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Cash flow management in commercial organizations of the production sector is one of the key problems of financial management in the post-crisis stages of the pandemic and its overcoming, which requires new solutions. This article presents practical solutions for improving financial management in the context of liquiditysolvency relationship, cash flow, and current asset valuation in six leading companies that produce food and meat products by capitalization listed on the world stock exchange and studied. Since the role of artificial intelligence is highly valued in the current period, financial management professionals have also started to use various learning forecasting models in order to increase the efficiency of their decision-making. Forecasting the capital structure in commercial organizations with an artificial intelligence model is a completely new approach in the financial management system, the main task of which is to define the preferred ratio of the components of liabilities in connection with the minimum cost of capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reform of lease accounting for lessees has brought about a major change that has required the interpretation of the concept of assets and liabilities. The lease project arose from a lack of information about the entity's liabilities, as some users believed that operating lease commitments should be reported as liabilities of the entity. Concepts are fundamental in a principles-based standard. IFRS 16 was a controversial standard and subject to strong pressure, especially from preparers, and not only conceptual positions were involved in the deliberation process. As a principles-based standard should be interpreted following those principles, this paper examines the interpretative decisions following the adoption of IFRS 16 to analyze whether they are consistent with the concepts used in the standard, particularly the concept of liabilities. Our results show that the standard and the basis for its conclusions have needed clarification or, in some cases, were interpreted inconsistently with the criteria under which IFRS 16 was issued. We argue that these departures have occurred because the Basis for Conclusions of IFRS 16 does not clearly reflect the concept of liabilities and they suggest that an explicit interpretation of the concepts is needed, either in the standard or in the doctrinal literature; otherwise, the standard may abandon its vocation of principles-based regulation. Our findings are relevant to standard setters, particularly for the IASB when addressing the post-implementation review of IFRS 16, and preparers and auditors who must apply the standard.

This study examines the impact of net interest margin, non-interest income, non-performing loans, and Political Stability Index on the banks’ profitability regarding return on assets in developing Asian countries, focusing on how political stability affects the bank’s profitability. The secondary data from 14 developing countries used in this study are collected from the World Bank and World Financial Studies Report. The dataset includes 154 data points spanning from 2012 to 2022, focusing on 14 underdeveloped countries of Asia. Exploratory and analytical research designs are utilized. Data are analyzed by using EViews 12. Econometric tools such as descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, panel unit root testing, Fisher-Johnsen combined co-integration test, panel vector error correction model, and Wald test investigate the relationship between response and predictor variables. The net interest margin, non-interest income, non-performing loan, and Political Stability Index are jointly integrated to determine the bank’s profit of developing countries of the Asia continent. Interest margin, non-interest revenue, non-performing loans, and the Political Stability Index all show a 38.6 percent variance in bank profit. It has been discovered that for every unit that rises in net interest margin and Political Stability Index, the bank profitability of developing Asian countries increases by 0.4867 and 0.2221 percent, respectively. Non-interest income has little bearing on the profitability of banks. Meanwhile, non-interest income exhibits minimal influence, suggesting a need for a strategic focus on interest margin enhancement and fostering political stability to optimize banking sector profitability in the region.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the peculiarities of banks’ business models and assess their risks, which is especially relevant in the context of the war in Ukraine since 2014. The information base is the published statements for each month of 63 Ukrainian banks for the period from 1 January 2018 to 1 January 2024. The number of indicators is chosen in an empirical manner. Business models are investigated using the method of structural-functional groups of banks, which allows estimating large arrays of financial indicators, grouping banks with similar characteristics and drawing conclusions about the main risks. It is convenient to use neural networks, namely Kohonen’s self-organizing maps, to estimate large data sets. The largest group of banks places a significant part of assets in government securities and has an unstable resource base. The share of these banks in the system as of January 1, 2024 is 38% and total assets are 10%. The second group by number of banks is focused on corporate lending with a high share of current resources in liabilities, and includes 21% of banks, whose assets account for 31% of total assets. State-owned banks, PrivatBank and OschadBank, account for 35% of total assets. The business models of these banks are characterized by dependence on retail funds, a high share of investment operations, and high credit and currency risks. Ukraine’s banking system has significantly developed a risk-oriented approach to management, which allowed it to maintain stability in the face of a full-scale war.

