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Transparent conducting electrodes (TCE) are extensively applied in a great range of optoelectronic and photovoltaic equipment (e.g., solar cells, touch panels, and flexible devices). Carbon-based nanomaterials are considered as suitable replacements to substitute traditional materials to manufacture TCE due to their remarkable characteristics, for example, high optical transmittance and outstanding electrical properties. In comparison with traditional indium tin oxide electrodes, carbon-based electrodes show good mechanical properties, chemical stability, and low cost. Nevertheless, major issues related to the development of good quality manufacture methods to produce carbon-based nanomaterials have to be overcome to meet massive market requirements. Hence, the development of alternative TCE materials as well as appropriate large production techniques that meet the requirements of a proper sheet resistance along with a high optical transparency is a priority. Therefore, in this work, we summarize and discuss novel production and synthesis methods, chemical treatments, and hybrid materials developed to satisfy the worldwide request for carbon-based nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene, a material composed of one-atom-thick planar sheets of sp2-bonded carbon atoms with a two-dimensional honeycomb structure, has been proposed for many applications due to its remarkable electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Its high transparency, conductivity, flexibility, and abundance make it an excellent material to be applied in the field of organic photovoltaic cells, especially as a replacement for transparent conducting oxide electrodes. However, graphene has been demonstrated to be useful not only as substitute for indium tin oxide electrodes, but also as cathode, electron acceptor, hole transport, and electron extraction material. Thus, in this work, we summarize and discuss the efficiency of bulk heterojunction devices using graphene as a main constituent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid urban wastes are a primary source of local and global contamination. One approach to slow their accumulation is by using them to obtain addedvalue products. One common example of these waste materials is the fiber from the husks of coconuts, i.e. coir. However, it is also known that microorganisms such as fungi can attack products containing natural fibers. In this respect, this study aimed to evaluate how the mechanical properties of an extruded composite made of 60% recycled HDPE and 40% discarded coir were affected due to accelerated weathering and Phanerochaete chrysosporium attack. The effect of P. chrysosporium on the materials' mechanical properties before and after weathering, using an accelerated weathering (AW) test device, was evaluated by means of tensile and flexural analysis following ASTM standards. Samples were also characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR spectroscopy and SEM showed that both types of treatment degraded the surfaces of the tested samples. However, the mechanical performance was not seriously affected, which means that other fungal species would affect the composites to a lesser extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in varied applications, which are morphology dependent. Consequently, a morphology-controlled synthesis is mandatory. Although there are several studies focused on the plant extract-based biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles, the use of extracts obtained from agro-wastes is scant. Furthermore, information regarding morphology modification through the use of additional agents is even more scarce. Thus, in this study, AgNPs were synthesized using a malt extract (ME) obtained from an artisanal beer brewing process residue. Additionally, sodium chloride (NaCl), gum arabic (GA), and talc (T) were used in an attempt to modify the morphology of AgNPs. XRD, DLS, SEM, and TEM results demonstrate that stable AgNPs of different sizes and shapes were synthesized. FTIR, HPLC analysis, and the quantification of total proteins, free amino acids, reducing sugars, and total polyphenols before and after AgNPs synthesis showed that ME biomolecules allowed them to act as a source of reducing and stabilizing agents. Therefore, this study provides evidence that ME can be successfully used to biosynthesize AgNPs. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of AgNPs against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was evaluated. Results indicate that AgNPs show a higher antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the effect of the use of different silver nanostructures (AgNs) layers deposited via dip coating onto a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and solution processable functionalized graphene (SPFGraphene) composite film intended to be used as active layer in BHJ devices. SPFGraphene was added to P3HT in a ratio of 1.5 wt%. The best results were achieved when a layer of silver nano-pseudospheres (AgNPSs) obtained after 10 immersion cycles was used as coating; in this case the highest light trapping and efficiency percent (η=0.23%) were achieved. This means an increase of ~11.3% in comparison with the efficiency of the noncoated P3HT:SPFGraphene composite. Results also indicate that graphene was successfully functionalized in order to obtain appropriate dispersion in P3HT and that such conjugated polymer remained unaltered after the addition of SPFGraphene. Finally, it can be concluded that the electrical properties of the as-synthesized films are dependent on the shape and concentration of the AgNs deposited via dip coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agave tequilana Weber var. azul fibers (ATF) are widely used as a reinforcement material despite their polarity makes them incompatible with hydrophobic matrices. Consequently, ATF are commonly modified employing different chemical processes (e.g., mercerization and coupling agents) to change their surface characteristics to improve the interface between the fibers and the polymeric matrix. Nevertheless, these treatments could damage the fibers during the process, negatively affecting their natural properties. The use of nanotechnology to repair this natural material could help to restore its intrinsic properties and give it new ones as antibacterial activity. In this work, chemically treated ATF were used as templates for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a natural extract obtained from Agave tequilana Weber var. azul leaves (ATL) as reducing agent. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy images as well as dynamic light scattering results indicate that stable nanometric particles were successfully synthesized on all fibers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction results confirm the composition of the nanoparticles. Tensile tests indicate that AgNPs improved the mechanical properties of fibers previously mercerized and treated with maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene as coupling agent. Additionally, an antibacterial effect against S. enterica was conferred to ATF due to the presence of AgNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraocular/Intravitreal implants constitute a relatively new method to treat eye diseases successfully due to the possibility of releasing drugs in a controlled and prolonged way. This particularity has made this kind of method preferred over other methods such as intravitreal injections or eye drops. However, there are some risks and complications associated with the use of eye implants, the body response being the most important. Therefore, material selection is a crucial factor to be considered for patient care since implant acceptance is closely related to the physical and chemical properties of the material from which the device is made. In this regard, there are two major categories of materials used in the development of eye implants: non-biodegradables and biodegradables. Although non-biodegradable implants are able to work as drug reservoirs, their surgical requirements make them uncomfortable and invasive for the patient and may put the eyeball at risk. Therefore, it would be expected that the human body responds better when treated with biodegradable implants due to their inherent nature and fewer surgical concerns. Thus, this review provides a summary and discussion of the most common non-biodegradable and biodegradable materials employed for the development of experimental and commercially available ocular delivery implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide a second economic life to agave fibers, an important waste material from the production of tequila, filaments based on polylactic acid (PLA) were filled with agave fibers (0, 3, 5, 10 wt%), and further utilized to produce biocomposites by fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3D printing at two raster angles (−45°/45° and 0°/90°). Differential scanning calorimetry, water uptake, density variation, morphology, and composting of the biocomposites were studied. The mechanical properties of the biocomposites (tensile, flexural, and Charpy impact properties) were determined following ASTM international norms. The addition of agave fibers to the filaments increased the crystallinity value from 23.7 to 44.1%. However, the fibers generated porous structures with a higher content of open cells and lower apparent densities than neat PLA pieces. The printing angle had a low significant effect on flexural and tensile properties, but directly affected the morphology of the printed biocomposites, positively influenced the impact strength, and slightly improved the absorption values for biocomposites printed at −45°/45°. Overall, increasing the concentrations of agave fibers had a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the biocomposites. The disintegration of the biocomposites under simulated composting conditions was slowed 1.6-fold with the addition of agave fibers, compared to neat PLA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]