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La commune de Yamoussoukro dispose de plus de 250 ha de forêts, de sous-bois urbains et d’espaces agraires urbains et péri-urbains, parfaitement intégrés à la trame urbaine. La ville dispose également de dix lacs aménagés qui couvrent environ 150 ha. La présence des caïmans introduits dans ces étangs lacustres constitue une attractivité touristique pour les visiteurs. Au nombre des curiosités touristiques de la ville, l’aménagement ou le ré-aménagement touristique du jardin urbain du Guiglo d’une superficie de 105 ha en un seul tenant en plein centre urbain, pourrait être une réelle opportunité pour promouvoir également l’approche écotouristique qui, subsidiairement, contribuera à la satisfaction des Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD), et offrir un meilleur cadre de vie et un bien-être social à toute la communauté, face aux défis des changements climatiques. La consultation documentaire, couplée à des entretiens directs et semi-directifs avec les personnes ressources sur le terrain ont permis de recueillir des données qui ont fait l’objet d’analyse et de traitement pour appréhender la politique et projet d’aménagement du jardin du Guiglo, les objectifs stratégiques du projet qui reposent sur l’intérêt communautaire et environnemental des espaces verts urbains. Cette approche a permis de saisir la nature des pollutions ainsi que la caractérisation du milieu et des ouvrages qui constituent un préalable à la proposition de solution durable pour la réhabilitation, l’aménagement et la préservation de tout ce patrimoine.

Abstract Tuta absoluta and Bemisia tabaci are two key worldwide tomato pests. In response to chemical control limits, the use of zoophytophagous mirid predators as biocontrol agents is being increasingly studied and proposed for the management of these pests. However, the use of some mirid species and in particular Nesidiocoris tenuis, which naturally occurs in European tomato crops, is controversial due to its ability to inflict significant damage on tomato plants (necrotic rings) in parallel of its high predation capacity. Combining other mirid species such as Macrolophus pygmaeus and Dicyphus errans with N. tenuis could reduce the population growth of T. absoluta and of B. tabaci, while maintaining N. tenuis populations below a critical crop damage threshold. In this study, we tested the effect of combining N. tenuis with M. pygmaeus (at two densities: 10 and 15 individuals per plant) and with or without D. errans (five individuals per plant) on the abundance of all insects (predators and pests) for 8 weeks. We also measured leaf damage by T. absoluta and plant and flower damage (necrotic rings, flower abortion rate) by N. tenuis. We found that the combined presence of D. errans, M. pygmaeus and N. tenuis rapidly and significantly reduced the densities of B. tabaci adults, and T. absoluta larvae and damage compared to when M. pygmaeus (with both densities) was only present with N. tenuis. The presence of D. errans was critical to reduce N. tenuis population growth and necrotic rings on tomato plants, while higher densities of M. pygmaeus density reduced the rate of aborted flowers by N. tenuis. The manipulation of M. pygmaeus densities added to the presence of D. errans could provide a sustainable solution to control multiple pests simultaneously while reducing the damaging phytophagous activity of N. tenuis in tomato crops.

Résumé : La ville de Dabou a été au centre des échanges commerciaux très important pendant la colonisation. Par conséquent, cette ville présente aujourd’hui un patrimoine architectural autour duquel gravite une production nouvelle montrant un foisonnement de constructions modernes. L’intérêt de cette recherche est de mettre en évidence l’avenir des constructions coloniales centenaires de Dabou face à l’extension et à l’avancée irréversible du Grand Abidjan. Cette problématique fonde notre étude en se penchant sur la sauvegarde des édifices qui se tiennent toujours debout et forts. Pour y parvenir, nous avons adopté une méthodologie qui a privilégié l’observation directe de la réalité urbaine de la ville. Il y a donc lieu de réfléchir à des opérations qui s’inscrivent dans une vision durable dans l’optique de toujours maintenir la grandeur, la valeur artistique et exceptionnelle des édifices de l’époque coloniale. C’est donc un défi en termes de conservation. Un accent particulier sera mis sur le Fort qui demeure l’infrastructure coloniale la plus vieille de la ville de Dabou. Mots clés : Architecture, colonial, conservation, Dabou, patrimoine.

Résumé : Les complémenteurs sont des morphèmes grammaticaux caractéristiques de la phrase complexe en baoulé. Ces morphèmes dits complémenteurs sont les marques identificatoires de la phrase complexe dans cette langue kwa. En effet, l’étude a montré que les complémenteurs jouent un rôle déterminant dans la structure interne de l’énoncé complexe en baoulé ; soit en exerçant la fonction syntaxique de conjonction, de cordonnant et/ou de connecteur ; soit en étant en position d’élément introducteur de proposition et d’énumération dans une proposition. Mots-clés : complémenteur, morphème, phrase, complexe.