From an economic and psychological point of view, building and maintaining a good reputation is essential for any branch of economic activity. This work evaluated goodwill using the weighted average return on assets method, WARA. This is according to the average company in the manufacturing industry in the Czech Republic between 2016-2020. The average enterprise was created by filtering enterprises determined according to the classification of economic activities of CZ NACE from section C. These data were transformed into a single entity valued on an accounting basis, and the value of its goodwill was determined. This value was determined from an accounting point of view as the difference between the revenue value of the business plant and the asset value of the business plant. The benefit is the value of goodwill expenses in connection with strengthening the competitive advantage in the market. The limitation of this work was determining which companies should filter out from the list of accounting data completely and which to keep. Further research could examine companies in individual subgroups in the manufacturing industry and other sections of the classification of economic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the financial management of construction companies in the Czech Republic during 2014-2021, i.e., an 8-year period. Since the data collection also provided information on the years of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, the paper focuses on the financial management of construction companies during this period. Financial management means the management of companies' assets, i.e., fixed and current assets and the management of financial resources that cover these assets. Financial resources are divided into own and external resources. Liquidity is also related to the issue of financial management where current liquidity including all current assets to cover short-term liabilities is taken into account. The paper is divided into two parts: the former analyses the period until the COVID-19 pandemic crisis i.e., 2017-2019, and the latter analyses the period during the years of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis i.e., 2020-2021. The aggregate data for the entire period under study is also recorded. An important outcome of the paper is highlighting the possible differences in the financial management of construction companies before and after the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. The methods used in the research described in the article are closely related to those used in financial analysis, in particular the basic vertical analysis method and the ratio indicator method, where the current ratio is taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of net interest margin, non-interest income, non-performing loans, and Political Stability Index on the banks' profitability regarding return on assets in developing Asian countries, focusing on how political stability affects the bank's profitability. The secondary data from 14 developing countries used in this study are collected from the World Bank and World Financial Studies Report. The dataset includes 154 data points spanning from 2012 to 2022, focusing on 14 underdeveloped countries of Asia. Exploratory and analytical research designs are utilized. Data are analyzed by using EViews 12. Econometric tools such as descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, panel unit root testing, Fisher-Johnsen combined co-integration test, panel vector error correction model, and Wald test investigate the relationship between response and predictor variables. The net interest margin, non-interest income, non-performing loan, and Political Stability Index are jointly integrated to determine the bank's profit of developing countries of the Asia continent. Interest margin, non-interest revenue, non-performing loans, and the Political Stability Index all show a 38.6 percent variance in bank profit. It has been discovered that for every unit that rises in net interest margin and Political Stability Index, the bank profitability of developing Asian countries increases by 0.4867 and 0.2221 percent, respectively. Non-interest income has little bearing on the profitability of banks. Meanwhile, non-interest income exhibits minimal influence, suggesting a need for a strategic focus on interest margin enhancement and fostering political stability to optimize banking sector profitability in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ukraine, the issue of assessing losses as a result of military aggression became relevant in 2014 after the annexation of part of the country's territory by the Russian Federation. Until 2022, Ukraine's state structures developed several regulatory documents regulating these issues. However, the problems of methodology and techniques for assessing damage and losses as a result of military actions in Ukraine have again come into the focus of academics and expert practitioners after the full-scale and extremely destructive aggression that began on February 24, 2022. It became clear that it would be impossible to assess the volume and variety of damage and losses caused to Ukraine based on previous approaches and methods. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need and ways of developing the methodology for assessing damage and losses of enterprises as a result of the war, to determine the possibilities of mutual enrichment of the methodology of expert and accounting evaluation for their combined application when calculating losses from military actions in Ukraine. The work reveals the economic and regulatory essence of the approaches to assessing the damage and losses of enterprises from the war applied in Ukraine: the World Bank's rapid assessment methodology; methods of property-by-object assessment of the State Property Fund of Ukraine; methodology based on the accounting assessment methodology of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. The authors critically analysed their potential and opportunities to achieve the goals set by the Ukrainian authorities for conducting a mass and operational assessment of economic losses from the war and ensuring a transparent and fair compensation policy. The main criteria for evaluating efficiency when choosing and using one or another approach for assessing enterprises' losses from the war were determined. The essence of the assessment methodology was revealed, and the methodological features of expert and accounting approaches to determining the damage and losses of enterprises from the war were defined. Reasoned possibility of mutual enrichment of the methodological bases of expert and accounting assessment through reciprocal borrowing of methods, procedures, techniques and methods. The practicality of both individual and combined application of expert and accounting approaches to assessing damage and losses to achieve the goals set by the Government of Ukraine has been proven.

