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Abstract JEM-EUSO is an international program for the development of space-based Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray observatories. The program consists of a series of missions which are either under development or in the data analysis phase. All instruments are based on a wide-field-of-view telescope, which operates in the near-UV range, designed to detect the fluorescence light emitted by extensive air showers in the atmosphere. We describe the simulation software ESAF in the framework of the JEM-EUSO program and explain the physical assumptions used. We present here the implementation of the JEM-EUSO, POEMMA, K-EUSO, TUS, Mini-EUSO, EUSO-SPB1 and EUSO-TA configurations in ESAF. For the first time ESAF simulation outputs are compared with experimental data.

The data presented in this article are related to the research paper entitled “Observation of night-time emissions of the Earth in the near UV range from the International Space Station with the Mini-EUSO detector” (Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 284, January 2023, 113336, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.113336).The data have been acquired with the Mini-EUSO detector, an UV telescope operating in the range 290-430 nm and located inside the International Space Station. The detector was launched in August 2019, and it has started operations from the nadir-facing UV-transparent window in the Russian Zvezda module in October 2019. The data presented here refer to 32 sessions acquired between 2019-11-19 and 2021-05-06. The instrument consists of a Fresnel-lens optical system and a focal surface composed of 36 multi-anode photomultiplier tubes, each with 64 channels, for a total of 2304 channels with single photon counting sensitivity. The telescope, with a square field-of-view of 44°, has a spatial resolution on the Earth surface of 6.3 km and saves triggered transient phenomena with a temporal resolution of 2.5 µs and 320 µs. The telescope also operates in continuous acquisition at a 40.96 ms scale.In this article, large-area night-time UV maps obtained processing the 40.96 ms data, taking averages over regions of some specific geographical areas (e.g., Europe, North America) and over the entire globe, are presented. Data are binned into 0.1° × 0.1° or 0.05° × 0.05° cells (depending on the scale of the map) over the Earth's surface. Raw data are made available in the form of tables (latitude, longitude, counts) and .kmz files (containing the .png images). These are – to the best of our knowledge – the highest sensitivity data in this wavelength range and can be of use to various disciplines.

The PAMELA experiment was launched on board the Resurs-DK1 satellite on June 15th 2006. The apparatus was designed to conduct precision studies of charged cosmic radiation over a wide energy range, from tens of MeV up to several hundred GeV, with unprecedented statistics. In five years of continuous data taking in space, PAMELA accurately measured the energy spectra of cosmic ray antiprotons and positrons, as well as protons, electrons and light nuclei, sometimes providing data in unexplored energetic regions. These important results have shed new light in several astrophysical fields like: an indirect search for Dark Matter, a search for cosmological antimatter (anti-Helium), and the validation of acceleration, transport and secondary production models of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. Some of the most important items of Solar and Magnetospheric physics were also investigated. Here we present the most recent results obtained by the PAMELA experiment.

This paper follows the foregoing studies by the A.A. already carried out on the earthquakes occurred in Western Sicily. The hypocentral data investigation concerning a further large earthquake of the swarm, has confirmed an hypocentral depth close to the "Molio". Grouping conveniently the investigated earthquakes it was possible to calculate the longitudinal waves travel-times curves at the following depths: 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 00 km (A < 20°). Some interesting results concerning the first impulses of P„ waves have been found (existence of two series of waves, P,n and IJ„2 having a slightly different velocity). Five curves for each examined h have been calculated; the P„ (the general) using all the onsets including the ones whose residuals resulted later to be about three seconds: the Pni and the P„2 representing a Pn subdivision obtained by reducing the residuals range: the P„ -^13° and the P„ (10°M 20°) for 2» < A < 13° and 10° < A < 20° respectively calculated. (The P„ 13° approaches to a straight line, in accordance with other estimations for curves investigated along shorter paths). The paper contains also all numerical tables related to 29 travel-times curves calculated every 20 km; as well as the curve corresponding to li = 17.5 km. The last curve has been obtained averaging the values of depth from 5 km to 30 km in order to fill the gap 0 i—i 30 km.