This study aimed to evaluate the probiotic properties of 10 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from artisanal fermented plantain dockounou paste. A preliminary characterization of the LAB isolates was performed based on phenotypic and several biochemical properties, which was subsequently confirmed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis, indicating that these isolates belonged to the species Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. With regard to safety criteria, the strains exhibited no alpha or beta hemolysis activity. Nevertheless, the majority of LAB strains demonstrated high sensitivity to the antibiotics tested. The results demonstrated that the majority of the strains exhibited remarkably high survival rates under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, such as pH = 1.5 (81.18–98.15%), 0.3% bile salts (68.62–100.89%), 0.4% phenol (40.59–128.24%), as well as 0.1% pepsin and pH = 2.5 (88.54–99.78%). The LAB strains demonstrated elevated levels of cell surface properties, indicative of the presence of a considerable defensive mechanism against pathogens. Intact LAB cells exhibited significant antioxidant abilities (48.18–83.58%). They also demonstrated a pronounced inhibitory effect on the growth of foodborne pathogens. Enzyme pattern analysis revealed that the LAB isolates produced both proteases and cellulases, as well as pectinase and/or amylase activity. The potential of the L. plantarum strains FS43, FS44, and FS48, as indicated by the results obtained from the standard in vitro assays, makes them suitable for further study as potential probiotics.

Résumé: Ce travail fait suite aux préoccupations relatives à l’assassinat du personnage principal de Cronica de una muerte anunciada de Gabriel García Márquez. L’objectif a été d’identifier les raisons qui ont conduit au meurtre et de situer les responsabilités. La sociologie de la littérature est la méthode d’analyse qui nous a permis de mener à bien cette étude. À travers son œuvre, l’auteur a représenté la violence et le sentiment de vengeance dans la société colombienne. La violation du code d’honneur est l’une des causes de ce drame. La mort du protagoniste a été savamment annoncée et divulguée par les assassins dans le but d’amener les habitants à empêcher son accomplissement. Malheureusement, personne n’a pu intervenir. Une fois l’homicide exécuté, les criminelles rejettent leur responsabilité et culpabilisent les forces externes. Dans cette logique, la mort est le produit de la fatalité. Aussi, la société est coupable pour avoir été simple spectatrice et passive. En réalité, l'hypnose collective reflète l'irresponsabilité présente dans les structures sociales. Le présumé violeur du code d’honneur est innocent, c’est ce qui explique le manque de justification de l’acte criminel dans le roman. Márquez incrimine sans détour le code d’honneur qui encourage à tuer pour son compte. Mots-clés : Assassinat, Culpabilité, Roman du crime, Code d’honneur, Société.

Introduction and Objective: Advocate for the knowledge and development of intrahospital therapeutic management of vascular trauma with vascular exposure, in our working conditions. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective study which covered the period from January 2015 to June 2022. It was carried out from the medical records of patients operated on for vascular trauma with exposure of the vessels, in the Cardiovascular Surgery Department at the Abidjan Heart Institute. The following data were studied: epidemiological data, anatomo-clinical characteristics, and therapeutic data. Results: Nine medical records of eight male and one female patient were collected. The average age of the patients was 36 years. Elementary vascular lesions were as follows: complete section of the brachial artery and vein (n = 3), loss of substance of the brachial artery (n = 2), contusion of the brachial artery (n = 1), lateral wound of the ulnar artery (n = 2), and complete section of the radial artery (n = 1). Revascularization consisted in a brachio-brachial arterial bypass using a great saphenous vein graft (n = 3), end-to-end, respectively, arterial and venous anastomosis (n = 3), direct suture of the ulnar artery (n = 2), and in a radio-radial end-to-end arterial anastomosis (n = 1). The covering flaps used were the biceps brachii brachial muscle pedicled flap (n = 6) and the pedicled fasciocutaneous inguinal flap of McGregor (n = 3). The immediate and short-term postoperative follow-up was simple in all patients with scars of good trophicity. Conclusion: The surgical treatment requires skills in plastic surgery for the cardiovascular surgeon or the joint participation, in an emergency, of the cardiovascular surgeon and the plastic surgeon or, if necessary, the management of the patient in two stages. This last therapeutic modality generates additional morbidities and financial cost for the patient.

Abstract Background The use of urban lowlands for agriculture contributes to the food security of city- dwellers, but promotes malaria transmission. The objective of the study was to characterize the entomological drivers of malaria transmission in two lowlands (N’Gattakro and Odiennekourani) in the city of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire. Methods The human landing catch technique was used to capture mosquitoes in houses located at the edge of two lowlands in Bouaké from February to December 2019. Cultivated surfaces were calculated monthly in both lowlands for each crop type (rice and market gardening) using images acquired by a drone. The different mosquito species were identified morphologically and by PCR analysis for the Anopheles gambiae complex. Anopheles infection by Plasmodium parasites was assessed by quantitative PCR. Mosquito diversity, biting behaviour and rhythmicity, and malaria transmission were determined in each lowland and compared. Results Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) was predominant in N’Gattakro and Culex quinquefasciatus in Odiennekourani. Four Anopheles species were identified: An. gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus s.l. in both lowlands, Anopheles pharoensis in N’Gattakro, and Anopheles ziemanni in Odiennekourani. Within the An. gambiae complex, three species were caught: An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.), Anopheles coluzzii, and Anopheles arabiensis for the first time in Côte d’Ivoire (30.1%, 69.9% and 0% in N’Gattakro, and 45.1%, 52.6% and 2.4% in Odiennekourani, respectively). Anopheles gambiae s.l. species exhibited a significant exophagic behaviour in N’Gattakro (77.1% of outdoor bites versus 52.2% in Odiennekourani). In N’Gattakro, 12.6% of captures occurred before bedtime (09.00 pm) and after waking up (05.00 am), 15.1% in Odiennekourani. The mean human biting rate was higher in N’Gattakro than in Odiennekourani (61.6 versus 15.5 bites per person per night). Overall, Anopheles infection rate was 0.68%, with 0.539 and 0.029 infected bites per person per night in N’Gattakro and Odiennekourani, respectively. Conclusion The risk of malaria in urban agricultural lowland areas is uneven. The role of agricultural developments and irrigation patterns in the production of larval habitat should be explored. The exophagic behaviour of Anopheles vectors raises the question of the residual transmission that needs to be assessed to implement appropriate control strategies.

