ,Hydrogen bond ,General Chemistry ,Crystal structure ,Condensed Matter Physics ,biology.organism_classification ,Acceptor ,Solvent ,Bond length ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crystallography ,chemistry ,Bromide ,Tetra ,General Materials Science ,Macrocyclic ligand - Abstract
The crystal structure of the new double CuII complex salt, [Cu(L)(H2O)2][Cu(L)]Br4·2H2O (L = 3,14-diethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[16.4.0.07,12]docosane, C22H44N4) has been determined using synchrotron radiation. The asymmetric unit contains one half of a [Cu(L)(H2O)2]2+ cation, one half of a [Cu(L)]2+ cation (both completed by crystallographic inversion symmetry), two bromide anions and one water solvent molecule. The CuII atom in the first complex exists in a tetragonally distorted octahedral environment with the four N atoms of the macrocyclic ligand in equatorial and two aqua ligands in axial positions, whereas the CuII atom in the second complex exists in a square-planar environment defined by the four nitrogen atoms of the macrocyclic ligand. The two macrocyclic rings adopt the most stable trans-III configuration with normal Cu—N bond lengths from 2.016 (3) to 2.055 (3) Å and an axial Cu—O bond length of 2.658 (4) Å. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds involving the macrocycle N—H or C—H groups and the O—H groups of water molecules as donor groups, and the O atoms of water molecules and bromide anions as acceptor groups, giving rise to a one-dimensional network extending parallel to [100].
- Published
- 2021
12. Study on the Morphological Change and Reduction of Nitrogen and Phosphorous in Litter and Compost of Cowshed
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Youngjung Kim, Daeik Kim, Keon Sang Ryoo, Sun-Jin Hwang, and Cheol Ho Jeong
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Compost ,fungi ,food and beverages ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Chemistry ,engineering.material ,Nitrogen ,Reduction (complexity) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Animal science ,chemistry ,Struvite ,engineering ,Litter - Abstract
Litter and compost were obtained at a cowshed of a livestock farm in Andong city in Korea. The morphological change of nitrogen and phosphorous from these samples were examined and suggested a more useful and realistic way for reducing them. Constituents and their content of sample were identified by XRF. The nitrite ion (NO2 −), nitrate ion (NO2 −) and phosphate ion (PO4 3−) and ammonium ion (NH4 +), total phosphorous (T-P) and total nitrogen (T-N) released from sample were analyzed using ion chromatograph and UV/Vis spectrometry. As the results of this study, the ammonia in the early stage of cow excretion is a need to make an ammonia gas state that can be immediately volatile by increasing the pH. Nitrogen and phosphorous, the main source of nutrition in green algal bloom can be reduced by transforming insoluble salts such as calcium phosphate (CaHPO4·3H2O) and struvite (NH4MgPO4·6H2O), respectively, with addition of Ca and Mg after stimulating fermentation of compost.
- Published
- 2021
13. Synthesis, Spectroscopic Properties and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis of 3,14-Dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazoniatricyclo(16.4.0.07,12)docosane Tetrachloride Tetrahydrate
- Author
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Milan Mazúr, Ján Moncol, Sunghwan Jeon, Jong-Ha Choi, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Marian Valko
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Tetrahydrate ,Chemistry ,Tetrachloride ,Physical chemistry ,General Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences - Abstract
Single crystals of 3,14-dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazoniatricyclo(16.4.0.07,12)docosane tetrachloride tetrahydrate compound, [C20H44N4]Cl4·4H2O (1), were obtained by a novel synthetic route and characterized by elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction. The synthesized compound crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/n with two molecules of compound 1 in the unit cell [a = 7.5548(3) Å, b = 23.1838(8) Å, c = 8.3101(4) Å; β = 103.390(3)º]. The asymmetric unit contains half a centrosymmetric macrocyclic cation, two chloride anions and two water molecules. The organic [C20H44N4]4+ fragment of 1 adopts an exodentate [3,4,3,4]-D conformation. The C–C and N–C bond lengths of the macrocyclic tetracation range 1.525(3)-1.540(3) Å and 1.505(3)-1.519(3) Å, respectively. A three-dimensional hydrogen bonding network provides crystal cohesion through O–H···Cl, N–H···Cl and N–H···O interactions between organic cations, chloride anions and water molecules. The functional groups present in the crystal were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The Hirshfeld surface analysis and 2D fingerprint plots revealed that the crystal packing in 1 is dominated by H···H, Cl···H/H···Cl and O···H/H···O contacts.
- Published
- 2021
14. Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis of 3,14-Dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo(16.4.0.07,12)docosane-2-(nitric acid)
- Author
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Keon Sang Ryoo, Jong-Ha Choi, Sunghwan Jeon, and Dohyun Moon
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crystallography ,Chemistry ,Nitric acid ,General Chemistry ,Crystal structure ,010402 general chemistry ,010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences - Abstract
The crystal structure of 3,14-dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo(16.4.0.07,12)docosane-2-(nitric acid), C20H40N4·2(NO2OH) had been determined using synchrotron radiation at 220 K. The compound crystallized in the space group P21/n of the monoclinic system with two mononuclear formula units in a cell of dimensions a = 9.1930(18), b = 10.120(2), c = 12.979(3) Å and β = 101.06(3)º. The asymmetric unit contains half a centrosymmetric macrocycle and one nitric acid molecule. There were two molecules in the unit cell. In structure of macrocycle, C-C and N-C bond lengths were in the range 1.5198(19) to 1.5367(18) Å and 1.4744(16) to 1.4986 (16) Å, respectively. The NO2OH group has one longer N-O bond of 1.3441(18) Å and two shorter N-O bond of 1.2509(19) Å and 1.2510(19) Å, and O-N-O angles of 126.31(14)º, 117.98(14)º and 115.71(14)º. The N-H···O and N-H···N hydrogen bonds interconnect macrocycle (C20H40N4) with nitric acid molecules while two O-H···O hydrogen bonds link the nitric acid molecule to neighboring nitric acid molecule each other. The molecule was stabilized by forming intermolecular N-H···O, N-H−N and O-H···O hydrogen bonds. Hirshfeld surface analysis by 3D molecular surface contours and 2D fingerprint plots have been used to analyze intermolecular interactions present in the crystal.
- Published
- 2020
15. Crystal structure of di-aqua-(3,14-diethyl-2,6,13,17-tetra-aza-tri-cyclo-[16.4.0.0
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Dohyun, Moon, Sunghwan, Jeon, Woo Taik, Lim, Keon Sang, Ryoo, and Jong-Ha, Choi
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crystal structure ,synchrotron radiation ,macrocycle ,hydrogen bonding ,double copper(II) complex ,Research Communications ,bromide - Abstract
In the title complex, [Cu(C22H44N4)(H2O)2][Cu(C22H44N4)]Br4·2H2O, each of the two complex cations lies about an inversion center. The two macrocyclic rings adopt the most stable trans-III configuration. In the crystal, O—H⋯Br, N—H⋯Br, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect the complex cations, bromide anions, semi-coordinating H2O ligands and water solvent molecules, forming a one-dimensional network extending parallel [100]., The crystal structure of the new double CuII complex salt, [Cu(L)(H2O)2][Cu(L)]Br4·2H2O (L = 3,14-diethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[16.4.0.07,12]docosane, C22H44N4) has been determined using synchrotron radiation. The asymmetric unit contains one half of a [Cu(L)(H2O)2]2+ cation, one half of a [Cu(L)]2+ cation (both completed by crystallographic inversion symmetry), two bromide anions and one water solvent molecule. The CuII atom in the first complex exists in a tetragonally distorted octahedral environment with the four N atoms of the macrocyclic ligand in equatorial and two aqua ligands in axial positions, whereas the CuII atom in the second complex exists in a square-planar environment defined by the four nitrogen atoms of the macrocyclic ligand. The two macrocyclic rings adopt the most stable trans-III configuration with normal Cu—N bond lengths from 2.016 (3) to 2.055 (3) Å and an axial Cu—O bond length of 2.658 (4) Å. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds involving the macrocycle N—H or C—H groups and the O—H groups of water molecules as donor groups, and the O atoms of water molecules and bromide anions as acceptor groups, giving rise to a one-dimensional network extending parallel to [100].
