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Diabetes mellitus (DM), a non-communicable endocrine disease that is marked by a differing degree of tolerance to insulin and dysfunction. The connection between diabetes and liver failure important to doctors in general practice diabetologists and hepatologists. DM is linked with an elevated risk of hepatic consequences and mortality of liver cirrhosis patients. DM may facilitate to insult the liver by inducing inflammation and fibrosis by elevating mitochondrial oxidative stress. The conventional liver function indices are bilirubin including Indirect Bilirubin (IBil), Direct Bilirubin (DBil), and Total Bilirubin (TBil). DBil, IBil, and TBil, have diverse clinical implications as the standard index of liver disorder. An elevated level of DBil may suggest damage to the hepatic cell whereas TBil is within the normal range. Thus, increased liver enzymes are correlated with hepatic insulin resistance in healthy subjects. Notably, a significant correlation between DBil levels and Insulin resistance risk could indicate a connection between liver dysfunction and diabetes mellitus risk. Thus, our primary goal via the current review to examine the impact of dietary vitamin D (VitD) in serum mediated risk reduction of insulin resistance and further incidence of DM through inflammatory liver associated high DBil. Therefore, modifying these inflammatory pathways may be a therapeutic alternative approach for diabetes treatment.

Hypothesis:This study was designed to investigate the cardio-renal protective effect of AVE-0991, a non-peptide Mas-receptor agonist, and A-779, a Mas-receptor antagonist, in diabetic rats.Materials and methods:Wistar rats treated with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, i.p., once), developed diabetes mellitus after 1 week. After 8 weeks, myocardial functions were assessed by measuring left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), rate of left ventricular pressure development (d p/d tmax), rate of left ventricular pressure decay (d p/d tmin) and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) on an isolated Langendorff’s heart preparation. Further, mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was measured by using the tail-cuff method. Assessment of renal functions and lipid profile was carried out using a spectrophotometer.Results:The administration of streptozotocin to rats produced persistent hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and hypertension which consequently produced cardiac and renal dysfunction in 8 weeks. AVE0991 treatment produced cardio-renal protective effects, as evidenced by a significant increase in LVDP, d p/d tmax, d p/d tminand a significant decrease in LVEDP, BUN, and protein urea. Further, AVE-0991 treatment for the first time has been shown to reduce dyslipidaemia and produced antihyperglycaemic activity in streptozotocin-treated rats. However, MABP and creatinine clearance remained unaffected with AVE-0991 treatment.Conclusions:AVE-0991 produced cardio-renal protection possibly by improving glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic rats, independent of its blood pressure lowering action.