Résumé: La couche tonale du baoulé est composée de cinq (05) unités tonales dont 3 ponctuels, à savoir le ton haut, le ton bas et le ton moyen et deux (02) modulés (haut-bas et bas-haut) réalisables sur douze (12) voyelles dont sept (07) orales (i, u, e, o, ɛ, ɔ et a) et cinq (05) nasales (ĩ, ũ, ɛ̃, ɔ̃ et ã). Le présent article analyse et identifie les voyelles susceptibles de porter plus d’une unité tonale dans un seul environnement vocalique donné. Il s’est agi d’étudier la position des voyelles sur lesquelles plus d’un ton se réalise, c’est-à-dire des voyelles polytoniques. Dans la langue baoulé, il existe d’une part des voyelles qui peuvent porter plus d’un ton dans leur environnement de réalisation et il y a d’autre part des voyelles sur lesquelles il ne peut se réaliser plus d’un ton. Cette manifestation tonale est à l’origine des phénomènes suprasegmentaux d’élévation (upset) ou d’abaissement (downset) de tons. Mots-clés : Ton, baoulé, suprasegment, élévation, abaissement.

The aim of this study is to contribute to the valorization of the cocoa bean varieties “Mercedes” and “Forastero” grown in Côte d’Ivoire. A comparative characterisation of phenolic compounds and minerals in the beans of the “Mercedes” and “Forastero” varieties from two major cocoa production areas of Côte d’Ivoire were determined. The phenolic compounds of cocoa beans were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the minerals by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The study showed that a significant difference at the 5% level was observed in the averages of minerals, cinnamic acid, protocatechic acid, quercetin, coumaric acid, rutin, ellagic acid, veratric acid, epicatechin, ferulic acid and naringenin. On the other hand, no significant difference at the 5% level was observed in the averages of arbutin, catechin, vanillic acid and caffeic acid in the bean kernels analysed in the Divo and Abengourou regions. The proportion of cinnamic acid is (6.18±0.63 mg/100g “Mercedes” Divo), that of ellagic acid is (18.48±0.44 mg/100g “Mercedes” Divo) and that of naringenin is (5.95±0.35 mg/100g “Mercedes” Divo). The amount of potassium is (7569.97±1.51 mg/kg “Forastero” of Abengourou) and that of iron is (179.9 ± 0.70 mg/Kg “Forastero” of Divo). The phenolic compounds and minerals in the cocoa bean samples analysed are highly correlated and rich in antioxidants. They would be beneficial for many biological functions. They can be recommended in pharmacology and cosmetics to fight against oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases.

Abstract Background Previous studies have revealed high malaria transmission in Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire. The sociopolitical crisis in the country and the resulting environmental changes have raised the need to update existing knowledge on mosquito vector species and malaria transmission. Methods Adult mosquitoes were caught using the human landing catch (HLC) sampling method in Bouaké. They were collected in six districts representative of the diversity in urban landscapes. Sampling points were selected along the water network crossing the city and monitored from 2020 to 2021 to detect the presence of anopheline larvae. PCR techniques were used to ascertain the species of the Anopheles gambiae complex, Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite infection in a subset of Anopheles vectors, and insecticide resistance mechanisms in Anopheles arabiensis only. Results A total of 4599 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected and then identified. Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) made up the majority of the whole collection (99%) while Anopheles funestus (0.7%), Anopheles ziemanni (0.2%), Anopheles pharoensis (0.2%) represented the remaining proportion of collection. Among the Anopheles gambiae complex, three species were identified namely An. gambiae sensu stricto (45.9%), Anopheles coluzzii (52.2%), and Anopheles arabiensis (1.9%). The first two species had already been collected in Bouaké, however this is the first time that An. arabiensis is reported in Côte d’Ivoire. Anopheles arabiensis was also collected during the larval surveys in a similar proportion (1.1%) in the same areas as the adults. Conclusions This study detected the presence of An. arabiensis for the first time in Côte d’Ivoire. This species was found quite far from its usual geographic area and its expansion could be linked to the urbanization process. Although no An. arabiensis was found to be infected by Plasmodium sp., its role in malaria transmission in Bouaké has to be explored, particularly since its exophagic behaviour raises the issue of control measures and the use of insecticide-impregnated nets. The spread of this species in Côte d'Ivoire should be assessed through further research in additional towns in the country.

