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Purpose: To evaluate the position stability of a phakic intraocular lens (Cachet pIOL; Alcon, Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX) in the anterior chamber (AC) during a 6-months follow-up. Methods: Thirty eyes of 16 subjects underwent a Cachet pIOL implantation for the correction of high myopia from -6.50 to -16.00 D with plano targeted refraction. The position stability of the Cachet pIOL was evaluated using an Anterior Segment-OCT (AS-OCT, Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany) at 1- and 6-months postoperatively. Three measurements have been taken into account: 1) the minimum distance between the anterior surface of the Cachet pIOL optic disk and the central corneal endothelium; 2) the minimum distance between the optic disk’s edges of the pIOL and the endothelium; 3) the minimum distance between the posterior surface of the pIOL optic disk and the anterior surface of the crystalline lens. The endothelial cell density (ECD) was also recorded. Results: No statistically significant changes of the Cachet pIOL position in the AC were found during follow-up. The average changes were ≤0.1 mm between 1- and 6-months postoperatively (P>0.05). At the end of follow-up, The mean ECD loss was 0.7 % (from 2794 ± 337 cell/mm2 to 2776 ± 388 cell/mm2; P>0.05). Conclusion: A high position stability of the Cachet pIOL in the anterior chamber was shown during a 6-months follow-up.

This study focused on the battlements of the Tower of Palazzo Alliata Pietratagliata in Palermo, which is one of the most important examples of late medieval civil architecture in Sicily. The battlements are made by biocalcarenite and currently affected by a strong desegregation. In order to first characterize the stone some tests have been carried out on small samples collected in situ: chemical and morphological analysis through X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical polarized light microscopy (PLM), determination of total soluble salt content by measuring the conductivity and dosage of the anions and determination of the dimensional distribution of the pores. The second step was the testing of nanostructured products for the consolidation. Indeed, since for this purpose it was not possible to take the necessary amount of samples directly from the tower, the study proceeded on the limestone of Marsala, intended as the lithotype with structural and textural characteristics similar to the one used in the battlements of the tower. On these stone samples other analyses were performed: determination of bulk (MVA) and real (MVR) density through helium picnometer, water open porosity measurement through the method of the hydrostatic balance, x-ray diffractometry, porosimetry through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, after an induced aging of the specimens for simulating the desegregation of the stone, two nanostructured products for the consolidation, both based on nanosilica, have been applied. Then, two more cycles of diagnostics have been performed in order to understand the effect of the products on the stone. The results obtained through these various experimental techniques are reported and extensively discussed.

To examine levels of serum homocysteine (Hcy), vitamin B12 and folic acid in patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG), primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and healthy control subjects. This study included 36 patients with PEXG, 40 with POAG, and 40 age-matched healthy subjects. Fasting plasma Hcy concentrations and levels of serum vitamin B12 and folic acid were measured using competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay; values exceeding 14 μm/l were considered elevated. Mean plasma Hcy was significantly higher in PEXG (16.55 ± 7.23 μm/l) compared with POAG (13.91 ± 3.61 μm/l) and controls (13.12 ± 5.13 μm/l) (p = 0.03 and p = 0.0007 respectively). There were no statistical differences in serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels among PEXG, POAG and control subjects (p > 0.05). A moderate, although statistically significant, relationship between Hcy and folic acid levels was found in the PEXG group (R2 = 0.23, p = 0.003). Hcy levels were found not to be related with folic acid or vitamin B12 in either POAG or control subjects. In this study, plasma Hcy is significantly higher in PEXG group than the POAG and control groups. Hyper-Hcy might play a role in the pathogenesis of PEXG. Hyper-Hcy may be an independent factor stressing vasculopathy in addition to pseudoexfoliation, so might be a modifiable risk factor for PEXG.

The formation of the coastal plain of the Brazilian sea is mainly due to the fluctuation of relative sea level in the past. Armacao dos Buzios or simply Buzios is a municipality in the microregion of lakes, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. In this region there is a lowland area about two meters above current sea level. This lowland area is also known as coastal plain of Una River. It is expected that during the Holocene period the sea level reached a maximum about 2.5 meters above the current level. During that time billions of mollusks lived and proliferated in the shallow waters around the coastal plain of the Una River. As they died their shells formed a layer in the soil including Malhada Marsh that belongs to the Una River plain. In this study, shells were collected from this region and dated using the techniques of Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). Ages from 2480±130 to 4490±270 years were obtained. Radiocarbon dating were performed at the Beta Analytic Lab, USA for comparison with the EPR results. Shells ages obtained are compatible with geological data from the Holocene period relative to past sea level fluctuations.