- Published
- 2021
16. Adsorption Of No3--N And Po43--P in Aqueous Solution Using Granular Activated Charcoal (Gac)
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Keon Sang Ryoo and Yong Pyo Hong
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Langmuir ,symbols.namesake ,Thermogravimetric analysis ,Adsorption ,Aqueous solution ,Activated charcoal ,Chemistry ,symbols ,Langmuir adsorption model ,Freundlich equation ,BET theory ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
In this study, adsorption of NO3- -N and PO43--P on granular activated charcoal (GAC) was investigated depending on pH, agitation time, GAC dosage, adsorption capacity and adsorption isotherms by employing batch adsorption type. The GAC was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTA), scanning electron micrograph coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and BET surface area analyzer. The GAC exhibited nearly similar adsorption equilibrium time. Both NO3--N and PO43—P appeared to approach equilibrium after approximately 4 h of agitation time. In the adsorption equilibrium, the removal efficiencies of NO3- -N and PO43--P were found to be 14.6-66.0 % and 52.4-99.0 %, respectively. The adsorption data for NO3--N and PO43--P was correlated to Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm model and the equilibrium data was fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model due to their higher correlation coefficient (R2) value. The Langmuir adsorption capacity was 1.54 and 2.56 mg g-1 for NO3--N and PO43--P, respectively, which suggests that the GAC is a good adsorbent for removal of NO3--N and PO43—P from water.
- Published
- 2018
17. Crystal structure of silver [(propane-1,3-diyldinitrilo-κ2N,N′)tetraacetato-κ4O,O′,O′′,O′′′]chromate(III) from synchrotron X-ray data
- Author
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Keon Sang Ryoo, Jong-Ha Choi, and Dohyun Moon
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crystal structure ,Crystal structure ,010402 general chemistry ,010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry ,Ring (chemistry) ,01 natural sciences ,Ion ,lcsh:Chemistry ,chromate(III) complex ,General Materials Science ,biology ,Hydrogen bond ,Chemistry ,Ligand ,General Chemistry ,silver cation ,Condensed Matter Physics ,biology.organism_classification ,Acceptor ,twist-boat conformer ,0104 chemical sciences ,propane-1,3-diyldinitrilotetraacetate ,Bond length ,Crystallography ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,Tetra - Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, Ag[Cr(C11H14N2O8)]·3H2O, contains one [Cr(1,3-pdta)]−anion [1,3-pdta is (propane-1,3-diyldinitrilo)tetraacetate], one Ag+cation and three water molecules. The Cr3+ion is coordinated to the four O and two N atoms of the 1,3-pdta ligand, displaying a distorted octahedral geometry. The mean Cr—N and Cr—O bond lengths are 2.0727 (17) and 1.9608 (15) Å, respectively. The conformations of the chelate rings were found to be envelope for the glycinates and twist-boat for the six-membered diamine (T) ring. The Ag+cation is surrounded by six O atoms from three non-coordinated carbonyl O atoms of neighbouring 1,3-pdta groups and three water molecules. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding involving the water O—H group as donor and the carboxyl O atom as acceptor.
- Published
- 2018
18. Sorption of Ni(II) and Cr(III) ions by the Chironomus yoshimatsui larvae from wastewater
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Keon Sang Ryoo
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Chromium ,symbols.namesake ,Larva ,chemistry ,Wastewater ,Kinetics ,symbols ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Langmuir adsorption model ,Sorption ,Freundlich equation ,Nuclear chemistry ,Ion - Abstract
In this study, Chironomus yoshimatsui larvae were applied to remove Ni(II) and Cr(III) ions from wastewater. The sorption studies were carried out using laboratory-reared C. y. larvae. It was found that C. y. larvae are very susceptible to Cr(III) as compared to Ni(II). The survival capacity of C. y. larvae was sharply reduced when exposed to even low Cr(III) concentration. Sorption isotherm and kinetics of C. y. larvae for Ni(II) were determined by means of controlled experiments in a batch system. It was observed that sorpyion efficiency of Ni(II) was largely concentration dependent and more effective at lower concentration. At each equilibrium, Ni(II) was removed up to roughly 44∼80 %. Sorption data were better fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model because of its correlation coefficient R2 value greater than that of the Freundlich isotherm model. The sorption kinetics by C. y. larvae for Ni(II) was well described a pseudo-first-order rate expression. C. y. larvae have enormous potential for application in wastewater treatment technologies because they are widespread and abundant all around the world and can be easily kept in culture.
- Published
- 2018
19. Burrowing behavior of Chironomus yoshimatsui larvae as an indicator of freshwater quality
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Keon Sang Ryoo, Hyoung ho Mo, Jino Son, Yeon Jae Bae, and Kijong Cho
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021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,Cadmium ,Larva ,Ecology ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,General Decision Sciences ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,STREAMS ,010501 environmental sciences ,Biology ,Burrow ,01 natural sciences ,Acute toxicity ,Chironomus yoshimatsui ,Toxicology ,chemistry ,Ecotoxicology ,Ecotoxicity ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
A new behavioral endpoint in ecotoxicity testing, burrowing behavior of Chironomus yoshimatsui larvae that survived pre-exposure to 0, 1, 5, and 10 mg/L of cadmium for 96 h was evaluated in a system composed of clean reconstituted water and sand for 5 h, at 30 min intervals. The effective time required for 50% of the introduced larvae to burrow (ET50), the proportion of the maximum burrowing rate reached during a 5 h period (BR5h), and the area under the curve at 5 h (AUC5h) were calculated based on the fitted relationship between burrowing rate and elapsed time. These effect parameters were chosen because they take into account either the burrowing speed of the larvae (ET50), or the proportion of the maximum burrowing rate reached during a 5 h period (BR5h), or both (AUC5h). We found that higher cadmium concentrations resulted in longer ET50 and lower AUC5h values. Additionally, field water samples were collected from streams near residential, natural, agricultural, and industrial areas in Ansan City, Korea in 2014 and 2015, and were used to validate the proposed burrowing test method. The results of the burrowing tests with field collected water samples also confirmed the sensitivity of burrowing activity as an ecotoxicity endpoint, indicated by the large differences among the ET50, BR5h, and AUC5h across the sampling sites and dates with industrial sites strongly affecting burrowing behavior. This study clearly showed that the proposed burrowing test could provide information that would not be detected with the existing acute toxicity tests, within a relatively short time, and can therefore be used as a complement to existing chemical analyses and acute toxicity tests.