Abstract Background The use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) is one of the main malaria prevention method promoted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Côte d'Ivoire. LLIN-coverage has reached 95% since 2015 and nearly 16 million LLINs were distributed in 2017. Despite these efforts, malaria incidence at the national level remains high (120‰ in 2012 to 164‰ in 2017) although this could be partly explained by increased screening efforts. This study aimed at determining what preventative measures were used against mosquito bites, as well as LLIN maintenance practices used by the inhabitants of the city of Bouaké, capital city of the Gbêkê region with a malaria incidence of 257‰ in 2017. Methods A descriptive qualitative investigation took place in Bouaké, in four neighbourhoods that were selected through purposive sampling based on their social composition. Data were collected using an interview guide based on convenience sampling. Results The results of the study reveal that LLINs are the most reported used malaria prevention measure (66.4%). Environmental health (28.8%) came second in their declarations, smoke coils (23.5%) third and aerosol cans (18.8%) last. The percentage of respondents who answered that they had slept under an LLIN the previous night was 53%. 57.7% reported that they wash their LLINs, 12.1% that they do not wash them, and 4% that they replace dirty LLINs with new ones. The LLINs washing methods described by the respondents did not comply with the WHO recommendations and there was no mention of LLINs repairs. Conclusion Despite mass distributions of LLINs in Côte d'Ivoire, this key malaria control tool remains under-used by the population. Regarding LLIN maintenance, more than half of the population reports that they wash their nets while not complying with recommended practices or repairing them.

Résumé : La prolifération des moyens de diffusion et de réception de la communication et de l’information pousse les citoyens à ne plus fournir suffisamment d’efforts pour s’informer, puisque désormais, c’est l’information qui vient à eux. Il suffit de posséder un appareil connecté à internet pour avoir accès à plusieurs articles publiés sur le web et à tous types d’information. Or, s’informer n’est pas aussi simple qu’on voudrait le faire croire d’autant plus qu’il faut fournir des efforts pour avoir les informations crédibles. À partir des informations diffusées par des sites de la presse en ligne, il s’agira de montrer que toutes les nouvelles qui sont publiées ne sont pas suffisantes pour former et informer le citoyen si ce dernier n’y met pas du sien. Surtout que, ce moyen d’information contient les tares qu’on pourrait reprocher à Internet.

Les journalistes de la presse écrite, afin de rapporter les événements et paroles des acteurs qui font l’actualité, utilisent des verbes et des syntagmes introducteurs du discours rapporté. La manière d’introduire les propos des acteurs et le choix des verbes introducteurs de discours rapporté ne sont pas faits au hasard. En prenant appui sur les travaux portant sur l’analyse du discours des médias et le discours rapporté, il sera question de chercher à savoir pourquoi le journaliste utilise un verbe particulier alors qu’il a à sa disposition plusieurs autres verbes. Notre objectif consistera à montrer que par le choix du verbe, le journaliste cherche à orienter la compréhension des faits chez le lecteur. Par ce procédé, il peut créer une image favorable ou défavorable des acteurs des nouvelles qu’il rapporte, même s’il subsiste d’autres facteurs pouvant influencer cette image.

Since several years, whiteflies of the species complex of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) are causing several damages on vegetable crops in Côte d’Ivoire. These sap-sucking insects are the main vector of many viruses on tomato and several species of this complex have developed resistances against insecticides. Nevertheless, there is very little information about whitefly species on vegetable crops in Côte d’Ivoire. Here, we investigated the species diversity and their genetic diversity and structuring on samples from vegetable crops in the major tomato production areas of Côte d’Ivoire. To assess this diversity, 535 whitefly samples from different localities and plant species were collected and analysed with nuclear (microsatellite) and mitochondrial (mtCOI) markers. In each site, and ecological data were recorded, including whiteflies abundance and plant species colonised by B. tabaci. The analysis of mtCOI sequences of whiteflies indicated the presence of four cryptic species on tomato and associated crops in Côte d’Ivoire. These were MED ASL, MED Q1, SSA 1 and SSA3. The MED ASL species dominated over all samples in the different regions and plant species. One haplotype of MED ASL out of the 15 identified predominated on most plant species and most sites. These results suggested that MED ASL is probably the main phytovirus vector in the Ivorian vegetable cropping areas. In contrast, only five haplotypes of MED Q1 were identified on vegetables but in the cotton-growing areas of the country. Its low prevalence, low nuclear and mitochondrial diversity might indicate a recent invasion of this species on vegetable crops in Côte d’Ivoire. The Bayesian nuclear analysis indicated the presence of hybrid genotypes between the two main species MED ASL and MED Q1, however in low prevalence (10%). All these results highlight the need to maintain whitefly populations monitoring for a more effective management in Côte d’Ivoire.