The object of this work has been performed to check the reliability of the results obtained for the P„ travel-times arising from western Sicily. For this purpose a careful investigation on 25 earthquakes originating in the Mediterranean area has been developed: the basic parameters used to carry out the check, have been the ones computed by the International Seismological Centre (

La ricerca vuol essere un ulteriore contributo per una migliore conoscenzadella sismicità in Italia. In particolare si propone di migliorare datigià acquisiti circa la correlazione esistente tra Magnitudo e Intensità deiterremoti, introducendo nella relazione anche un parametro di profonditàvariabile entro cinque intervalli principalih < 10 km10 < h < 2020 < li < 3030 < h < 40h > 40

The aim of this study is to point out the difficulties in the analyticaldetermination of hypocentral depth h and the consequent uncertainty inits reliability.The former attempt was realized at world-wide level (december 1964),the latter in the Mediterranean Area (19 reigons, accordingly to the divisionproposed by Flin, Engdal, Hill, 1974).We considered hypocentral data of the earthquakes occurred in thatarea during the 1964-1974 decade, with a great care to the h values andtheir standard deviations.First we pointed out the depth features of every region: afterwardswe looked into the standard deviations (E) and their respective h valuesData analysis suggested us to calculate a series of exponential functionsE = P h"- showing standard deviations as a function of focal depth;every region is characterized by a and 3 coefficients calculated by a least squares fit.We analysed results and also made an attempt to explain the standarddeviations scatter. We also made an attempt by only Italian earthquakesdata (ioining the four sections Northern, Central, Southern Italy, andSicily), and we calculated the t = f(h) function.Both the world-wide analysis and the Mediterranean one pointed outsome interesting elements.— Focal depth data, even if joined with their standard deviations,are very unrealiable particularly for crustal earthquakes; in that casestandard deviations often are too large and focal depth lose their physicalmeaning.— In the upper mantle the data are more reliable.Obviously the choise of the travel-times used to calculate focal depthinfluences data reliability, particularly in the most heterogeneous layersin the crust.

This note presents a study meant to set out a national catalogue(C.S.N.) of seismic events the epicentres of which are to be found inItalian territory (or nearby). The catalogue, that will start from theyear 1450 B.C., could be used for various purpose employing moderntechnologies.The complete C.S.N, is made of three main parts, each of which canalso have a separate life:1) An Analytical Catalogue which comprises the greater part ofdata and is the most complete;2) A Macroseismic Atlas that shows the macroseismic aspect ofthe most relevant events;3) A Macroseismic Catalogue that translates in numeric terms theAtlas.To these is added a comprehensive Bibliography subdivided into 24chapters each of which covers one of the 24 time periods into which thecatalogue has been subdivided.The Analytical Catalogue besides giving the main parameters for eachearthquake (date, epicentre, hypocentral depth, MCS scale intensity, raagnitudo,each with its own reliability index) gives indications also on thefollowing sideline data:1) epicentral location (meaning by this the geographic region andthe eventual indication that the epicentre is to be found on a borderlinetouching more geographic regions, or in the sea, or on the coast, or othermisein the external band (see text);2) with a reference to the Atlas, the event is shown as having beendealt with also mocroseismic data and it will con be found, as such, inthe Atlas and in the Macroseismic Catalogue;3) indications on the typology of the earthquake: i.e. whether it is an« isolated » earthquake, or a « seismic period » (and if so with the indicationof the foreshock, main or aftershocks) or of a swarm;4) the possibility of indicating up to 7 sets of information suitablychose among 40 additional notes regarding instrumental, geophysical,physical or sensorial information besides the possibility of notifyingthat the event had undergone specific studies or whether it is even to beconsidered either noth sure or else legendary;5) the possibility of indicating up to four bibliographical items, is tobe considered as capital.The Macroseismic Atlas gives the isoseists of the more supported bydocumentary evidences earthquake, with the calculation of the relativeareas, of the rays of the equivalent circles and of the rays of prevalentmaximal and minimal propagation; these latter with the value of theazimuth measured from the geographical North passing through themacroseismic epicentre.The Macroseismic Catalogue reports numerically the macroseismic dataof the event: analytical and macroseismic epicentre; analytical and macroseismichypocentral depth, numerical values, in km., of the the threeserie of indicated rays, up to isoseist of the 4th degree (MCS).A fac-simile of working form is given.

SUMMARY - Most of strong earthquakes in Italy seem to be preceded byanomalous swarms of weaker shocks. Similiar precursor was described byProzoroff and al (1972) for Central Asia. Most often the swarms occur nearthe same lineament, as the strong earthquake which follow them.