This brief is intended to help policymakers and the public better understand the financial standing of Marin County’s public pension systems, the role of legacy liabilities vs. ongoing benefit accrual in employer pension costs, and the current trajectory of these costs.

The aim of the study is to assess the state of interbank lending to the systemically important banks in Ukraine, taking into account the current conditions of functioning of the economy. The article analyzes the dynamics of the number of banking institutions for 2008–2023, identifies the causes and consequences of their significant reduction. The essence and significance of systemically important banks are determined; approaches and principles of granting banking institutions the status of systemically important (SIB) are described; special conditions for withdrawal of SIB from the market under martial law have been allocated. A comprehensive analysis of the state of interbank lending to systemically important banks in Ukraine during 2019–2022 was carried out, in particular, the total amount of interbank loans received, the activity of the SIBs to attract interbank loans (IBCs) by their share in the total amount of liabilities, by the share of IBC in the balance sheet currency and the ratio of IBC to equity during the analyzed period were examined. The results of the carried out study indicate that it is interbank loans that are characterized by a quick reaction to changes in financial market conditions. It has been determined that systemically important banks of Ukraine reduce their dependence on interbank financing, which in practice means their financial stability and strength. It is proved that the studied banks, when forming the resource base, try to avoid a high share of interbank loans both in the total amount of mobilized funds and in comparison with equity, since IBCs are the most expensive instruments for replenishing the resource base of commercial banks. Emphasis is placed on important achievements of the systemic reform of the banking sector, which led to the cleansing of the domestic market from weak and unreliable banks and the construction of a Western-style banking system in Ukraine in compliance with world standards of banking business. Thanks to proper regulation and control on the part of the NBU over the observance by commercial banks of the established norms and rules of conducting banking business, the domestic banking system steadfastly endures all modern challenges and even in conditions of a full-scale war proves its financial stability and reliability, maintaining customer trust and recognition of international partners.

This article delves into the escalating frequency of financial crises and their repercussions on national economies, emphasizing the imperative need for both the global community and individual nations to establish mechanisms that can effectively counter financial shocks. The primary line of defence within banking institutions is their own capital. Consequently, the adequacy of a country's own capital plays a pivotal role in determining the robustness of its banking system. The article presents an in-depth analysis of the dynamics of fundamental capital types, including own and borrowed capital, and other economic indicators, with a specific focus on the proportion of own capital within these factors in Portugal, an integral part of the European community. The study employs correlation-regression analysis to explore the interdependencies among capital, liabilities, assets, income, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Regression models are developed to investigate the influence on a bank's own capital. The analysis substantiates the hypothesis regarding the interconnections among these key indicators. Based on the findings, recommendations are made for the implementation of a mechanism to ascertain capital sufficiency. The article places significant emphasis on identifying and utilizing instruments that facilitate the achievement of this objective, ultimately contributing to bolstering financial resilience in Portugal and beyond.