Abstract Background In some African cities, urban malaria is a threat to the health and welfare of city dwellers. To improve the control of the disease, it is critical to identify neighbourhoods where the risk of malaria transmission is the highest. This study aims to evaluate the heterogeneity of malaria transmission risk in one city (Bouaké) in a West African country (Côte d’Ivoire) that presents several levels of urbanization. Methods Two cross-sectional studies were conducted in three neighbourhoods (Dar-es-Salam, Kennedy and N’gattakro) in Bouaké during both the rainy and dry seasons. Data on insecticide-treated net (ITN) use and blood samples were collected from children aged between 6 months and 15 years to determine the parasite density and the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and the level of IgG against the Anopheles gSG6-P1 salivary peptide, used as the biomarker of Anopheles bite exposure. Results The specific IgG levels to the gSG6-P1 salivary peptide in the rainy season were significantly higher compared to the dry season in all neighbourhoods studied (all p

Tuta absoluta is one of the most damaging pests of tomato crops worldwide. Damage due to larvae may cause up to 100% loss of tomato production. Use of natural enemies to control the pest, notably predatory mirids such as Nesidiocoris tenuis and Macrolophus pygmaeus, is increasingly being promoted. However, considering the potential damage caused to tomatoes by these omnivorous predators in the absence of T. absoluta, an alternative solution could be required to reduce tomato damage and improve the predators' performance. The use of companion plants can be an innovative solution to cope with these issues. The present study aimed to determine the influence of companion plants and alternative preys on the predators' performance in controlling T. absoluta and protecting tomato plants. We evaluated the effect of predators (alone or combined) and a companion plant (sesame (Sesamum indicum)) on T. absoluta egg predation and crop damage caused by N. tenuis. The influence of an alternative prey (Ephestia kuehniella eggs) on the spatial distribution of predators was also evaluated by caging them in the prey presence or absence, either on tomato or sesame plants or on both. We found that the presence of sesame did not reduce the efficacy of N. tenuis or M. pygmaeus in consuming T. absoluta eggs; hatched egg proportion decreased when N. tenuis, M. pygmaeus, or both predators were present. More specifically, this proportion was more strongly reduced when both predators were combined. Sesame presence also reduced necrotic rings caused by N. tenuis on tomato plants. Nesidiocoris tenuis preferred sesame over tomato plants (except when food was provided only on the tomato plant) and the upper part of the plants, whereas M. pygmaeus preferred tomato to sesame plants (except when food was provided only on the sesame plant) and had no preference for a plant part. Combination of predators N. tenuis and M. pygmaeus allows for better coverage of cultivated plants in terms of occupation of different plant parts and better regulation of T. absoluta populations. Sesamum indicum is a potential companion plant that can be used to significantly reduce N. tenuis damage to tomatoes.

In intention to break the civil servants’ strike and bring back the order, the Ivorian government used many means of pressure and sent a lot of messages via mass medias. But it didn’t succeed for the syndicate responsibles have boosted the strike and maintained the mobilization during three successive weeks by other communication means, particularly by SMS sent with telephones. In this paper, we are going to see how the strikers, by using SMS, got round traditional media and reached their targets. In order to achieve this goal, the analysis of medias discourses will permit to establish a parallel between the phenomena concerning traditional mass medias and the messages sent by strikers in order to try to maintain the mobilization.

This article is about the kↄ̀dɛ́, Baoulé speak of the Department of Béoumi. We propose to make a study on the formations and the manifestations of the adverbs of way, time and place in this Baoulé dialect. We analyze not only the modes of formation of the adverbs but also the manifestations of these adverbs in syntactic context. Regarding the adverb in this way, it is formed from the total reduplication of the adjective (when it is formed from an adjectival basis) or from the total reduplication of the adverb (when formed from an adverbial basis). As for the adverbs of time and place, they are not formed on the basis of any other grammatical category and are find several places in the structure of phrase. In the same way, the analyzes relate to the realizations of the tones of these adverbs, namely the adverb of way, the adverb of time and the adverb of place.

Malaria is a parasitic vector disease whose transmission is linked to a combination of multiple factors related to the vector, the parasite, the human host and its environment. In addition to the high prevalence in the tropical zone, the endemic malaria area, there are significant disparities in the transmission of the disease between rural and urban areas, where the highest prevalence of malaria is observed, but also within the cities themselves. While the city, which appears to be unfavourable to the vector and should therefore contribute to reducing malaria transmission, can be observed to maintain it. However, the transmission is uneven because of certain intrinsic characteristics of the city described as heterogeneous, dense and open. In Bouaké, the second largest city in the Ivory Coast after Abidjan, several years of military-political crisis have resulted in emptying some neighborhoods where the bush has regained ground, increasing the density where populations have remained, disrupting the health care system and weakening the economic power of the city dwellers. Using a geographical approach, our study aimed to measure the risk of malaria transmission in urban sub-spaces illustrating the changes undergone by the city during the crisis and to identify the factors that make it possible to explain the spatial disparities in the distribution of malaria. A geographical survey identified Kennedy and Dar-Es-Salam 1 as urban sub-spaces. An update of land use was conducted using field surveys and Google Earth to establish a geographical database for use in the analysis of sociological, parasitological and entomological data which were collected during several field surveys. The land use update showed that only 50.5% of the developed lots were inhabited in Kennedy, compared with 91.5% in Dar-Es-Salam 1. Parasitological data showed that the prevalence of malaria was significantly higher at Kennedy (33.5%) compared to Dar-Es-Salam 1 (10.2%) (p = 0.0001). Similarly, the aggressiveness of vector mosquitoes (Anopheles gambiae s.l.) was higher in Kennedy (20.6 p / h / n) than in Dar-Es-Salam 1 (1.2 p / h / n) (p = 0.0001). Sociological surveys revealed a different use of prevention tools by neighborhood, but rates of possession of long-lasting treated mosquito nets and ways of seeking care were similar. Results showed significant spatial disparities in the transmission of malaria in the two neighborhoods studied, while the practices of prevention and health care do not really differ.

