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Contamination of the environment with nano-and microplastic particles (NMPs) and its putative adverse effects on organisms, ecosystems, and human health is gaining increasing scientific and public attention. Various studies show that NMPs occur abundantly within the environment, leading to a high likelihood of human exposure to NMPs. Here, different exposure scenarios can occur. The most notable exposure routes of NMPs into the human body are via the airways and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) through inhalation or ingestion, but also via the skin due to the use of personal care products (PCPs) containing NMPs. Once NMPs have entered the human body, it is possible that they are translocated from the exposed organ to other body compartments. In our review article, we combine the current knowledge on the (1) exposure routes of NMPs to humans with the basic understanding of the potential (2) translocation mechanisms into human tissues and, consequently, their (3) fate within the human body. Regarding the (1) exposure routes, we reviewed the current knowledge on the occurrence of NMPs in food, beverages, personal care products and the air (focusing on indoors and workplaces) and found that the studies suggest an abundant presence of MPs within the exposure scenarios. The overall abundance of MPs in exposure matrices relevant to humans highlights the importance of understanding whether NMPs have the potential for tissue translocation. Therefore, we describe the current knowledge on the potential (2) translocation pathways of NMPs from the skin, GIT and respiratory systems to other body compartments. Here, particular attention was paid to how likely NMPs can translocate from the primary exposed organs to secondary organs due to naturally occurring defence mechanisms against tissue translocation. Based on the current understanding, we conclude that a dermal translocation of NMPs is rather unlikely. In contrast, small MPs and NPs can generally translocate from the GIT and resp

Introduction. A historical overview is often quite useful in search for answers to some pressing issues. Learning from others can also help to cope with separate current problems. One of such problems encountered by modern Russian professional education is restoration and consolidation of its practice orientation through selection of an appropriate content and upbringing of youth in the course of pre-employment process. A considerable variety of material in this regard has been accumulated over the last several centuries in Germany. The aim of this paper was to analyse the cause-and-effect relationships of developmental priorities in the German professional pedagogy during the 18th – early 20th centuries.Methodology and research methods. System and comparative approaches were used as main methodological tools. The leading method was a comparative retrospective analysis, which allowed the authors to compare various scientific resources. In addition, the approaches of goal-setting and formalisation of expected results were applied. The content analysis and systematisation of documents and other historical and pedagogical resources were employed. In view of information extensiveness, the selection was compiled with the principle of necessity and sufficiency, i. e. reduction of excess data when maintaining the completeness of facts for continued use. Results and scientific novelty. The stages of formation and development of labour school were identified according to the ideas of the German scientists and the educational practice accepted in Germany during the considered historical period. The main directions of training through activity were characterised: philanthropinism, manualism, professionalism and activism. The influence of social and economic conditions on formation and transformation of various educational concepts was demonstrated, which constant despite everything was a combination of fundamental and applied components of vocational training. The continuity o, Введение. Исторический экскурс зачастую бывает весьма полезен при поиске ответов на злободневные вопросы. Изучение чужого опыта также может помочь справиться с отдельными актуальными проблемами. Одной из таких проблем, стоящих перед современным российским профессиональным образованием, является восстановление и закрепление его практикоориентированности путем отбора оптимального содержания воспитания молодежи в процессе подготовки к трудовой деятельности. Обширный материал в этом плане накоплен за несколько последних столетий в Германии. Цель статьи – выявление причинно-следственных связей смены приоритетов в процессе развития немецкой профессиональной педагогики на протяжении XVIII – начала XX в. Методология и методы. В качестве основного методологического инструментария были задействованы системный и компаративный подходы к решению исследовательских задач. Ведущим методом представленной в публикации работы был сравнительно-ретроспективный анализ, позволивший сопоставить различные научные источники информации. Кроме того, применялись методы целеполагания и формализации ожидаемых результатов; контент-анализ и систематизация документов и иной историко-педагогической информации, при отборе которой ввиду ее обширности соблюдался принцип необходимости и достаточности – сокращения избыточных сведений при сохранении полноты фактов для дальнейшего их использования. Результаты и научная новизна. Определены этапы становления и развития трудовой школы в соответствии с идеями, выдвигаемыми немецкими учеными, и образовательной практикой, принятой в Германии в рассматриваемый исторический период. Охарактеризованы основные направления обучения через деятельность: филантропизм, мануализм, профессионализм, активизм. Продемонстрировано влияние социально-экономических условий на формирование и трансформацию различных концепций воспитания и обучения, константой которых, несмотря ни на что, оставалось сочетание фундаментальной и прикладной составляющих профессиональной подготовки. Показ, Federal Institute for Development of Education, German Federal Institute for Vocational Education, Федеральный институт развития образования, Федеральный институт профессионального образования ФРГ