- Published
- 2018
20. Spectroscopic Properties and Magnetic Behavior of [Cr(urea)6][Cr2O7]Br·H2O
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Keon Sang Ryoo, Takashiro Akitsu, Jong-Ha Choi, and Shinnosuke Tanaka
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Absorption spectroscopy ,Chemistry (miscellaneous) ,Chemistry ,Urea ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Infrared spectroscopy ,010402 general chemistry ,010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Nuclear chemistry - Published
- 2017
21. Crystal structure of bis[trans-dichloridobis(propane-1,3-diamine-κ2N,N′)chromium(III)] dichromate from synchrotron data
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Keon Sang Ryoo, Dohyun Moon, and Jong-Ha Choi
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crystal structure ,Coordination sphere ,Stereochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Crystal structure ,Staggered conformation ,010402 general chemistry ,010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Ion ,Research Communications ,chromium(III) complex ,lcsh:Chemistry ,Chromium ,General Materials Science ,dichromate anion ,chloride ligand ,Chemistry ,Hydrogen bond ,synchrotron radiation ,General Chemistry ,Condensed Matter Physics ,hydrogen bonding ,propane-1,3-diamine ,0104 chemical sciences ,propane-1,3-diamine ,Bond length ,Crystallography ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,trans–anti conformation ,Amine gas treating - Abstract
In the title organic–inorganic salt, [CrCl2(tn)2]2[Cr2O7] (tn is propane-1,3-diamine), the CrIII ions are coordinated by four N atoms from two tn ligands and two chloride ions in a trans geometry, displaying a distorted octahedral arrangement. The crystal packing is stabilized by N—H⋯Cl and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds., The structure of the title compound, [CrCl2(tn)2]2[Cr2O7] (tn = propane-1,3-diamine; C3H10N2), has been determined from synchrotron data. The asymmetric unit contains one CrIII complex cation and half a [Cr2O7]2− anion. In the complex cation, the CrIII ion is coordinated by the four N atoms of two propane-1,3-diamine (tn) ligands in the equatorial plane and by two Cl atoms in a trans configuration, displaying a distorted octahedral coordination sphere. The two six-membered rings in the complex cation have an anti chair–chair conformation with respect to each other. The mean Cr—N(tn) and Cr—Cl bond lengths are 2.09 (1) and 2.320 (2) Å, respectively. The slightly bent dichromate anion is disordered over two sets of sites (occupancy ratio = 0.7:0.3) and has a staggered conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds involving the NH2 groups of the tn ligands as donors and the O atoms of the [Cr2O7]2− anion and chlorido ligands as acceptors.
- Published
- 2016
22. Crystal structure of diaqua(3,14-diethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[16.4.0.07,12]docosane)copper(II) (3,14-diethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[16.4.0.07,12]docosane)copper(II) tetrabromide dihydrate, [Cu(C22H44N4)(H2O)2][Cu(C22H44N4)]Br4·2H2O.
- Author
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Dohyun Moon, Sunghwan Jeon, Woo Taik Lim, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Jong-Ha Choi
- Subjects
CRYSTAL structure ,MACROCYCLIC compounds ,SYNCHROTRON radiation ,CHEMICAL bond lengths ,COPPER ,HYDROGEN bonding ,ATOMS ,SCHIFF bases - Abstract
The crystal structure of the new double Cu
II complex salt, [Cu(L)(H2 O)2 ][Cu(L)]Br4 ·2H2 O (L = 3,14-diethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[16.4.0.07,12 ]docosane, C22 H44 N4 ) has been determined using synchrotron radiation. The asymmetric unit contains one half of a [Cu(L)(H2 O)2 ]2+ cation, one half of a [Cu(L)]2+ cation (both completed by crystallographic inversion symmetry), two bromide anions and one water solvent molecule. The CuII atom in the first complex exists in a tetragonally distorted octahedral environment with the four N atoms of the macrocyclic ligand in equatorial and two aqua ligands in axial positions, whereas the CuII atom in the second complex exists in a square-planar environment defined by the four nitrogen atoms of the macrocyclic ligand. The two macrocyclic rings adopt the most stable trans-III configuration with normal Cu—N bond lengths from 2.016 (3) to 2.055 (3) Å and an axial Cu—O bond length of 2.658 (4) Å. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds involving the macrocycle N—H or C—H groups and the O—H groups of water molecules as donor groups, and the O atoms of water molecules and bromide anions as acceptor groups, giving rise to a one-dimensional network extending parallel to [100]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Crystal structure of silver [(propane-1,3-diyl-dinitrilo-κ
- Author
-
Dohyun, Moon, Keon Sang, Ryoo, and Jong-Ha, Choi
- Subjects
crystal structure ,propane-1,3-diyldinitrilotetraacetate ,chromate(III) complex ,silver cation ,twist-boat conformer ,Research Communications - Abstract
In the title complex, the Cr3+ ion is coordinated by the four O and two N atoms of the 1,3-pdta ligand, displaying a distorted octahedral geometry. The Ag+ cation is surrounded by six O atoms from neighboring 1,3-pdta groups and water molecules., The asymmetric unit of the title compound, Ag[Cr(C11H14N2O8)]·3H2O, contains one [Cr(1,3-pdta)]− anion [1,3-pdta is (propane-1,3-diyldinitrilo)tetraacetate], one Ag+ cation and three water molecules. The Cr3+ ion is coordinated to the four O and two N atoms of the 1,3-pdta ligand, displaying a distorted octahedral geometry. The mean Cr—N and Cr—O bond lengths are 2.0727 (17) and 1.9608 (15) Å, respectively. The conformations of the chelate rings were found to be envelope for the glycinates and twist-boat for the six-membered diamine (T) ring. The Ag+ cation is surrounded by six O atoms from three non-coordinated carbonyl O atoms of neighbouring 1,3-pdta groups and three water molecules. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding involving the water O—H group as donor and the carboxyl O atom as acceptor.
- Published
- 2017
24. Spectroscopic Properties and Ligand Field Analysis of trans-[Cr(Me2tn)2(OH)(H2O)](ClO4)2
- Author
-
Jong-Ha Choi, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Yong Pyo Hong
- Subjects
Ligand field theory ,Crystallography ,Absorption spectroscopy ,Chemistry (miscellaneous) ,Stereochemistry ,Ligand ,Atomic electron transition ,Chemistry ,Alkane stereochemistry ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Infrared spectroscopy ,Absorption (chemistry) ,Conformational isomerism - Abstract
tn chelate rings in thecomplex adopted a stable anti conformation on the coor-dination plane not including syn conformer. However, thedetailed IR and electronic absorption spectral propertieshave not been published yet. In this study, the four elec-tronic bands due to spin-allowed transitions were assigned.Using the observed electronic transitions, a ligand fieldanalysis was performed to determine the metal-ligand bond-ing properties for the coordinated atoms toward chro-mium (III).