This article delves into the escalating frequency of financial crises and their repercussions on national economies, emphasizing the imperative need for both the global community and individual nations to establish mechanisms that can effectively counter financial shocks. The primary line of defence within banking institutions is their own capital. Consequently, the adequacy of a country's own capital plays a pivotal role in determining the robustness of its banking system. The article presents an in-depth analysis of the dynamics of fundamental capital types, including own and borrowed capital, and other economic indicators, with a specific focus on the proportion of own capital within these factors in Portugal, an integral part of the European community. The study employs correlation-regression analysis to explore the interdependencies among capital, liabilities, assets, income, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Regression models are developed to investigate the influence on a bank's own capital. The analysis substantiates the hypothesis regarding the interconnections among these key indicators. Based on the findings, recommendations are made for the implementation of a mechanism to ascertain capital sufficiency. The article places significant emphasis on identifying and utilizing instruments that facilitate the achievement of this objective, ultimately contributing to bolstering financial resilience in Portugal and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ukraine, the issue of assessing losses as a result of military aggression became relevant in 2014 after the annexation of part of the country's territory by the Russian Federation. Until 2022, Ukraine's state structures developed several regulatory documents regulating these issues. However, the problems of methodology and techniques for assessing damage and losses as a result of military actions in Ukraine have again come into the focus of academics and expert practitioners after the full-scale and extremely destructive aggression that began on February 24, 2022. It became clear that it would be impossible to assess the volume and variety of damage and losses caused to Ukraine based on previous approaches and methods. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need and ways of developing the methodology for assessing damage and losses of enterprises as a result of the war, to determine the possibilities of mutual enrichment of the methodology of expert and accounting evaluation for their combined application when calculating losses from military actions in Ukraine. The work reveals the economic and regulatory essence of the approaches to assessing the damage and losses of enterprises from the war applied in Ukraine: the World Bank's rapid assessment methodology; methods of property-by-object assessment of the State Property Fund of Ukraine; methodology based on the accounting assessment methodology of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. The authors critically analysed their potential and opportunities to achieve the goals set by the Ukrainian authorities for conducting a mass and operational assessment of economic losses from the war and ensuring a transparent and fair compensation policy. The main criteria for evaluating efficiency when choosing and using one or another approach for assessing enterprises' losses from the war were determined. The essence of the assessment methodology was revealed, and the methodological features of expert and accounting approaches to determining the damage and losses of enterprises from the war were defined. Reasoned possibility of mutual enrichment of the methodological bases of expert and accounting assessment through reciprocal borrowing of methods, procedures, techniques and methods. The practicality of both individual and combined application of expert and accounting approaches to assessing damage and losses to achieve the goals set by the Government of Ukraine has been proven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the impact of a company’s performance on the economy, with a focus on Albanian insurance companies and their importance in the non-banking financial sector. The paper aims to analyze the profitability of these companies by examining various internal factors such as company size, capital volume, liabilities, liquidity, growth rate, and fixed assets, with a specific focus on their return on assets (ROA). To achieve this objective, the paper uses quantitative methods to study the relationship between these variables. The sample comprises 10 companies in the Albanian insurance market, including both life and non-life insurers, studied between 2014 and 2021. The results show that only company size has a positive impact on profitability, while not all other variables were significant, irrespective of their direction. Ultimately, the paper demonstrates that a company’s good performance can positively affect the economy in which it operates.

Equity is the most important object of accounting and an integral element of the financial statements and accounting reports of any organization. At the same time, our research indicates that today there are significant problems in the field of interpretation and reflection of the equity of modern organizations in accounting reports, which are typical for both the theory and practice of accounting and reporting, as well as for regulatory documents and scientific literature. These problems have been identified by the authors both in the theory and practice of accounting and reporting, both in regulatory documents and in the scientific literature. This article is devoted to the analysis of these problems and ways to solve them. Research methods included analysis, synthesis, grouping and analogy methods, comparison, systemic and logical approaches. In the course of the study, the scientific literature and Russian and International Standards relating to the interpretation, accounting and reflection in the financial statements of the equity of organizations were critically analyzed. As a result, proposals were developed and substantiated for solving the identified problems in the above areas. The results of this study can be useful to a wide range of readers interested in the problems of modern accounting and reporting, can be applied in the practical work of the accounting departments of organizations, in the educational process of higher educational institutions and in the development and improvement of relevant regulatory documents on accounting.

The article considers the role of liabilities in the formation of assets used as resources of creditors for carrying out economic activities of an enterprise. A content analysis of the existing definitions of the content of liabilities in the legal and accounting aspects at the level of national and international regulations and in the scientific literature is carried out. Based on the terminological analysis, it is substantiated that a liability is a present obligation of an entity arising from past events to perform a certain action in favor of another party to transfer assets to it which embody economic benefits corresponding to the value of liabilities reflected as a credit balance of analytical accounting bills. The life cycle of an enterprise’s liabilities in terms of the processes of their formation, investment and repayment is studied. In order to assess the creditworthiness of an enterprise, it is important to properly account for liabilities and reflect them in the balance sheet in accordance with the classification features of determination in time and the characteristics of the subjects of relations. The author determines the types of liabilities that should be classified when assessing creditworthiness as an important factor in the economic security of an enterprise. The author substantiates the need to improve accounting and financial reporting on the company's liabilities in the context of streamlining the content of accounting bills in accordance with the first section of the balance sheet liability, changing the structural composition of information of accounts 47 «Provision for future expenses and payments» and 43 «Reserve capital», reflecting tax differences on income tax in the calculation of financial results and disclosing data on liabilities in the Notes to the financial statements in terms of the list and amounts of liabilities included in the balance sheet items.