The present paper represents a research on the historical evolution,in Italy, regarding the measurement of hours during the day. A fewcosmographical theoric recalls are offered to clarify how the problemshould be considered from the astronomical viewpoint. A review is thenmade of the different chronometrical scales adopted in Italy, since Romantimes; then, later, in the High and Low Medieval periods down tomodern and contemporary times. All the different chronometrical scalesadopted, in their historical evolution, are investigated: temporary, equinoctial,Italian hours, true local, mean local, civil, time hours a.m. andp.m., mean Rome, Mean Central European, Universal and finally UniversallyCoordinate, time hours; the intermittent adoption of legal summertime, is recalled.The importance of the problem is evidenced on account of the repercussionthat an inaccurate interpretation of the different time measuresgiven in historical times can have on geophysical events, and especially on an indexing of seismic events occurring in epochs prior to theexistence of radiosignalled time.To illustrate the research, reference is made to the classical treatiseof Baratta «1 terremoti d'ltalia » (ed. 1901): possibility of alterations ofthe fina lresults can be observed unless special attention is given to theoriginal chronicles. The alterations can even produce a date changeor a repetition, in the same catalogue, of the same event.Reliability criteria are suggested for hour data in function of theepoch of the event, as well as for the chronometrical scale employed inevidencing said event.In appendix some passages drawn from a study made by Serpierion the Rimini earthquake of March 18, 1875 that confirm tre difficultiesevidence are reported.Some tables are also reported:a table that gives the start of the clay for the calculation of Italianhours at different latitude sand at different days of the year, prior toand after the Gregorian reformation of the calendar, as well as thecorresponding time equations (App. E);a table that gives the geoghaphical coordinates of the Italianprovincial capitals with the longitudes (referred to Greenwich and Rome)expressed in time (App. D);a table showing time periods where legal (summer) time wasadopted instead of solar time (App. B);a table of intercalar seconds of Universal Coordinate time (App. A).

Aim of the present work is to determine the hypocentral depth ofan earthquake by macroseismic methods.A short hystorical review of the main relations between macroseismicintensity, acceleration and hypocentral depth from Cancani to the present time has been carried out. Particular care has been pointed out toKovesligethy and Blake works. Being the Blake's relation the basis ofall modern methods the y experimental value has been investigated toapply in Italy in the formula(/„ _ /„) = y log (Dn/h)using some earthquakes with analitical depth known. There are singledof two intermediate values of y; one (y ) valid for Italy in generalY, = 4.382 ± 2.282another (yc) more specific for central ItalyY„ = 3.989 ± 1.344From the investigation the AA. deem that the macroseismic methodcannot anyhow be applied, hence the AA. suggest the following applicationlimits:1) for the isoseismals to be used (not more than three around the epic.)2) for the hypocentral depths (only within the crust: h < 33 km)3) for the y value (y < 7.0)To determine quickly the depth (h + 5h), when the intermediate radii rcof the circles equivalent to the I, II, III isoseismal areas of an earthquakeare been calculated (or measured), a table 3 has been calculated.In table 4 both the macroseismic and the analitical depths relatingto untilized earthquakes, are compared.The results obtained in the present work can be improved when theresearchers will have access to a greater lot of earthquakes with knownanalitical depth and will be able to associate to a general intermediatevalue Y, specific values of ± 5y; for each homogeneous structural unit.In any case, the results obtained by that, as well by different macroseismicmethods, have always to retain approximate, even if the AA.tried to furnish a range of indétermination to h values.

T Centri Internazionali clic elaborano i d a t i di t u t ti gli Osservatori sismologici allo scopo di determinare i p a r a m e t r i fondamentali dogli eventi sismici, forniscono generalmente questi p a r a m e t r i con i corrispondenti errori calcolati. Nel presente lavoro, dopo alcuni rilievi di c a r a t t e r e generale, è s t a ta messa in evidenza l ' o p p o r t u n i t à di dare un aspetto significativo alle conseguenze che hanno gli inevitabili errori dovuti al rilevamento sperimentale dei dati di osservazione. In particolare è s t a t a r i c h i a m a t a l'attenzione: I) sul f a t t o elio l ' i n t e r p r e t a z i o n e d i r e t t a di un sismogramma non fornisce una distanza A sufficientemente precisa; I I ) sull'importanza che hanno gli errori + STI corrispondenti ai tempi origine e le conseguenze che ne derivano, specialmente per valori elevali di | SH |; I I I ) sul significato e l ' i m p o r t a n z a che hanno gli errori corrispondenti alle coordinate epicentrali ed alla p r o f o n d i t à ipocentrale; IV) sul significato e l ' i m p o r t a n z a clic hanno i residui ( 0 — ( ' ) = (tempi osservati — tempi calcolati) relativi ai iP di ciascuna stazione (lP = tempi di t r a g i t t o delle onde longitudinali). Tenendo presenti questi punti viene proposta una classificazione di c a r a t t e r e analitico e di uso pratico (Fig. 2) in 4 classi