Synthetic polymers, nanoparticles, and carbon-based materials have great potential in applications including drug delivery, gene transfection, in vitro and in vivo imaging, and the alteration of biological function. Nature and humans use different design strategies to create nanomaterials: biological objects have emerged from billions of years of evolution and from adaptation to their environment resulting in high levels of structural complexity; in contrast, synthetic nanomaterials result from minimalistic but controlled design options limited by the authors' current understanding of the biological world. This conceptual mismatch makes it challenging to create synthetic nanomaterials that possess desired functions in biological media. In many biologically relevant applications, nanomaterials must enter the cell interior to perform their functions. An essential transport barrier is the cell-protecting plasma membrane and hence the understanding of its interaction with nanomaterials is a fundamental task in biotechnology. The authors present open questions in the field of nanomaterial interactions with biological membranes, including: how physical mechanisms and molecular forces acting at the nanoscale restrict or inspire design options; which levels of complexity to include next in computational and experimental models to describe how nanomaterials cross barriers via passive or active processes; and how the biological media and protein corona interfere with nanomaterial functionality. In this Perspective, the authors address these questions with the aim of offering guidelines for the development of next-generation nanomaterials that function in biological media.

Introduction. Nowadays, in Russia the system of interaction between educational institutions and enterprises-employers in training of specialists is being built again after more than a twenty-year period of dissociation. Sharing experiences with other countries on networking and strengthening of education relations with production is very useful for establishing this process. The aim of the publication is to present the results of the Russian-German cooperation in the field of preparation of the qualified pedagogical staff for the system of vocational education as one of the key conditions for ensuring the proper quality of vocational education. Methodology and research methods. The methods involve the methodology of comparative research; methods of collecting empirical information; conceptual and terminological analysis, interpretation, modeling, and problem method. Results. The approaches to preparation of pedagogical staff of the VET system in Germany and Russia are revealed and compared. Specifics of the German model are shown: existence of several skill levels of teachers of vocational education, distribution of zones of their responsibility, variability of providers of additional education, its market nature and minimum participation in its regulation of the state. Features of the modern Russian theory and training experience of instructors of vocational training are described. Despite the existing distinctions of systems of professional education of two countries, the similarity of the Russian and German methods of vocational education is observed. The conclusion is drawn on a community of requirements imposed in Germany and Russia to category of the workers who are carrying out staff training for manufacturing sectors. It is confirmed by the German experts on the basis of the analysis of the standard «Teacher of Vocational Education, Professional Education and Additional Professional Education». Also, the standard was checked and compared to AEVO (the regula, Введение. В России после более чем двадцатилетнего периода разобщенности между образовательными учреждениями и предприятиями -работодателями вновь начинает выстраиваться система их взаимодействия в подготовке специалистов. Для налаживания этого процесса весьма полезным является обмен опытом с другими странами по налаживанию и укреплению связей сферы образования с производством. Цель статьи состоит в том, чтобы представить результаты российско-германского сотрудничества в области обеспечения одного из ключевых условий качества профессионального образования - подготовки квалифицированных педагогических кадров для системы профессионального обучения. Методология и методы. В работе использовались методология сравнительного исследования; методы сбора эмпирической информации; понятийно-терминологический анализ, интерпретация, моделирование и проблемный метод. Результаты. Выявлены и сопоставлены подходы к подготовке педагогических кадров системы профессионального образования в ФРГ и России. Показана специфика немецкой модели: наличие нескольких уровней квалификации педагогов профессионального обучения, распределение зон их ответственности, вариативность провайдеров дополнительного образования, его рыночный характер и минимальное участие государства в его регулировании. Описаны особенности современной российской теории и практики подготовки мастеров производственного обучения. Отмечается, что, несмотря на существующие различия систем профессионального образования двух стран, прослеживается сходство отечественных и немецких методик профессионального обучения. Сделан вывод об общности требований, предъявляемых в Гер мании и России к категории работников, осуществляющих обучение персонала для производственного сектора. Это, в частности, подтверждено немецкими экспертами на основе анализа стандарта «Педагог профессионального обучения, профессионального образования и дополнительного профессионального образования» и сравнения его с AEVO - нормативной базой, определяющей федеральны