- Published
- 2014
25. Synthesis, Characterization and Crystal Structure of trans-Aquahydroxobis(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine)chromium(III) Diperchlorate
- Author
-
Dohyun Moon, Chang-Seop Lee, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Jong-Ha Choi
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Crystallography ,Transition metal ,Chemistry ,Stereochemistry ,Cyclohexane conformation ,Molecule ,General Chemistry ,Crystal structure ,Ring (chemistry) ,Conformational isomerism ,Cis–trans isomerism ,Coordination complex - Abstract
Chromium is the seventh most abundant element on earth. 1 It occurs in various oxidation states ranging from Cr(II) to Cr(VI) with trivalent and hexavalent states being the most stable and common in terrestrial environments. The coordination chemistry of chromium(III) complexes is relevant to third generation solar photoconversion scheme. 2 The geometrical isomerism and conformation in transition metal complexes with mixed ligands are very important in the medical application, and likely to be a major factor in determining the antiviral activity and its side-effect. 3,4 2,2Dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine (Me2tn, Fig. 1) is a bidentate ligand that can coordinate to the central metal ion by forming six-membered chelate ring with a chair conformation. The trans-[Cr(Me2tn)2(OH)(H2O)] 2+ can adopt either the trans or cis geometric isomer. In addition, two different kinds of conformation with respect to the chelate rings of Me2tn occur in the trans isomer, as shown in the bottom of Figure 1. The carbon atoms of the two chelate rings of the two conformers may be on the same side (syn conformer) or on the opposite side (anti conformer) of the coordination plane. In the case of trans-anti/syn-[Cr(Me2tn)2Cl2]Cl, trans-anti/ syn-[Cr(Me2tn)2Br2]2Br2·HClO4·H2O and trans-anti/syn[Cr(Me2tn)2Br2]Br, independent syn and anti conformational isomers were found within the same crystals. 5-7 However, structural analyses of trans-anti-[Cr(Me2tn)2(NCS)2]NCS·1/2H2O, trans-anti-[Cr(Me2tn)2Cl2]ClO4, and trans-anti-[Cr(Me2tn)2Cl2]2ZnCl4 indicated that two chelate rings of Me2tn ligands were only in the anti chair-chair conformation. 6-9 The different conformations of the two sixmembered chelate rings of Me2tn ligands may be dependent on the crystallographic disorder, packing forces, hydrated molecules and counter anions in the crystals. The factors which determine the stability of these geometric conformations are subtle and complicated. 5-9 X-ray crystallography is generally used to establish the presence of either conformation but the syn or anti conformer of the six-membered chelate rings cannot be readily discriminated by infrared and visible absorption spectroscopy. The elucidation of the factors that stabilize the either the syn- or anti-conformation in these complex cations continues to be of interest. Here we report the synthesis, crystal structure and spectroscopic properties of the trans-anti-[Cr(Me2tn)2(OH)(H2O)](ClO4)2 with the purpose of elucidating the influence of Odonor ligands occupying the axial positions and counter anions, on the geometry and the conformation referring to the position of the carbon atoms of the Me2tn chelate rings with respect to the equatorial coordination plane.
- Published
- 2014
26. Evaluation of Loess Capability for Adsorption of Total Nitrogen (T-N) and Total Phosphorous (T-P) in Aqueous Solution
- Author
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Jong-Ha Choi, Daeik Kim, Yong Pyo Hong, and Keon Sang Ryoo
- Subjects
Aqueous solution ,Chemistry ,Contact time ,Enthalpy ,Analytical chemistry ,Langmuir adsorption model ,Mineralogy ,General Chemistry ,symbols.namesake ,Adsorption ,Loess ,Total nitrogen ,symbols ,Freundlich equation - Abstract
The aim of the present study is to explore the possibility of utilizing loess for the adsorption of total phosphorous (T-P) and total nitrogen (T-N) in water. Batch adsorption studies were performed to evaluate the influences of various factors like initial concentration, contact time and temperature on the adsorption of T-P and T-N. The adsorption data showed that loess is not effective for the adsorption of T-N. However, loess exhibited much higher adsorption capacity for T-P. At concentration of 1.0 mg L �1 , approximately 97% of TP adsorption was achieved by loess. The equilibrium data were fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model appeared to be the better-fitting model because it has higher R 2 compared with the pseudo-first-order and intra-particle kinetic model. The theoretical adsorption equilibrium qe,cal from pseudo-second-order kinetic model was relatively similar to the experimental adsorption equilibrium qe,exp. The thermodynamic parameters such as free energy ΔG, the enthalpy ΔH and the entropy ΔS were also calculated.
- Published
- 2014
27. A study on Biosorptive Removal of Cd from Wastewater using Chironomid Larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae)
- Author
-
Min Jeong Baek, Yeon Jae Bae, Kijong Cho, and Keon Sang Ryoo
- Subjects
biology ,Wastewater ,Environmental chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,Chironomidae ,Chironomid larvae - Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) has caused serious public health problem due to its toxic nature. It is necessary to find a cost-effective method to dispose of wastewater containing Cd. Chironomid larvae as an alternative to conventional adsorbents were applied to remove Cd from wastewater. The sorption studies of Cd were carried out using laboratory-reared Glyptotendipes tokunagai (Diptera: Chironomidae) larvae. Kinetic and sorption capacity of chironomid larvae for Cd were determined by means of controlled experiments in a batch system. It was observed that removal efficiency of Cd was largely concentration dependent and more effective in lower concentration. At equilibrium, Cd was removed up to roughly 53 %. The sorption kinetics were found to conform to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model with a good correlation. Equilibrium sorption data were best fitted to the both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models owing to their correlation coefficient R2 values greater than 0.99. Considering the values obtained from isotherm constants 1/n and r, it is confirmed that Cd is sorbed favorably by chironomid larvae. With its relatively high removal capability for Cd, Chironomid larvae have enormous potential for application in wastewater treatment technologies.
- Published
- 2014
28. Efficient Synthetic Method for Oriental Beetle Sex Pheromone, (Z)-7-Tetradecen-2-one
- Author
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Jong-Ha Choi, Young Bin Kwon, Yong Pyo Hong, and Keon Sang Ryoo
- Subjects
biology ,Chemistry (miscellaneous) ,Sex pheromone ,Oriental beetle ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Zoology ,7-tetradecen-2-one ,biology.organism_classification - Published
- 2013
29. Comparative Study on Adsorptive Characteristics of Diazinon in Water by Various Adsorbents
- Author
-
Hun Sim, Jong-Ha Choi, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Sun Young Jung
- Subjects
Diazinon ,Chemistry ,Inorganic chemistry ,Enthalpy ,General Chemistry ,Endothermic process ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,Spontaneous process ,Fly ash ,Environmental chemistry ,medicine ,Freundlich equation ,Activated carbon ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The aim of the present study is to explore the possibility of utilizing fly ash and loess, as alternative to activated carbon, for the adsorption of diazinon in water. Batch adsorption experiment was performed to evaluate the influences of various factors like initial concentration, contact time and temperature on the adsorption of diazinon. The adsorption data shows that fly ash is not effective for the adsorption of diazinon. The equilibrium data for both activated carbon and loess were fitted well to the Freundlich isotherm model. The pseudo-secondorder kinetic model appeared to be the better-fitting model because it has higher R 2 compared to the pseudofirst-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters such as free energy (ΔG), the enthalpy (ΔH) and the entropy (ΔS) were calculated. Contrary to loess, the ΔG values of activated carbon were negative at the studied temperatures. It indicates that the adsorption of diazinon by activated carbon is a favorable and spontaneous process. The positive ΔH values of activated carbon and loess suggest that the diazinon adsorption process is endothermic in nature. In addition, the positive ΔS values show that increased randomness occurs at the solid/ solution surface during the adsorption of diazinon.