I PArTEVenti secoli di storia sismica della Regione Carnicae dell'Italia Nord-Orientale Questa nota costituisce la prima parte di una ricercaintesa a studiare in dettaglio il terremoto avvenuto nei pressi di Tolmezzoil 26 Aprile 1959.In essa vengono esposti i risultati di una indagine svolta sulla sismicitàdi una ampia regione comprendente la zona di Tolmezzo, e precisamentedi quella parte dell'Italia Nord-Orientale che va dalle coste orientali delLago di Garda all'Austria, alla Jugoslavia e al Mare Adriatico.È stato compilato un catalogo cronologico dei terremoti ivi avvenutidall'anno 0 all'anno 1963: in detto catalogo sono riportati gli epicentri macrosismici,le massime I0, le Magnitudo, le Energie e alcune osservazioni.Per alcuni dei più importanti terremoti di quest'ultimo secolo, sono statedisegnate anche le isosiste. E stata costruita inoltre una carta degli epicentried un grafico che illustra l'andamento delle energie per tutti i 20 secoli.Una tabella riassuntiva sintetizza i risultati della ricerca.

Questa nota costituisce la IL p a r t e di uno studio detta g l i a t o s u l l ' a t t i v i t à sismica della zona delle Sorgenti del Peschiera. Ivivengono analizzati gli aspetti macrosismici del terremoto del 31 Ottobre1961 con epicentro a pochi km dalle Sorgenti stesse; ai rilievi macrosismicivengono inoltre associati quelli geologici.E altresì s t a t a t r a c c i a t a la storia sismica della zona a p a r t i r e dall'iniziodell'era volgare: numerose carte macrosismiche illustrano i casi piùi n t e r e s s a n t i .Essendo s t a t a messa in luce una certa tendenza della regione a manife s t a r e la sua a t t i v i t à sotto forma di « periodi sismici », vengono studiatiin maniera accurata alcuni tra i periodi più completi: sono stati messi ingrafici gli aspetti più i n t e r e s s a n t i dei fenomeni (intensità delle singole scossesecondo la scala Mercalli-Sieberg; energie singole e complessive di ciascunperiodo; calcolo di percentuali delle energie associate alle t r e fasi fonda,menta l i di ogni periodo).La tabella A riassume numericamente i r i s u l t a t i di questi ultimi calcoli.

Nel presente lavoro si espongono i risultati della prima parte diuno studio sul terremoto del Gran Sasso d'Italia avvenuto il 5 settembre10.50. Si riportano le notizie macrosismiche, e viene tracciatala rete delle isosiste. Calcolata la magnitudo, l'energia, l'epicentro incoordinate ortogonali e geografiche, le velocità delle Pg, Pn, Sg, Sncon le relative dromocrone, il tempo origine,

Proseguendo lo studio del terremoto del Gran Sasso d'Italia del5 settembre 1950 si rilevano alcune caratteristiche sismiche dell'Italiacentrale.Si determina la profondità ipocentrale con il metodo dell'angolodi emergenza. Indi si costruisce la dromocrona delle P* e si calcolalo spessore dello strato del granito relativamente alla zona.

The memoir begins with a brief report on the activitycarried out by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica on the occasion of theearthquakes, which violently hit numerous villages in West Sicily as fromJanuary 14th 1968: the full development of the seismological crisis was unceasinglyfollowed by the seismological Observatory in Rome, which documentedthe phenomenon with instrumental surveys and calculations. Afew days after the first shocks, the I.N.G. provided for the installation of threeseismological stations around the meizoseismal area (the station in Palermowhich had been damaged by the first violent shocks was rearranged and twomore were installed, one at Trapani and the other at Agrigento) for the purposeof following the course of the long series of aftershocks even in theirslightest manifestations.The memoir contains the results of observations carried out in respectof the more severe shocks (survey of registration times, magnitude and epieentralintensity) and gives a graph indicating the recurring frequency ofthe earthquakes, day by day, up to June 10th 1968.Figure 5 shows the position of some epicentres calculated by the IstitutoNazionale di Geofisica (I.N.G.), the Bureau Central International de Seismologie(B.C.I.S.) and by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey(U.S.C.G.S.). The epicentre map may be compared with the tectonic mapof the area.The macroseismic feature of the phenomenon is duly emphasised.After a concise survey of the most important effects caused by the shocksof greatest intensity (a survey rendered most difficult by the frighteningrapid succession of events) the memoir sets forth the results obtained bymeans of studies and calculations based on the damages officially ascertainedby the Genio Civile Offices.As it was impossible to draw a chart of isoseismical lines, a chart oflines of even damage (isoblabe) has been drawn (Pig. 6) and it summarizesthe global effects of the whole series of shocks with respect to buildings. Itis followed by an accurate and detailed analysis of results achieved.Finally the seismic precedents of the localities affected are resumed,with particular reference to the Belice Valley and Palermo area.