Fricke Gel (FXGs) dosimetric system is based on the radiation induced oxidation of ferrous to ferric ions. The application of Fricke gels for ionizing radiation dosimetry is continuously increasing worldwide due to their many favorable properties. However, one of their shortcomings is that ferrous and ferric ions diffuse in the gel matrix. To maintain the spatial integrity of the dose distribution, Fricke gels must be undergoing measurement within a few hours of their irradiation, so that ferric ions remain close to their point of production. Thus, the spatial integrity of the dose distribution in the Fricke gel is maintained (Schreiner, 2015). The gel matrix also contributes to the oxidation of ferrous ions during irradiation, increasing the chemical yield of ferric ions in aqueous solution and increasing the sensitivity of the dosimeter. The oxidation of ferrous ions also causes a reduction of the longitudinal nuclear magnetic relaxation time T1 which can be measured by means of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (Marrale, 2014). The results here presented are related to an experimental investigation conducted on Fricke Gels characterized by gelatinous matrix of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cross-linked with a Glutaraldehyde (GTA) (Marini, 2016). The main dosimetric features of the NMR signal were investigated. The gels were irradiated in the clinical dose range between 0 and 20 Gy. In order to assess the photon sensitivity we analyzed the dependence of NMR relaxation times on radiation dose with varying ferrous ammonium sulfate content inside FXGs. Furthermore, signal stability was followed for several days after irradiation. These measurements were preliminary to MRI analysis which can permit 3D dose mapping. In order to maximize the MRI response a systematic study was performed to optimize acquisition sequences and parameters. In particular, we analyzed for inversion recovery sequences the dependence of MRI signal on the repetition time TR and on the inversion time TI. The dose calibration curves are reported and discussed from the point of view of the dosimeter use in clinical radiotherapy. This work has highlighted that the optimization of additives inside gel matrix is fundamental for maximizing photon sensitivity of these detectors. We can conclude that FXG dosimeters with optimal ferrous ammonium sulfate content can be regarded as a valuable dosimetric tool to achieve fast information on spatial dose distribution.

Negli ultimi anni è cresciuto il rischio di esposizioni radiologiche non controllate della popolazione, sia a causa di incidenti associati ad applicazioni industriali e mediche delle radiazioni ionizzanti sia in seguito ad incidenti legati all’abbandono o alla dismissione di sorgenti ma anche ad un uso criminale di materiale radioattivo [1–3]. Gli effetti biologici prodotti dalle radiazioni ionizzanti dipendono fortemente dalla quantità di energia impartita per unità di massa (dose assorbita) [4]. Pertanto, nell’ambito di un incidente radiologico, disporre di procedure di ricostruzione della dose assorbita da un individuo può contribuire oltre che ad identificare i membri della popolazione eventualmente coinvolti anche a stimare la gravità del danno subito. Inoltre per prevedere i possibili effetti a lungo termine e programmare un corretto trattamento terapeutico può essere altresì importante conoscere la distribuzione di dose al corpo [5, 6]. Poiché la popolazione comune non indossa dosimetri individuali specifici, diviene indispensabile la ricerca di dosimetri di emergenza tra i materiali facilmente reperibili sulla persona esposta o sul luogo dell’evento. I dosimetri fortuiti devono essere di facile acquisizione, semplici da preparare per le misure ed è auspicabile che l’intera procedura per la ricostruzione della dose in condizioni di emergenza sia rapida e non invasiva. É importante, inoltre, che la loro lettura sia sufficientemente sensibile da permettere la misura di dosi clinicamente significative (sicuramente inferiori ai 10 Gy) e la differenziazione tra valori di dose appartenenti ai diversi intervalli di dose di interesse per la dosimetria in caso di emergenza radiologica [7, 8]. L’insieme delle misure finalizzate alla ricostruzione della dose ricevuta in un passato recente o lontano vengono descritte collettivamente come dosimetria retrospettiva [6]. Si parla di dosimetria retrospettiva accidentale qualora le valutazioni siano mirate a ricostruire dosi ricevute in seno ad incidenti ai quali è associata emissione di radiazioni ionizzanti. Spesso le esposizioni accidentali dei membri della popolazione sono localizzate o comunque molto eterogenee. In tal caso, può essere utile adottare come dosimetri accidentali oggetti prossimi a diverse parti del corpo così da poter ricostruire la distribuzione di dose al corpo stesso. Per tale motivo vari tipi di materiali organici ed inorganici, prelevabili direttamente dagli individui o da oggetti in loro stretta prossimità, sono stati sottoposti ad esperimenti, anche con più tecniche sperimentali, per studiarne le potenzialità come dosimetri individuali fortuiti. Sono state prese in considerazione tecniche di dosimetria biologica e di dosimetria fisica. Queste ultime, in particolare, consentono una misura indiretta della dose tramite valutazione degli effetti fisici indotti dalle radiazioni ionizzanti. Tra le varie tecniche di dosimetria fisica, la spettroscopia di risonanza di spin elettronico (ESR) permette la valutazione quantitativa della concentrazione delle specie paramagnetiche radioindotte che è strettamente legata alla dose assorbita. Invece, la termoluminescenza (TL) fornisce informazioni sulla dose di irraggiamento tramite la misura della concentrazione di elettroni indotti dalla radiazione ionizzante nelle trappole della struttura di materiali isolanti o semiconduttori. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è l'analisi delle proprietà dosimetriche campioni di vetro minerale, quale quello presente sui quadranti degli orologi da polso, irradiati con fasci di fotoni tramite spettroscopia EPR e tecnica TL.