The GH/IGF axis is a major regulator of bone formation and resorption and is essential to the achievement of normal skeleton growth and homeostasis. Beyond its key role in bone physiology, the GH/IGF axis has also major pleiotropic endocrine and autocrine/paracrine effects on mineralized tissues throughout life. This article aims to review the literature on GH, IGFs, IGF binding proteins, and their respective receptors in dental tissues, both epithelium (enamel) and mesenchyme (dentin, pulp, and tooth-supporting periodontium). The present review re-examines and refines the expression of the elements of the GH/IGF axis in oral tissues and their in vivo and in vitro mechanisms of action in different mineralizing cell types of the dento-alveolar complex including ameloblasts, odontoblasts, pulp cells, cementoblasts, periodontal ligament cells, and jaw osteoblasts focusing on cell-specific activities. Together, these data emphasize the determinant role of the GH/IGF axis in physiological and pathological development, morphometry, and aging of the teeth, the periodontium, and oral bones in humans, rodents, and other vertebrates. These advancements in oral biology have elicited an enormous interest among investigators to translate the fundamental discoveries on the GH/IGF axis into innovative strategies for targeted oral tissue therapies with local treatments, associated or not with materials, for orthodontics and the repair and regeneration of the dento-alveolar complex and oral bones.

Abstract Benign cystic mesothelioma is a very rare and uncommon lesion, first reported by Plaut in 1928. It affects young women of reproductive age. It is usually asymptomatic or has non-specific symptoms. Diagnosis remains difficult despite the evolution of imaging, and the histopathological study is the key examination to make the diagnosis. Surgery remains the only curative treatment, regardless of significant rate of recurrence, and until today, no consensus on the therapeutic strategy is established. Keywords: Appendicular mucocoele, benign cystic mesothelioma, laparoscopy, surgery, Author(s): Hamza Sekkat (corresponding author) [1,2]; Jihane El Hamzaoui [1,2]; Kouassi Serge Kouamé Armel [1,2]; Jaouad Naddouri [1,2]; Ahmed Jahid [2,3]; Ihssan Elouarith [2,3]; Youness El Bakali [1,2]; Mohammed Raiss [...]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Migraine is a type of primary headache that is controlled mainly by drugs to treat the crisis or as prophylaxis. The side effects and high cost of the medication justify the search for non-pharmacological treatment options. There is evidence that electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve (VNS) is capable of modulating structures related to the pathophysiology of migraine. The objective of this review was to investigate the effectiveness of transcutaneous VNS (tVNS) in the acute or prophylactic treatment of migraine with and without aura. CONTENTS: A search was carried out in the Pubmed database using all descriptors for vagus nerve stimulation and migraine, without time limit and with the filter “randomized clinical trial” (RCT). This search strategy ultimately identified 7 articles that were read in full and subjected to a quality analysis using the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine tool. Of the 7 RCTs found, 4 were prophylaxis studies and 3 were acute treatment studies. CONCLUSION: There is some compromise in the internal validity of all studies. Migraine prophylaxis with tVNS did not present relevant benefits that justify its use, especially with a protocol with poor adherence. Acute treatment of migraine with tNVS proved to be effective in some patients and may be a non-pharmacological treatment option. These results justify the carrying out of new RCTs where there are no doubts about their internal validity.

Résumé : Les enjeux de l’élection législatives de mars 2021 résident dans la volonté du RHDP, parti au pouvoir, de conserver la majorité parlementaire et celle de l’opposition, notamment le PDCI, de contrôler le parlement. Le débat contradictoire, qui a cours en cette période de pré-campagne, s’est déporté dans la presse proche de chaque camp. Cet article vise à analyser la manifestation de la polémique dans la presse d’opinion à partir des unes des quotidiens Le Patriote (proche du parti au pouvoir, RHDP) et Le Nouveau Réveil, proche du PDCI, opposition. Du point de vue théorique, nous avons abordé les prises de positions observées dans le traitement de l’actualité sur la pré-campagne électorale, sous l’angle du clientélisme politique et de l’interaction entre journalistes et hommes politiques en Côte d’Ivoire. Nous considérons les partis pris dans le traitement de l’actualité et le déséquilibre dans le traitement de l’information comme une forme de déviation professionnelle ou de déviance, emboîtant le pas à Becker (1985) et à Goffman (1975). Du point de vue méthodologique, nous avons utilisé la méthode qualitative, la méthode comparative et la méthode dialectique. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les sources de financements des médias d’opinion influencent leurs unes et leurs lignes éditoriales. Mots-clés : Manifestation, polémique, presse d’opinion, élection législatives, Côte d’Ivoire