Questo lavoro fa seguito agli studi già pubblicati suit e r r e m o t i della Sicilia occidentale del Gennaio 1968. P a r t e n d o dai dati ipocentralidei 10 terremoti studiati, differenti l'uno dall'altro anche per lep r o f o n d i t à ipocentrali, sono state calcolate le curve dei tempi di t r a g i t todelle P„ per ogni terremoto, fino a distanze di 35°.Tenendo presente le considerazioni relative alla « 20° discontinuity »e le considerazioni f a t t e da Herrin (8) r e l a t i v a m e n t e alla revisione delle tabelleJeffreys-Bullen, le curve P„ dei terremoti della Sicilia sono s t a t e calcolatecon t r e criteri diversi: 1) considerando l'insieme di t u t t e le stazioni disponibilifino a distanze non superiori ai 35° (equazioni generali); 2) considerandosolo le stazioni comprese f r a 2° e 20° (equazioni del I ramo); 3) considerandoinfine solo le stazioni con distanze comprese tra 20° e 34° (equazioni delI I ramo).Le equazioni usate sono s t a t e quelle espresse da polinomi in zi2.Il t e r r e m o t o n. 9 è s t a t o sottoposto ad una indagine particolare: peresso sono s t a t e calcolate anche le droinocrone in A3 e poste a confrontocon quelle in A2. Le varie curve o t t e n u t e sono s t a t e messe a confronto t raloro ed anche con la curva di Herrin (interpolata per la stessa p r o f o n d i tàipocentrale) e ne sono stati discussi i risultati.

L'8 Giugno 1961, l'Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica installò una stazionesismica opportunamente attrezzata per lo studio dei terremotilocali, in un ambiente sito presso le Sorgenti del Peschiera, di proprietàdella Società A.C.E.A. e su richiesta della medesima.

È noto clie quando si parla di « sismicità » della terra in generale,o in particolare di una regione, non si intende definire in maniera precisaun concetto fisico o geofisico, ma piuttosto si vuole esprimere unamaggiore o minore « attitudine » di una determinata regione ad esseresede di fenomeni sismici.Per lo più la sismicità, così com'è intesa generalmente comprendeun panorama vasto e piuttosto disordinato di un insieme di coefficientiche nella loro totalità danno l'idea del fenomeno senza per altro dareal fenomeno stesso un preciso significato fisico, esprimibile in terminimatematici. Essa è una funzione della distribuzione geografica dei terremoti,della loro frequenza, della loro intensità, della loro energia,della loro natura, della loro correlazione con elementi geologici, e cosìvia. Di qui la grande difficoltà di dare una definizione sintetica di tutto ciò.La cosa più semplice e più lineare per affrontare lo studio dellasismicità di una regione, è ovviamente quella (li documentarsi il piùpossibile su tutti i terremoti avvenuti in tale regione; localizzarne gliepicentri in modo da averne una distribuzione geografica; poi, con l'ausiliodelle nozioni fornite dalla sismologia, ricercare tutti quegli elementiche servono a valutare l'intensità e l'energia di ogni singola scossa:sfruttare infine i risultati ottenuti per dare un aspetto organico a tuttoil fenomeno nel suo insieme.Un lavoro di questo genere, esteso a tutta la terra, servirebbe a dareuna visione esatta della sismicità globale.

Dalle notizie rilevate dalla Stampae da quelle tratte dall'indagine che l'ufficio Centrale di Meteorologiaha compiuto per nostro conto, si è potuto stabilire che la zona epicentralecadeva nel lodigiano, dove ha sviluppato una intensità valutatadal V I al V I I grado della scala Mercalli.