- Published
- 2013
30. Technical Development for Chemical Treatment of Brominated Flame Retardant Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
- Author
-
Keon Sang Ryoo, Sung-Wook Hong, and Yong Pyo Hong
- Subjects
Reaction conditions ,Biphenyl ,endocrine system ,Chemical treatment ,Successive elimination ,Polyethylene ,Chemical reaction ,humanities ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ,chemistry ,Chemistry (miscellaneous) ,Environmental chemistry ,Brominated flame retardant ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,reproductive and urinary physiology - Abstract
A chemical reaction of PBDEs was implemented using the polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and KOH, along with different reaction conditions such as temperatures and times. Removal efficiencies of PBDEs before and after chemical reac- tion were examined by difference of concentration. PBDEs was not removed at lower temperatures of 25 and 50 o C. However, under the increased temperature, removal efficiency of PBDEs in σ-xylene was gradually increased, showing completely removal of PBDEs containing 5−6 bromines on biphenyl frame. When increasing the reaction conditions to 4 hours and 150 o C, removal efficiency of PBDEs reached almost 100%. In studying the reaction of PEGs with PBDEs, it confirmed that the PBDEs led to less bro- minated by PEGs through a stepwise process with the successive elimination of bromines.
- Published
- 2013
31. Comparison of Adsorptive Removal of Total Nitrogen (T-N) and Total Phosphorous (T-P) in Aqueous Solution using Granular Activated Charcoal (GAC)
- Author
-
Yong Pyo Hong, Jong-Ha Choi, and Keon Sang Ryoo
- Subjects
Exothermic reaction ,symbols.namesake ,Aqueous solution ,Adsorption ,Activated charcoal ,Chemistry ,Enthalpy ,Analytical chemistry ,symbols ,Total nitrogen ,Thermodynamics ,Langmuir adsorption model ,Endothermic process - Abstract
The present study is to explore the possibility of utilizing granular activated charcoal (GAC) for the removal of total phosphorous (T-P) and total nitrogen (T-N) in aqueous solution. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to determine the influences of various factors like initial concentration, contact time and temperature. The adsorption data showed that GAC has a similar adsorption capacity for both T-N and T-P. The adsorption degree of T-N and T-P on GAC was highly concentration dependent. It was found that the adsorption capacity of GAC is quite favorable at a low concentration. At concentrations of 1.0 mg L -1 of T-P and 2.0 mg L -1 of T-N, approximately 97 % of adsorption was achieved by GAC. The equilibrium data were fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model appeared to be the better-fitting model because it has higher R 2 compared with the pseudo-first-order and intra-particle kinetic model. The theoretical adsorption equilibrium q e,cal from pseudo-second-order kinetic model were relatively similar to the experimental adsorption equilibrium q e,exp . To evaluate the effect of thermodynamic parameters at different temperatures, the change in free energy Δ G , the enthalpy Δ H and the entropy Δ S were estimated. Except for adsorption of T-P at 278 K, the Δ G values obtained were all negative at the investigated temperatures. It indicates that the present adsorption system occurs spontaneously. The adsorption process of T-N by GAC was exothermic in nature, whereas T-P showed endothermic behavior. In addition, the positive values of Δ S imply that there was the increase in the randomness of adsorption of T-N and T-P at GAC-solution interface.
- Published
- 2013
32. A Comparative Study on Adsorption Characteristics of Total Nitrogen and Phosphorous in Water Using Various Adsorbents
- Author
-
Jong-Ha Choi and Keon Sang Ryoo
- Subjects
Adsorption ,Chemistry (miscellaneous) ,Chemistry ,Loess ,Fly ash ,medicine ,Total nitrogen ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Freundlich equation ,Activated carbon ,medicine.drug ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
The present study is to explore the possibility of utilizing loess and fly ash as well as activated carbon for the adsorptive removal of T-N and T-P in water. Here, we investigated adsorption efficiency and Freundlich constants k and 1/n of each adsorbent. It was found that fly ash has not adsorptive capability for both T-N and T-P in water. Adsorption of T-N from water by loess has not occurred, but showed that adsorption efficiency for T-P reached approximately 57.5% at equi- librium time of 24 hr and room temperature. Activated carbon was shown to be an effective adsorbent for adsorption of T-N from water. Freundlich constant 1/n value of activated carbon represented that adsorptive capability of activated carbon is almost equivalent to loess.
- Published
- 2012
33. A Comparative Study on Adsorption Characteristics of PCBs in Transformer Oil Using Various Adsorbents
- Author
-
Chun Ju Ahn, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Yong Pyo Hong
- Subjects
Transformer oil ,Chemistry ,Activation energy ,Endothermic process ,Adsorption ,Reaction rate constant ,Chemical engineering ,Chemistry (miscellaneous) ,Fly ash ,medicine ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Freundlich equation ,Activated carbon ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The aim of the present study is to explore the possibility of utilizing loess and fly ash as well as activated carbon for the adsorptive removal of PCBs in transformer oil. Here, we investigated the effect of various factors such as temperature (5, 25, 55), contact time (30 min-3 day) and adsorbent does (1, 2.5, 5, 10 g) in detail. It was found that PCBs adsorption rate from transformer oil by activated carbon is more favored than loess at the equilibrium time of 60 minutes. The equilibrium data for both activated carbon and loess is fitted well to the Freundlich isotherm model. The rate constant and activation energy of PCBs adsorption in transformer oil on each adsorbent was analyzed by fitting a kinetic model at 5, 25 and . From the thermodynamic parameters, the PCBs adsorption process for transformer oil/activated carbon and loess system is spontaneous and endothermic in nature.
- Published
- 2012
34. Removal of Diazinon and Heavy Metals in Water by Benthic Macroinvertebrate
- Author
-
Hwa-Sung Lee and Keon-Sang Ryoo
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Diazinon ,Adsorption ,chemistry ,biology ,Benthic zone ,Environmental chemistry ,Midge ,Heavy metals ,STREAMS ,Contamination ,biology.organism_classification ,Effluent - Abstract
The midge samples were undertaken at three streams, representing different surrounding environments, to investigate the contaminant exposure of midge. The content of heavy metals in midge collected in Singil stream were generally higher as a result of input to the industrial effluents with respect to other streams. Adsorption experiments were done to evaluate the possibility of removing contaminants from water with midge. Diazinon and heavy metals were contaminant target compounds in this study. The removal rate of diazinon in water by midge was 60-75%. In the case of Cu, the removal rate was reached around 90% at the lower initial concentration of 1.87 and 0.81 ppm rather than 4.25 ppm. The reduction of concentration of Cr and Cd according to the lapse of time was similar to the Cu, but their removal rates were shown 50% and 60-74%, respectively. The removal rate of Zn by midge represented relatively high level within the experimental condition. No change in concentration of Cr and As with time were occurred at all experimental conditions. It accounts for the fact that the reduction of Cr and As could not be achieved through the adsorption process, using midge.