La radioattività delle famiglie di radionuclidi naturali contenuti nei materiali da costruzione è responsabile in una certa misura dell'equivalente di dose riferibile al fondo naturale delle radiazioni. Tale radioattività contribuisce a due fattori di dose: la dose gamma esterna e la dose alfa interna legata all'introduzione e all'accumulo del radon nonché ad un contributo dovuto all’inalazione di polveri nelle quali le concentrazioni dei capostipiti naturali sono alte. I materiali da costruzione sono la sorgente principale del rateo di dose gamma nelle abitazioni. Tutti gli edifici in pietra contengono nuclei radioattivi come 226Ra, 232Th e 40K. É noto che i livelli di radon sono legati al radio intrappolato nei grani del materiale lapideo. Negli edifici con alti livelli di radio l'esalazione di radon può diventare di grande importanza. La conoscenza dei livelli di radioattività nei materiali da costruzione è perciò importante nel definire il rischio radiologico per la salute umana. La Sicilia è un'isola con caratteristiche geologiche e litologiche specifiche. Ogni litologia presenta diverse concentrazioni di radionuclidi. Questo diventa importante sia nel caso di costruzioni in pietra che di materiali ottenuti da malte e cementi ottenuti da miscelazione dei materiali provenienti da diverse cave.

Introduction Fricke gel dosimeters allow measurements of 3D dose distributions and can be an effective tool for dosimetry verifications in radiotherapy. Various authors have reported drawbacks of the gels affecting the accuracy in case of low dose measurements. Purpose This study aims at investigating such drawbacks and at establishing the conditions for an optimal use of the gels. Materials and methods Our dosimeters consist of gels infused with a Fricke ferrous sulphate solution combined with xylenol orange (XO). Two kinds of xylenol orange (XO) and two different gelling agents (gelatin from porcine skin and Agarose) were utilized. Gels are red out by light absorption techniques: images of absorbance in two wavelength regions (around 430 nm and 585 nm) are acquired with a CCD camera. Absorbance spectrum measurements were done with a compact spectrometry based on optical fibres. Magnetic resonance (MR) measurements of Longitudinal Relaxation Time (T1) were also performed. Results Different trends characterized the absorbance spectra of dosimeters obtained with different gelling agents or different XOs. Moreover, the trends were different for different absorbed doses and varied over a few hours after irradiation. Conclusion The variation of the absorbance spectra is consistent with various previously unexplained effects reported in literature and may explain them. The results are a valid aid for a better use of these dosimeters and warrant further studies of the changes in the Fricke gel matrices after irradiation. Disclosure Authors declare no relationship that may bias the presentation.