Poorly controlled pain is a global public health issue. The personal, familial and societal costs are immeasurable. Only a minority of European patients have access to a comprehensive specialist pain clinic. More commonly the responsibility for chronic pain management and initiating opioid therapy rests with the primary care physician and other non-specialist opioid prescribers. There is much confusing and conflicting information available to non-specialist prescribers regarding opioid therapy and a great deal of unjustified fear is generated. Opioid therapy should only be initiated by competent clinicians as part of a multi-faceted treatment programme in circumstances where more simple measures have failed. Throughout, all patients must be kept under close clinical surveillance. As with any other medical therapy, if the treatment fails to yield the desired results and/or the patient is additionally burdened by an unacceptable level of adverse effects, the overall management strategy must be reviewed and revised. No responsible clinician will wish to pursue a failed treatment strategy or persist with an ineffective and burdensome treatment. In a considered attempt to empower and inform non-specialist opioid prescribers, EFIC convened a European group of experts, drawn from a diverse range of basic science and relevant clinical disciplines, to prepare a position paper on appropriate opioid use in chronic pain. The expert panel reviewed the available literature and harnessed the experience of many years of clinical practice to produce these series of recommendations. Its success will be judged on the extent to which it contributes to an improved pain management experience for chronic pain patients across Europe.SIGNIFICANCE: This position paper provides expert recommendations for primary care physicians and other non- specialist healthcare professionals in Europe, particularly those who do not have ready access to specialists in pain medicine, on the safe an

The purpose of authors – the colleagues cooperating within the Russian-German working group on vocational education – is to determine features of the German dual system of vocational education and training (VET) which make it effective and popular not only in Germany, but also in the world. Methods. In the presented article the methodology of comparative research on the basis of the analysis of results of activity of Slovakia, Italy, South Korea, Russia and other countries on reforming of VET system on the basis of experience of Germany is used. Methods of collecting empirical information on the projects started in the specified countries, methods of the conceptual and terminological analysis, interpretation and modeling, a problem method are chosen. Results. Specifics of the German dual system are revealed; the generalized model of dual VET is constructed; features of approaches of the different countries to use positive experience of Germany for development of its own VET systems are characterized.Scientific novelty. The authors point out the consecutive justification of the conditions necessary for quality vocational education in modern market economy relying on results of the comparative analysis of reforming processes of VET systems in different countries. Practical significance. Need of public-private partnership as bases of quality of personnel preparation and ensuring economic competitiveness of the countries is shown and concrete ways of creation of such partnership in a number of the Russian regions are described. The experience presented above can be used throughout the Russian Federation, Целью работы авторов – коллег, сотрудничающих в рамках Российско-Германской рабочей группы по профессиональному образованию – было определение особенностей немецкой дуальной системы профессионального образования и обучения, которые делают ее эффективной и популярной не только в Германии, но и в мире. Методология и методы. В ходе работы была задействована методология сравнительного исследования на основе анализа результатов деятельности Словакии, Италии, Южной Кореи, России и других стран по реформированию системы профессионального образования на основе опыта ФРГ. Использовались методы сбора эмпирической информации о проектах, запущенных в указанных странах; методы понятийно-терминологического анализа, интерпретации и моделирования, проблемный метод. Результаты. Выявлена специфика немецкой дуальной системы, построена обобщенная модель дуального профессионального образования и обучения, охарактеризованы особенности подходов разных стран к адаптации позитивного опыта Германии для развития собственных систем профессионального образования. Научная новизна работы состоит в последовательном обосновании условий, необходимых для качественного профессионального образования в современной ситуации рыночной экономики. С опорой на результаты сравнительного анализа показаны тенденции реформирования систем профессионального образования разных стран. Практическая значимость. Подтверждена необходимость государственно-частного партнерства как основы качества подготовки рабочих кадров и обеспечения экономической конкурентоспособности стран. Описаны конкретные пути создания такого партнерства в ряде российских регионов, чей опыт может быть распространен на всю территорию Российской Федерации.