- Published
- 2012
35. Chemical Treatment of the PCBs-laden Transformer Insulation Oil
- Author
-
Jin-Whan Choi, Jong-Ha Choi, and Keon-Sang Ryoo
- Subjects
Reaction conditions ,Biphenyl ,Chemistry ,Chemical treatment ,food and beverages ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Polyethylene glycol ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nucleophilic aromatic substitution ,law ,Environmental chemistry ,PEG ratio ,Chlorine ,Transformer - Abstract
Practical disposal of transformer insulation oil laden with PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) by a chemical treatment has been studied in field work. The transformer insulation oil containing PCBs was treated by the required amounts of PEG (polyethylene glycol) and KOH, along with different reaction conditions such as temperatures and times. The reaction of PEG with PCBs under basic condition produces arylpolyglycols, the products of nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Removal efficiencies of PCBs in insulation oil before and after chemical treatment were examined. The removal efficiency of PCBs was very low at lower temperatures of 25 and . Under the reaction condition of PEG 600/KOH//2hr, removal efficiency of PCBs was approximately 70%, showing completely removal of PCBs containing 7~9 chlorines on biphenyl frame which appear later than PCB IUPAC Number 183 (2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptaCB) in retention time of GC/ECD. However, when increasing the reaction temperature and time to and 4 hours, removal efficiency of PCBs reached 99.99% without any formation of PCDDS/PCDFs during the process. Such reaction conditions were verified by several official analytical institutions. In studying the reaction of PEG with PCBs, it confirmed that the process of chemical treatment led to less chlorinated PCBs through a stepwise process with the successive elimination of chlorines.
- Published
- 2011
36. Chemical Dechlorination Process of PCBs in Industrial Transformer Oil: Approach to Practical Use
- Author
-
Sang-Hyuk Byun, Jong-Ha Choi, and Keon-Sang Ryoo
- Subjects
Biphenyl ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Potassium hydroxide ,Chemistry ,Transformer oil ,Scientific method ,PEG ratio ,Organic chemistry ,Polyethylene glycol ,Successive elimination ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
A practical and efficient disposal method for chemical dechlorination of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) in transformer oil was evaluated. The transformer oil containing PCBs was treated by the PEG 600 (polyethylene glycol 600) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) along with different reaction temperatures(25, 50, 100 and ) and times(30, 60, 240 and 480 min). The best disposal efficiency of PCBs in transformer oil was attained under the experimental conditions of PEG 600 (2.5 w/w%)/KOH (2.5 w/w%)//4 hrs, showing completely removal of all PCBs containing 3-9 chlorines on two rings of biphenyl. In studying the reaction of PEG/KOH with PCBs, it confirmed that the process led to less chlorinated PCBs through a stepwise process with the successive elimination of chlorines.
- Published
- 2009
37. Enantiomeric Signatures of Organochlorine Pesticides in Asian, Trans-Pacific, and Western U.S. Air Masses
- Author
-
Toby Primbs, Tong Zhu, Liisa M. Jantunen, T. F. Bidleman, Staci L. Massey Simonich, Keon-Sang Ryoo, and Susan A. Genualdi
- Subjects
Hydrology ,Air Pollutants ,Persistent organic pollutant ,Asia ,Stereoisomerism ,Chlordane ,General Chemistry ,Pacific Islands ,United States ,Article ,Chine ,Troposphere ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Soil water ,Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Pesticides ,Enantiomer ,Air mass ,Sea level - Abstract
The enantiomeric signatures of organochlorine pesticides were measured in air masses from Okinawa, Japan and three remote locations in the Pacific Northwestern United States: Cheeka Peak Observatory (CPO), a marine boundary layer site on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington at 500 m above sea level (m.a.s.l); Mary's Peak Observatory (MPO), a site at 1250 m.a.s.l in Oregon's Coast range; and Mt. Bachelor Observatory (MBO), a site at 2763 m.a.s.l in Oregon's Cascade range. The enantiomeric signatures of composite soil samples, collected from China, South Korea, and the western U.S. were also measured. The data from chiral analysis was expressed asthe enantiomeric fraction, defined as (+) enantiomer/(sum of the (+) and (-) enantiomers), where a racemic composition has EF = 0.5. Racemic alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) was measured in Asian air masses at Okinawa and in Chinese and South Korean soils. Nonracemic alpha-HCH (EF = 0.528 +/- 0.0048) was measured in regional air masses at CPO, and may reflect volatilization from the Pacific Ocean and regional soils. However, during trans-Pacific transport events at CPO, the alpha-HCH EFs were significantly more racemic (EF = 0.513 +/- 0.0003, p < 0.001). Racemic alpha-HCH was consistently measured at MPO and MBO in trans-Pacific air masses that had spent considerable time in the free troposphere. The alpha-HCH EFs in CPO, MPO, and MBO air masses were negatively correlated (p = 0.0017) with the amount of time the air mass spent above the boundary layer, along the 10-day back air mass trajectory, prior to being sampled. This suggests that, on the West coast of the U.S., the alpha-HCH in the free troposphere is racemic. Racemic signatures of cis- and trans-chlordane were measured in air masses at all four air sampling sites, suggesting that Asian and U.S. urban areas continue to be sources of chlordane that has not yet been biotransformed.
- Published
- 2009
38. Destruction and Removal of PCBs in Waste Transformer Oil by a Chemical Dechlorination Process
- Author
-
Dong Suk Lee, Keon Sang Ryoo, Jae Seol Song, Young Tae Ryu, Sang Hyuk Byun, Jong-Ha Choi, Yong Pyo Hong, and Hwa-Sung Lee
- Subjects
Biphenyl ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Potassium hydroxide ,Chemistry ,Transformer oil ,Nucleophilic aromatic substitution ,Environmental chemistry ,Treatment process ,PEG ratio ,Organic chemistry ,General Chemistry ,Successive elimination ,Polyethylene glycol - Abstract
A practical and efficient disposal of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) in waste transformer oil by a chemical dechlorination process has been reported. The transformer oil containing commercial PCB mixtures (Aroclor 1242, 1254 and 1260) was treated by the required amounts of PEG 600 (polyethylene glycol 600), potassium hydroxide (KOH) and aluminum (Al), along with different reaction temperatures and times. The reaction of PEG with PCBs under basic condition produces arylpolyglycols, the products of nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The relative efficiencies of PCB treatment process were assessed in terms of destruction and removal efficiency (DRE, %). Under the experimental conditions of PEG600/KOH/Al/100 o C/2hr, average DRE of PCBs was approximately 78%, showing completely removal of PCBs containing 7-9 chlorines on two rings of biphenyl which appear later than PCB no. 183 (2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptaCB) in retention time of GC/ECD. However, when increasing the reaction temperature and time to 150 o C and 240 min, average DRE of PCBs including the most toxic PCBs (PCB no. 77, 105, 118, 123 and 169) in PCB family reached 99.99% or better, with the exception of PCB no. 5 and 8 (2,3-diCB and 2,4'-diCB). In studying the reaction of PEG with PCBs, it confirmed that the process led to less chlorinated PCBs through a stepwise process with the successive elimination of chlorines. The process also permits complete recovery of treated transformer oil through simple segregating procedures.