The implementation of financial and analytical procedures is an important stage of making appropriate management decisions in the implementation of economic activities. During the financial analysis of the organization’s activities can determine such indicators as the level of financial stability, solvency, liquidity of the company, its market value and other important indicators, without knowledge of which it is difficult to make adequate and effective management decisions. The purpose of the study is to determine the financial instruments of equating certain categories of an organization’s liabilities to its own funds within the framework of financial and analytical procedures. During the research, the author used such methods as content analysis of sources, analysis, synthesis, generalization, scientific abstraction, analogy. The author shows that the interpretation of the concept of «obligation» from the point of view of various areas of economic science (accounting, audit, taxation, valuation, financial analysis, etc.) can have different meanings. The author analyzed a number of normative legal acts and the practice of applying retraining (equating) obligations to own funds. As a possibility of equating obligations, the author considers subordinated borrowed funds; long-term borrowed funds and long-term accounts payable; minimum regulatory accounts payable arising as a result of a gap in the terms of accrual and payment (fixed liabilities); debt and accounts payable to affiliated entities; certain elements of deferred income; certain elements of reserves future expenses and other equated to own funds of obligations. It is concluded that individual liabilities, considered by accounting science and jurisprudence as liabilities, from a financial point of view (in certain situations, taking into account the relevant goals and objectives of financial analytical procedures), can be equated to the organization’s own funds.

Economic-financial analysis is the means by which a company can identify its own strengths and weaknesses, in relationship to the means at its disposal, as well as the opportunities and threats that it is facing. The economic-financial analysis represents a managerial tool meant to proceed to the examination of an economic entity, in order to identify and solve the problems that arise. The process of managing and administering the company, regardless of the field of activity and the proposed purpose is complex. The appreciation of the differences in performance and financial position depends on the nature of the company as well as on the system of instruments used in wealth management. The basis of our research and results for this company was the economic-financial analysis through which we identified its strengths and weaknesses in relation to the means at its disposal, but also the opportunities and threats to it. The objectives of the research are the analysis of certain indicators in order to identify and solve the problems that this company faces in an aggressive competitive environment, to anticipate the movements of the competition and to self-evaluate the resources it has. These objectives were achieved and explained through the diagnostic analysis within the article.

This paper empirically examines whether the order of liability and preferred stock accounts presented on the balance sheet is consistent with how the stock market values their riskiness. This paper measures a firm’s riskiness with idiosyncratic risk and employs the first-difference design to test the relation between idiosyncratic risk and the order of current liabilities, noncurrent liabilities and preferred stock, respectively. Further, the paper tests whether operating liabilities are viewed as riskier than financial liabilities. Finally, the authors partition their sample based on the degree of financial distress and investigate whether the results differ between the two subsamples. The paper finds that current liabilities are viewed as riskier than noncurrent liabilities and preferred stock is viewed as less risky than current and noncurrent liabilities, consistent with the ordering on the balance sheet. Further, the paper finds that operating liabilities are viewed as riskier than financial liabilities. Finally, the authors find that total liabilities and preferred stock (redeemable and convertible classes) are viewed as riskier for distressed firms than for nondistressed firms. The authors thoroughly investigate the riskiness of several classes of claims and document that the classification of liabilities and preferred stock classes is relevant to common stockholders for assessing their associated risk.