Contains fulltext : 133909.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), INTRODUCTION: Neuropathic pain is a common symptom, present in 39% of the patients with cancer pain. Treating this type of pain is challenging, as this patient group is often frail and has comorbidities which increase the risk of side events and hence influences their quality of life. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) can be helpful for clinicians, especially when scientific evidence is uncertain or weak. In this study, we focused on the quality of the review of the literature used in treatment recommendations in the selected European CPGs. METHODS: In a previous study, 9 CPGs from European countries that contained at least one paragraph on treatment for neuropathic pain in cancer were included. Recommendations with their grade (according SIGN 55 classification) and supporting literature (first author, patients' population, year and type of publication) were compared between CPGs. RESULTS: In all CPGs, amitriptylin was mentioned as the drug of first choice. Six guidelines proposed also gabapentinoids. Only 30 of the 163 citations (18%) were based on studies in patients with cancer. Seven CPGs did not argue the indirect evidence due to extrapolation of study results from non-cancer to patients with cancer. CONCLUSION: The majority of guideline development groups extrapolated their results from non-cancer publications to formulate recommendations. Consequently, these guidelines fail to address important issues such as altered kinetics and side effect profiles in these patients. We recommend creating specific recommendations by an international expert group for the treatment for neuropathic pain in patients with cancer supported by targeted research in patients with cancer.

The mechanical properties of the cell membrane and the actin cortex determine a variety of cellular processes. An accurate description of their mechanics and dynamics necessitates a measurement technique that can capture the inherent anisotropy of the system. We combine magnetic particle actuation with rotational and translational particle tracking to simultaneously measure the mechanical stiffness of the membrane and the actin cortex in living cells in three rotational and two translational directions. We demonstrate the technique by targeting various types of membrane receptors. When using particles that bind via integrins, we measured an isotropic stiffness and a characteristic power-law dependence of the shear modulus on the applied frequency. When using particles functionalized with immunoglobulin G, we measured an anisotropic stiffness with a strongly reduced value in one dimension. We suggest that the observed reduced stiffness is caused by a local detachment of the membrane from the subjacent cytoskeletal cortex. Furthermore, we use functionalized particles as phagocytic targets for macrophages. Although phagocytosis is an inherently mechanical process, little is known about the forces and energies that a cell requires for internalization. We use our technique to measure the stiffnesses of the phagocytic cup as a function of time. The measured values and their time-dependence can be interpreted with a model of a pre-stressed membrane connected to an elastically deformable actin cortex. A comparison of model and data allows a determination of the speed at which the membrane advances around the particle. This approach is a novel way of measuring the progression of phagocytic cups and their mechanical properties in real-time. We expect that our technique will enable new insights into the mechanical properties of cells and will help to better understand numerous cellular processes.