- Published
- 2007
39. Crystal structure of bis-[trans-(1,4,8,11-tetra-aza-cyclo-tetra-decane-κ(4) N)bis-(thio-cyanato-κN)chromium(III)] tetra-chlorido-zincate from synchrotron data
- Author
-
Jong-Ha Choi, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Dohyun Moon
- Subjects
crystal structure ,Thio ,Crystal structure ,cyclam ,Research Communications ,chromium(III) complex ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,trans-III configuration ,Cyclam ,General Materials Science ,thiocyanate ligand ,Crystallography ,biology ,Chemistry ,Ligand ,Hydrogen bond ,synchrotron radiation ,General Chemistry ,Condensed Matter Physics ,biology.organism_classification ,thiocyanate ligand ,hydrogen bonding ,Bond length ,QD901-999 ,Tetra ,Zincate - Abstract
The CrIII atoms in the title compound show a distorted octahedral coordination with four N atoms of the cyclam ligand in the equatorial plane and two N-coordinated NCS− groups in axial positions. The macrocyclic ligands adopt trans-III configurations. The crystal packing is stabilized by N—H⋯S and N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds., The structure of the title compound, [Cr(NCS)2(cyclam)]2[ZnCl4] (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, C10H24N4), has been determined from synchrotron data. The asymmetric unit contains two independent halves of the CrIII complex cations and half of a tetrachloridozincate anion. In each complex cation, the CrIII atom is coordinated by the four N atoms of the cyclam ligand in the equatorial plane and by two N-bound NCS− anions in a trans axial arrangement, displaying a distorted octahedral geometry with crystallographic inversion symmetry. The mean Cr—N(cyclam) and Cr—N(NCS) bond lengths are 2.065 (4) and 1.995 (6) Å, respectively. The macrocyclic cyclam moieties adopt centrosymmetric trans-III configurations with six- and five-membered chelate rings in chair and gauche configurations, respectively. The [ZnCl4]2− anion, which lies about a twofold rotation axis, has a slightly distorted tetrahedral geometry. The crystal packing is stabilized by hydrogen-bonding interactions between the N—H groups of the cyclam ligands, the S atoms of the NCS− groups and the Cl− ligands of the anion.
- Published
- 2015
40. Photodegradation of Endosulfan alpha, beta, and sulfate in Aqueous Solution by UV Irradiation Only
- Author
-
Mi-Hyang Kim, Keon-Sang Ryoo, Hyun-Gick Hwang, and Hwa-Sung Lee
- Subjects
Hydrolysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Aqueous solution ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,Alpha (ethology) ,Irradiation ,Sulfate ,Photodegradation ,Beta (finance) ,Endosulfan - Abstract
Photodegradation of endosulfan alpha, beta, and sulfate known as the most toxic substance among organochlorine pesticides by UV irradiation was studied at experimental conditions such as different pH aqueous solution and reaction time. The initial concentration of endosulfan alpha, beta, and sulfate in aqueous solution was 500 ppb, respectively. The experiment of photodegradation was conducted in a quartz reactor equipped with a low pressure mercury lamp (100 W, 240 nm). The samples were withdrawn from the photo reactor at intervals of 0, 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, and 4 hr. Endosulfan sulfate was never hydrolyzed and photodegraded in wide range of pH. At pH 5 and reaction time (240 min), endosulfan alpha was photodegraded up to 67%. Both endosulfan alpha and beta were started to photodegrade at pH 6.5 with the lapse of time, resulting in approximately 99.9% and 87.2% of photodegradation efficiency, respectively. Furthermore, at pH 9, endosulfan alpha and beta was partially hydrolyzed and photodegraded to 99.5% at 120 min of reaction time. During the photolysis, any photo-products of endosulfan alpha, beta, and sulfate were not observed.
- Published
- 2006
41. Analytical Head-space Supercritical Fluid Extraction Methodology for the Determination of Organochlorine Compounds in Aqueous Matrix
- Author
-
Jong-Ha Choi, Won Kyoung Lee, Seong-Oon Ko, Keon Sang Ryoo, Yong Pyo Hong, and Yonggyun Kim
- Subjects
Matrix (chemical analysis) ,Solvent ,Analyte ,Chromatography ,Aqueous solution ,Chemistry ,Reagent ,Extraction (chemistry) ,Supercritical fluid extraction ,Analytical chemistry ,Analytical procedures ,General Chemistry - Abstract
The proposed head-space supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methodology as an alternative to an existing conventional procedure was explored for the determination of organochlorine compounds in aqueous matrix. In this study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were utilized as target analytes. To enhance the recovery efficiency, the factors such as the CO 2 density, the extraction time, and the extraction mode were investigated. Furthermore, the analytical procedures and the results obtained were compared with those provided by the conventional method (the U.S. EPA method 8680). Under the optimized conditions, i.e., a combination of static with dynamic SFE mode at 2,000 psi and 40 °C, the head-space SFE methodology gave equivalent or better to the conventional method in recovery efficiencies with clear advantages such as simple sample treatment and fast analysis time as well as reduced solvent and reagent consumption.
- Published
- 2006
42. Crystal structure of 3,14-diethyl-2,13-diaza-6,17-diazoniatricyclo[16.4.0.07,12]docosane dinitrate dihydrate from synchrotron X-ray data.
- Author
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Dohyun Moon, Sunghwan Jeon, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Jong-Ha Choi
- Subjects
CRYSTAL structure ,SYNCHROTRON radiation ,X-ray crystallography ,SYNCHROTRONS ,HYDROGEN bonding ,X-rays ,PROTON transfer reactions - Abstract
The crystal structure of title salt, C
22 H46 N4 2+ ·2NO3 − ·2H2 O, has been determined using synchrotron radiation at 220 K. The structure determination reveals that protonation has occurred at diagonally opposite amine N atoms. The asymmetric unit contains half a centrosymmetric dication, one nitrate anion and one water molecule. The molecular dication, C22 H46 N4 2+ , together with the nitrate anion and hydrate water molecule are involved in an extensive range of hydrogen bonds. The molecule is stabilized, as is the conformation of the dication, by forming intermolecular N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O, together with intramolecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Spectroscopic Properties and Ligand Field Analysis of trans -Dibromo(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-diaminopropane)chromium(III) Moiety
- Author
-
Woo Taik Lim, In-Gyung Oh, Jong-Ha Choi, Keon Sang Ryoo, Yu Chul Park, and Dong Ii Kim
- Subjects
Ligand field theory ,Absorption spectroscopy ,Infrared ,Ligand ,Analytical chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Chemistry ,Chromium ,Crystallography ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Bromide ,Emission spectrum ,Absorption (chemistry) - Abstract
The sharp-line absorption and emission spectra of(H 1 3 O 6 ){trans-[Cr(Me 2 tn) 2 Br 2 ]} 2 Br 2 (Cl0 4 ) (Me 2 tn = 2,2-dimethyl-l,3-diaminopropane) have been measured between 13000 cm - 1 and 16000 cm - 1 at 5 K. The 298 K infrared and visible absorption spectra have also been measured. The nine electronic bands due to spin-allowed and spin-forbidden transitions were assigned. Using observed transitions, a ligand field analysis has been performed to probe the ligand field properties of coordinated atoms in the title chromium(III) complex ion. The zero-phonon line in the sharp-line absorption spectrum splits into two components by 286 cm - 1 , and the large ""Eg splitting can be reproduced by the modern ligand field theory. It is confirmed that nitrogen atoms of the Me 2 tn ligand have a strong cr-donor character, but the bromide has weak σ- and π-donor properties toward chromium(III) ion.