Résumé : Epousant une approche qualitative basée sur un dépouillement des supports de communication, cet article, propose une réflexion sur les stratégies de communication et de promotion de produits contraceptifs modernes de deux ONG nationales : l’AIBEF et l’AIMAS. Il vise à analyser le cadre conceptuel des messages publicitaires et des images véhiculées sur les produits contraceptifs par l’AIMAS et de l’AIBEF pour construire la légitimité de leur offre et se rapprocher de leur cible. Le corpus de données est issu d’entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès des responsables de ces structures et d’analyses d’images, de messages et de discours sur la période de 1991 à 2019. Les résultats révèlent des messages et des images-modèles spécifiques aux femmes orientés vers l’esthétique, la jeunesse, le bien-être physique et social au détriment de la santé. A travers le prisme de ces publicités, ce papier dévoile les normes contraceptives qui pèsent sur la vie des femmes en âge de procréer. L’usage des contraceptifs est présenté comme émancipatrice pour les femmes montrant ainsi comment l’image de la femme dans le contexte social ivoirien est de plus en plus affectée par la logique de gérer sa propre santé dans le but ultime d’une vie matériellement productive. Mots-clés : message publicitaire, consommation, contraceptifs modernes, genre, Côte d’Ivoire

This work is part of the fight against environmental pollution in relation to the elimination of bisphenol A (BPA). The aim of this study was to develop an innovative process involving cross-current adsorption of BPA on an activated carbon based on Hyphaene Thebaica (CA-HT) shells. Cross-current adsorption tests yielded removal rates of 99.48 % and 82.02 % in synthetic and BPA-doped solutions respectively. Optimal factors were obtained by a composite design for a concentration of 80 mg/L and 50 mg activated carbon. Pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Freundlich isotherm were the appropriate models. Thermodynamic values indicate that the process was spontaneous and exothermic.

The ocean, a pivotal component of the Earth’s climate system, exerts a profound global influence through intricate physical and biological interactions within its surface layer. This interplay centers around the mixed layer (ML), integral for energy exchange driven by oceanic currents. An essential regulatory function of the ocean involves orchestrating the distribution of chemical elements, with nitrate assuming a pivotal role in oceanic primary production. Nutrient availability, a cornerstone of primary production, hinges on the mixed layer depth (MLD) dynamics, modulated by many mechanisms, including upwelling and convection. This study unravels the interplay between nutrient variability and MLD depth, focusing on the Gulf of Guinea (GG) region in the equatorial Atlantic. Characterization of the study area reveals distinctive sea surface temperature (SST), salinity (SSS), and current patterns. The South Equatorial Undercurrent (SEUC) and Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) play vital roles in surface nutrient transport. Nitrate distribution unveils latitudinal variations, exhibiting pronounced enrichment during boreal summer and winter. The equatorial region experiences a strengthening of MLDs from 10.5 to 35.33 m in summer, which increases the nitrate input from 0 to 2.06 mmol m-3 in the surface layers in the mixed layer. In contrast, boreal winters experience more intense MLDs that vary between 20.5 and 64.50 m, supporting high nitrate concentrations of 2.96 to 7.49 mmol m-3, challenging previous hypotheses. This equatorial enrichment is supported by low nitracline ranging from 5.47 to 46.19 m. Beyond the equator, the subequatorial and subtropical regions, despite the observed deepening of the ML, present low nitrate concentrations (less than 0.5 mmol m-3) with a nitracline that does not reach the ML. However, at 6°S and 9°S, a respective increase in nitrate content of 0.66 mmol m-3 and 1.2 mmol m-3 influenced by internal waves, advection and surface currents is observed. Temperature, salinity, and atmospheric fluxes shape nutrient distribution and primary production dynamics. These findings illuminate the intricate relationships between oceanographic processes, nutrient availability, and marine ecosystem productivity. A holistic understanding is crucial for sustainable resource management and fisheries in the equatorial Atlantic and beyond.

The specific objectives were to identify the epidemiology of cutaneous sarcoidosis and describe the clinical and laboratory aspects of the disease. Materials and Methods. We performed a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 24 referred cases of cutaneous sarcoidosis in 25 years (1990–2014) collected at Venereology Dermatology Department of the University Hospital of Treichville (Abidjan) both in consultation and in hospitalization. Results. The hospital frequency was one case per year. The average age was 42 years, ranging from 9 to 64. The sex ratio was 1. The shortest time interval between the appearance of the skin lesion and consultation of Dermatology Department at CHU Treichville was 3 months. The elementary lesions were represented primarily by a papule (18 cases), placard (3 cases), and nodule (2 cases) and mainly sat on the face and neck in 8 cases (38%). Extra cutaneous lesions were dominated by ganglion and respiratory involvement with 5 cases each followed by musculoskeletal damage in 3 cases. Chest radiography showed abnormality in 13 cases (54%). The pulmonary function test performed in 13 patients found 7 cases (54%) having restrictive ventilatory syndrome and 6 cases (46%) being normal. A tuberculin anergy was found in 11 cases (61%).