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1191973%5DMICH-V-1191973, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1191973/MICH-V-1191973/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1197900%5DMICH-V-1197900, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1197900/MICH-V-1197900/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1175469%5DMICH-V-1175469, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1175469/MICH-V-1175469/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1186495%5DMICH-V-1186495, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1186495/MICH-V-1186495/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1186487%5DMICH-V-1186487, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1186487/MICH-V-1186487/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Item does not contain fulltext, Between 19% and 39% of patients with cancer pain suffer from neuropathic pain. Its diagnosis and treatment is still challenging. Yet, national clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have been developed in several European countries to assist practitioners in managing these patients safely and legally. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of the development and reporting of these CPGs. METHODS: In collaboration with the European Federation of IASP Chapters, a European inventory of CPGs was conducted. Inclusion criteria were at least one paragraph dedicated to the treatment of neuropathic pain in cancer. Using the Appraisal of Guidelines, Research and Evaluation II instrument, 2 appraisers independently assessed the quality of the development process of the included CPGs in 6 quality domains. Besides, CPGs developed by governmental organization were compared with those developed by professional societies using t-tests. RESULTS: Mean scores of the domains "scope and purpose" (80%) and "clarity of presentation" (61%) were satisfactory, "stakeholder involvement" (58%), "rigor of development" (57%), and "editorial independence" (53%) were acceptable, and "applicability" was insufficient (39%). Governmental guidelines had higher quality scores than professional society guidelines for domain "stakeholder involvement" and "editorial independence" (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The quality of the development process of the 9 included CPGs varied widely. CPGs should be developed within a structured guideline program, including methodological support. As developing a CPG is expensive and time-consuming, we recommend more international cooperation to increase quality and lower the development costs.

Item does not contain fulltext, BACKGROUND: Neuropathic pain is a prevalent symptom in patients with cancer, which needs a more specific algorithm than nociceptive pain or neuropathic pain from other origin. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) can be helpful in optimizing the diagnosis of neuropathic pain in patients with cancer. METHODS: In this study, 9 national CPGs in Europe on the diagnosis of neuropathic pain in patients with cancer were included. Recommendations with their grade (according SIGN 55 classification) and supporting literature (first author, patients' population, year, and type of publication) were compared between CPGs. RESULTS: Nine CPGs including recommendations on neuropathic pain could be selected and were assessed. In total, they used 149 references of which 72 (48%) were about cancer conditions, 39 (26%) about neuropathic pain, and only 3 about neuropathic pain in patients with cancer (2%). Only 28 (19%) references were shared between 2 or more guidelines. There was only one shared reference specifically related to cancer neuropathic pain. Recommendations and their evidence grading strongly differ between CPGs. CONCLUSION: This work demonstrates an important heterogeneity between European recommendations on diagnosis and assessment of neuropathic pain in patients with cancer. The main weaknesses are the low level of evidence and the absence of specific data focusing on neuropathic pain in patients with cancer. We recommend that physicians dealing with neuropathic pain in patients with cancer should be specially trained, that a specific methodology to develop CPGs should followed, and that specific research should be developed on the diagnosis of neuropathic pain in patients with cancer.

We show how to control the relative radiation pressure and thereby the stable trap position of an optically trapped bead by variation of the mean incident axial photon momentum. The thermal position fluctuations of a trapped bead are recorded by a three-dimensional back focal plane interferometry. The interferometric detection signals are in agreement with predictions based on an extended Mie theory. Depending on the application, the unique and the linear range of such a detection system can be optimized by controlling the trap position of the bead. We use this method to investigate in three dimensions the binding of beads to membranes of living cells during phagocytosis. We found that independent of the bead coating (IgG, complement, LPS, avidin) the most frequent initial mechanical response of the cell was a downward pulling of the bead into the cell. The time delay between binding and response was on average 2 seconds.

We investigated theoretically the applicability of an optically trapped cylindrical particle as a local probe in photonic force microscopy. To do this we calculated the far-field scattering from a subwavelength-sized dielectric cylinder in a highly focused laser field. From this we obtained interferometric three-dimensional-position detection signals and compared these to signals calculated for a spherical particle. We have calculated the accuracy to which the position of an optically trapped cylinder can be determined, as a function of the cylinder’s orientational fluctuations. The position accuracy is better than a few nanometers for tilt angle fluctuations up to several degrees. Our study is relevant for trapping experiments, where the influence of angle fluctuations needs to be estimated.

Item does not contain fulltext