- Published
- 2005
44. Crystal Structure and IR Spectroscopy of cis-[Cr(cyclam)(ONO)2]NO2
- Author
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Keon-Sang Ryoo, Dong-Il Kim, Woo Taik Lim, In-Gyung Oh, Yu-Chul Park, and Jong-Ha Choi
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crystallography ,Chemistry (miscellaneous) ,Chemistry ,Cyclam ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Infrared spectroscopy ,Crystal structure ,Photochemistry - Published
- 2005
45. Static Supercritical Fluid Extraction of PCBs from Soil Matrix
- Author
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Won-Kyoung Lee, Yonggyun Kim, Keon-Sang Ryoo, In-Gyung Oh, and Yong Pyo Hong
- Subjects
Matrix (chemical analysis) ,Chromatography ,Congener ,Chemistry (miscellaneous) ,Chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Extraction (chemistry) ,Supercritical fluid extraction ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Contamination ,Soil contamination ,Standard deviation ,Supercritical fluid - Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) known as environmental contaminants in soil were analyzed by the soil pollution standard process test and the static supercritical extraction mode. It was shown that the percent average recoveries of PCBs by the soil pollution standard process test were ranged in 25-35% and the corresponding standard deviations were above 10%. In contrast, the percent average recoveries of PCBs by the static supercritical extraction mode were 2-2.5 times higher and standard deviations were within 7%. These results indicate that static supercritical extraction mode may be a useful alternative to sample pretreatment certified by the soil pollution standard process test. The increasing supercritical pressure from 1130 psi to 1996 psi at enhanced the recovery of all PCB congeners from soil. However, at same Tc and Pc, the equilibrium time (5 versus 60 minutes) had no effect on the recovery of each PCB congener. Finally, similar PCB recoveries were obtained under the same extraction condition, regardless of the molecular weight and structure (coplanar versus non-coplanar) of PCB congeners.
- Published
- 2003
46. Adsorption of Specific Organics in Water on GAC and Regeneration of GAC by Countercurrent Oxidative Reaction
- Author
-
Tae Dong Kim, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Yoo Hang Kim
- Subjects
Granular activated carbon ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,Countercurrent exchange ,food and beverages ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Chemistry ,Adiabatic flame temperature ,Adsorption ,Environmental chemistry ,Surface structure ,Sewage treatment ,Carbon ,Polychlorinated dibenzofurans - Abstract
Granular activated carbon (GAC) is highly effective in removing organic compounds which are resistant to biological disintegration in wastewater treatment. However, when GAC has reached its full adsorptive capacity, GAC needs to be regenerated before it can be used for a further adsorption cycle. Countercurrent oxidative reaction (COR) technique has been developed and evaluated for the regeneration of spent GAC. Various parameters such as flame temperature, the loss of carbon, destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of organic compounds, surface area, surface structure, adsorptive capacity, etc. were examined to determine the performance of COR. The results of these tests showed that adsorptive capacity of regenerated GAC was completely recovered, the loss of carbon was controllable, flame temperature was high enough to insure complete destruction and removal (≥ 99.9999%) of specific organics of interest, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), that are thermally stable, and no formation of toxic byproducts such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) or polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were detected during the regeneration process. The COR technique is environmentally benign, easy to use and less capital intensive than other available regeneration technologies.
- Published
- 2002
47. Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Ligand Field Properties of trans-Difluorobis(2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine)chromium(III) Perchlorate
- Author
-
Sang Hak Lee, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Jong-Ha Choi
- Subjects
Ligand field theory ,Inorganic chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Chemistry ,Ring (chemistry) ,Metal ,Chromium ,Crystallography ,Perchlorate ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Transition metal ,chemistry ,Diamine ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Conformational isomerism - Abstract
The preparation and characterization of novel chromium(III) complexes have received much attention because the chromium(III) materials are promising materials for tunable solid state laser in the spectral region between 600 and 1100 nm. 1 As a prerequisite for these applications, a detailed study of the spectroscopic and ligand field properties is needed. Furthermore, the geometrical and conformational isomerism in transition metal complexes has been an area of intense activity and has provided much basic structural information. 2 The 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine (Me2tn) as a bidentate ligand can coordinate to a central metal ion forming a six-membered ring, and the spectroscopic properties of the resulting metal complexes can be compared with those of the corresponding complexes containing the unsubstituted tn diamine system. 3
- Published
- 2011
48. Bis[trans-difluoridotetrakis(pyridine-κN)chromium(III)] sodium tetrachloridozincate perchlorate from synchrotron data
- Author
-
Jong-Ha Choi, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Dohyun Moon
- Subjects
Metal-Organic Papers ,crystal structure ,biology ,Hydrogen bond ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Chemistry ,Crystal structure ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Bioinformatics ,biology.organism_classification ,Bond length ,lcsh:Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crystallography ,Perchlorate ,Chromium ,chemistry ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,Pyridine ,Tetra ,General Materials Science ,Zincate - Abstract
The title salt, Na[CrF2(C5H5N)4]2[ZnCl4]ClO4, consists of two cationic CrIIIcomplexes, an Na+cation, one [ZnCl4]2−anion and one ClO4−anion. The CrIIIatoms are coordinated by four pyridine (py) N atoms and two F atoms in atransarrangement, displaying a distorted octahedral geometry. The mean Cr—N(py) and Cr—F bond lengths are 2.086 (8) and 1.864 (14) Å, respectively. The [ZnCl4]2−anion has a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The most notable feature of the crystal packing is the formation of weak pyridine–perchlorate C—H...O hydrogen bonds, resulting in supramolecular chains along theb-axis direction. The perchlorate anion was disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.868 (3):0.132 (3) ratio.
- Published
- 2014
49. cis-(1,4,8,11-Tetra-aza-cyclo-tetra-decane-κN (4))bis(-thio-cyanato-κN)chromium(III) thio-cyanate
- Author
-
Keon Sang Ryoo, Yong Pyo Hong, Dohyun Moon, and Jong-Ha Choi
- Subjects
Metal-Organic Papers ,biology ,Chemistry ,Thio ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Chemistry ,Crystal structure ,Condensed Matter Physics ,biology.organism_classification ,Cyanate ,Medicinal chemistry ,Bond length ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chromium ,Cyclam ,Tetra ,General Materials Science ,Macrocyclic ligand - Abstract
The crystal structure of [Cr(NCS)2(cyclam)]NCS (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetra-aza-cyclo-tetra-deca-ne, C10H24N4) has been determined by using synchrotron radiation at 98 K. The Cr(III) atom is in a slightly distorted octa-hedral environment with four N atoms of the macrocyclic ligand and two N-coordinated NCS(-) anions in cis positions. The average Cr-N(cyclam) and Cr-NCS bond lengths are 2.085 (5) and 1.996 (15) Å, respectively. In the crystal, the uncoordinating SCN(-) anion is hydrogen bonded through N-H⋯S and N-H⋯N inter-actions to neighbouring complex cations.
- Published
- 2013
50. Crystal structure of silver [(propane-1,3-diyldinitrilo- κ²N,N')tetraacetato-κ4O,O',O'',O''']- chromate(III) from synchrotron X-ray data.
- Author
-
Dohyun Moon, Keon Sang Ryoo, and Jong-Ha Choi
- Subjects
- *
SILVER , *CRYSTAL structure , *HYDROGEN bonding - Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, Ag[Cr(C11H14N2O8)]·3H2O, contains one [Cr(1,3-pdta)]- anion [1,3-pdta is (propane-1,3-diyldinitrilo)tetraacetate], one Ag+ cation and three water molecules. The Cr3+ ion is coordinated to the four O and two N atoms of the 1,3-pdta ligand, displaying a distorted octahedral geometry. The mean Cr--N and Cr--O bond lengths are 2.0727 (17) and 1.9608 (15) Å, respectively. The conformations of the chelate rings were found to be envelope for the glycinates and twist-boat for the six-membered diamine (T) ring. The Ag+ cation is surrounded by six O atoms from three noncoordinated carbonyl O atoms of neighbouring 1,3-pdta groups and three water molecules. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding involving the water O--H group as donor and the carboxyl O atom as acceptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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