Today, payables are one of the fundamental elements necessary to assess the efficiency and profitability of any enterprise. The proposed study is concerned with the issues of accounting and analysis of accounts payable at domestic enterprises. The article substantiates the theoretical foundations and analyzes the practical experience of accounting for payables in Ukraine in accordance with the main goal. The differences and similarities in the interpretation of the concept of «accounts payable» by a large number of scholars and researchers are outlined. The conditions of shortcomings of increasing the level of accounts payable to a level higher than a normed one are analyzed. The procedure for analyzing accounts payable is examined. The model of payables management in the enterprise is distinguished. The methodological legal principles of management of this type of obligations in Ukraine are described. The article also demonstrates the positive prospects for conducting an efficient analysis of accounts payable. Statistical changes in the dynamics of current accounts payable at enterprises of various forms of ownership and size, including large, medium, small and micro businesses of Ukraine during 2013-2020, were computed. Based on the trend of increasing the level of payables and the available official information on this issue, assumptions have been made about the dynamics of current accounts payable during 2021-2022. A list of proposals for improving the organization of analytical accounting of settlements with borrowers is also outlined. The direction of further research work is the search for new ways to constantly improve the process of payables management at domestic enterprises, which will contribute to the development of the economy in general.

The article discusses a topical theme of transition of Russian companies to International financial reporting standards (IFRS). Proper accounting in accordance with IFRS, allows the company to track trends of its development, deeply and systematically investigate the factors of changes of financial results of the company, to make important economic decisions. Given the problems of applying modern evaluation methods in financial accounting. Accounting based on the concept of «historical cost» is no longer relevant.

Reform in the Russian Federation raises a number of problems, including the regulation of capital and liabilities accounting. The object of the study is the International Financial Reporting Standards impact on the domestic accounting system development, reflecting the economic processes globalisation and digitalisation, the emergence of new accounting objects and increasing requirements for the reporting quality. The essence of newly emerging accounting categories was analysed in the article, the definitions of “liabilities” in the International Financial Reporting Standards and domestic practice were compared. It was identified, that gaps in the capital and liability accounting caused by the lack of a unified conceptual apparatus, the presence of estimated values, the use of an accountant professional judgment that affects the information quality in reporting, the backlog of legislative regulation in terms of accounting for digital objects as authorized capital. The accounting and reporting issues in the reporting of operations of the business social orientation were considered. Possible ways of solving the liability accounting problems are presented, including the conceptual apparatus unification, the accounts chart modernisation, the development of recommendations regarding the application of the accountant professional judgment, the expansion of requirements for the information list on the economic entity activities presented in the accounting (financial) statements, and the International Financial Reporting Standards application.

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The efficiency of any organization work and its financial wellbeing depend mainly on policy of managing debt receivable and its results. It is explained by the fact that debtor liabilities form the current company assets by 30–40% on average. To provide liquidity and solvency organization top management shall not allow the excessive immobilization of own working capital and its freezing in the form of non-repaid counterpart liabilities. At the same time to minimize debt receivable in current condition of company functioning is not possible. The principle cause of debt receivable rise is high competition on food and service market, due to which companies offer to their clients different conditions of settlement by contracts. This practice results in cash deficiency and can have a negative impact on finance standing of the company, which requires using different tools that could provide the timely repay of liabilities by counterparts. The article substantiates that only complex and systematic application of different methods of debt receivable optimization can give an opportunity to reach the result and raise efficiency of organization work. The effective control over debt receivable is possible, if the system is built that allows to get operative information and encashment of indebtedness without exposing the company to risks, as its excessive amount and low quality threaten profitability and solvency of the organization.

The subject of this paper is the analysis of the concentration of capital on the insurance market in the Republic of Serbia and the identification of critical points in the analysis of insolvency of insurers. The necessity of economic and social protection of the interests of insured persons in conditions when the business of insurance companies is objectively exposed to a large number of risks can be achieved only if insurance companies meet extremely strict solvency requirements. In addition to the requirements for the adequacy of recognized liabilities and capital adequacy requirements, insurance companies are additionally faced with a number of special requirements, including requirements relating to the matching of assets, capital and liabilities. Although capital adequacy is the strongest type of guarantee, ie the ability of the insurance company to settle its future obligations based on claims, payments of insured amounts and other obligations, in essence compliance means that the insurer has additionally met the requirements regarding the amount and relative relations between assets, capital and liabilities, within assets or liabilities, as well as the relative relationship between certain categories of assets and capital and liabilities. The aim of this paper is to point out that for the insurer, in addition to capital adequacy and adequacy of technical reserves, the existence of financial balance is essential, ie the establishment of structural and maturity matching of assets, capital and liabilities. The structure of the paper provides insight into the analysis of capital concentration and fulfllment of capital requirements of insurers operating in the insurance market in Serbia, but also consideration of solvency assumptions and insight into the methodological apparatus used in the process of insolvency and security analysis of insurers.