Résumé : Co-fondateur du Ballet théâtre Lemba, Michel Rafa est l’un des pionniers et fervent défenseur de la culture kongo par le biais de la musique traditionnelle. Il s’est fait connaître au monde au-delà des frontières congolaises et africaines grâce à sa troupe musicale. D’essence folklorique, le Ballet théâtre Lemba constitue un vecteur artistique qui promeut la culture traditionnelle congolaise en particulier et celle de l’Afrique en général. Au moyen de spectacles féeriques et hauts en couleur faits de danses, de chants, de mimes auxquels, il intègre des instruments de musique traditionnels kikongo, la troupe met en lumière l’identité culturelle congolaise. Une performance artistique et une prouesse musicale qui font de Michel Rafa un véritable chantre lumineux de la musique ancestrale enfouie dans l’âme immortelle des peuples africains. L’objectif de ce travail qui prend appui sur la sémiologie théâtrale consiste à montrer que la création scénique du ballet théâtre qui se fonde sur des matériaux scéniques traditionnels du terroir africain est un moyeu artistique pour la promotion et la valorisation de l’identité culturelle congolaise et africaine contemporaine. Mots-clés : création scénique, Ballet théâtre Lemba, vecteur artistique, ressorts scéniques, identité culturelle africaine contemporaine.

Buruli ulcer is a chronic and infectious skin disease, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. It leads to large skin ulceration and sometimes bone infection which is responsible for deformities. Here, we report a case of multifocal form of Buruli ulcer associated with secondary infection in a 46-year-old human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive woman. The antimycobacterial drugs combined to surgery allowed curing this multifocal case and rose up two relevant issues: the susceptibility of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) occurrence and Mycobacterium dissemination. The deep immune depression, the underline biological, and clinical disorders of the patient might contribute to IRIS occurrence and Buruli ulcer dissemination. Future investigations have to be conducted on the mechanism of IRIS on set and on Mycobacterium ulcerans dissemination after ARV drugs initiation and the patient related underline clinical or biological disorders.

In the title compound, [Ni(C11H13N2O4)2]·C3H7NO, the NiII ion is octahedrally coordinated in an N2O4 environment by two identical Schiff base ligands. The Ni—O bond lengths range from 2.004 (2) to 2.106 (2) Å, while the Ni—N bond lengths are 2.038 (2) and 2.0465 (19) Å. The cis bond angles range from 78.64 (8) to 97.30 (8)°, with the former being due to the small bite of the aminoalcohol ligand, while the trans bond angles range from 167.86 (8) to 171.23 (8)°. One of the alcohol H atoms forms a hydrogen bond with the dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent molecule, while the other links molecules into chains along the b axis through intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds. There are bifurcated C—H...O interactions involving one of the nitro groups between parallel stacks of molecules in the b-axis direction.

In the title complex, [Ni(C7H5O2)2(C12H12N2)2], the NiII atom lies on a center of inversion and is coordinated in an octahedral geometry by two 2-(benzylamino)pyridine (2-BAP) and two 2-formylphenolate ligands with the O-atom donors in the equatorial plane and the pyridine N atoms in axial positions. There are hydrogen-bonding interactions between the secondary amine H atom and the phenolate O atom, as well as C—H...O interactions, which result in the dihedral angle between the aromatic phenyl ring of the 2-formylphenolate moiety and the pyridine ring being 80.23 (4)°. In the packing, there are both C—H...π interactions, which link the molecules into chains along the b axis, and offset π–π interactions involving both the pyridine and phenyl rings of the 2-BAP ligands [centroid–centroid distances = 4.0100 (8) Å for the pyridine rings and 3.6601 (8) and 4.8561 (8) Å for the phenyl rings].

The molecule of the title compound, [Ni4(CH3O)4(C8H7O3)4(CH3OH)4], has S4 symmetry. Each of the four NiII atoms occupies every other corner of a cube, with the alternate corners occupied by μ3-methanolate bridging groups linking to three NiII atoms. Each NiII atom is in an O6 octahedral coordination environment formed by three O atoms from three μ3-methanolate groups, one from methanol, and two others from a bidentate 2-formyl-6-methoxyphenolate ligand. The Ni—O bond distances range from 2.0020 (14) to 2.0938 (14) Å, the cis bond angles range from 81.74 (6) to 97.63°, and the trans bond angles range from 168.76 (5) to 175.22 (6)°. There are bifurcated hydrogen-bonding interactions between the coordinated methanol OH groups and both the phenolic and methoxy O atoms of an adjoining 2-formyl-6-methoxyphenolate moiety. In addition, there are weak intermolecular C—H...O interactions involving the methoxy O atoms.

In the title compound, [Ni(C8H7O3)(NO3)(C12H12N2)2], the asymmetric unit contains a NiII atom, two molecules of 2-(benzylamino)pyridine, a molecule of deprotonated o-vanillin (3-methoxysalicylaldehydate) and a bidentate nitrate anion. The NiII center is six-coordinated by two pyridine N atoms from 2-(benzylamino)pyridine, two O atoms from o-vanillin and two O atoms from the nitrate anion. The crystal packing shows two hydrogen bonds from the amine N—H group to the deprotonated phenol O atom of the o-vanillin moieties, as well as weak C—H...O secondary interactions. These interactions link the molecules into ribbons in the c direction. The steric requirement of the bidentate nitrate and its small bite angle [61.01 (3)°] cause some orientation of the two 2-(benzylamino)pyridine groups. As a result, this coordination environment of the NiII center is distorted octahedral, as the trans angles range from 158.65 (3) to 175.76 (3)° and the cis angles range from 61.01 (3) (for the bidentate nitrate O atoms) to 102.30 (4)°.