The global financial crisis starting in 2007 was a central element of the new millennium and had a major impact on the global economy. This paper deals with the underlying causes and fundamental conditions as well as research and insights on the financial crisis in the area of liabilities and future lending, effects of regulations and bank resilience, as well as the changes in the banking industry in relation to the determinants of profitability. With three hypotheses developed on the basis of existing literature, that is critically evaluated and appraised, the paper aims to explore the global economic crisis from perspectives and origins beyond the often analysed triggers. The focus is on the pivotal point of the economic crisis: the banks and their international interconnectedness regarding lending, durability, and efficiency. Among other things, the findings revealed that the effect of the external funding shock on banks' domestic lending is significant, strong regulation, characterized as one-size-fits-all international best practice, is not always the blueprint for bank resilience and that efficiency has been a determining factor in bank profitability. Furthermore, no paradigm shift took place after the global economic crisis, and banks still seem to have to be rescued by the state in the event of bankruptcy due to their size.

The interpretation and assessment of the organization’s liabilities is important for determining the amount of equity capital, which characterizes the well'being of the owners of the organization. The author highlighted the shortcomings of the current legislation in regulating the formation of information about the obligations of the organization. The article substantiates the incorrect use of the term «obligations» in relation to accounts payable. The analysis of the characteristics of liabilities noted in IFRS for their compliance with certain financial and business transactions. Accounts payable have been identified, which are not reflected in the accounting (financial) statements of the organization.

Economic-financial analysis is the means by which a company can identify its own strengths and weaknesses, in relationship to the means at its disposal, as well as the opportunities and threats that it is facing. The economic-financial analysis represents a managerial tool meant to proceed to the examination of an economic entity, in order to identify and solve the problems that arise. The process of managing and administering the company, regardless of the field of activity and the proposed purpose is complex. The appreciation of the differences in performance and financial position depends on the nature of the company as well as on the system of instruments used in wealth management.

Economic-financial analysis is the means by which a company can identify its own strengths and weaknesses, in relationship to the means at its disposal, as well as the opportunities and threats that it is facing. The economic-financial analysis represents a managerial tool meant to proceed to the examination of an economic entity, in order to identify and solve the problems that arise. The process of managing and administering the company, regardless of the field of activity and the proposed purpose is complex. The appreciation of the differences in performance and financial position depends on the nature of the company as well as on the system of instruments used in wealth management. The basis of our research and results for this company was the economic-financial analysis through which we identified its strengths and weaknesses in relation to the means at its disposal, but also the opportunities and threats to it. The objectives of the research are the analysis of certain indicators in order to identify and solve the problems that this company faces in an aggressive competitive environment, to anticipate the movements of the competition and to self-evaluate the resources it has. These objectives were achieved and explained through the diagnostic analysis within the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the characteristics of liabilities and contingencies of 20 clubs participating in the First and Second Division of the Brazilian Championship of 2017 that presented all financial statements from 2010 to 2018. It was found that 79 of 160 balance sheets analyzed presented uncovered liabilities and denoting effective problems of economic and financial unviability akthough no clubs broke effectively. The findings demonstrate that clubs cannot support themselves and eventually need to raise third-party resources. The study differs from previous research because it identifies the characteristics of liabilities, and provisions as present and future obligations for Brazilian football clubs. Thus, this research contributes by providing an overview of the indebtedness of Brazilian football clubs.

The aim of the article is to analyze the characteristics of customers who fail to pay their loans on time and determine whether these features affect the lack of timely payment of their liabilities. The subject of the research is a group of 31 individual clients who fail to pay the installments of their cash liabilities on time. The inference was made using the chi square test of independence. For the adopted level of significance, there are no grounds to reject the null hypotheses for all the examined features. Therefore, other factors determining creditworthiness should be looked for.

In the "life" of a company it happens that periods less favorable appear so that, sometimes, the respective company dissolution may occur involving the patrimony liquidation. Such activity requires going through several stages which consist in turning the company assets into active capital and the payment of all the debts and, should something remain, such excess will be divided among the shareholders. But there is a fact which should not be omitted, i.e. turning the patrimonial goods into active capital is not an easy activity as it may happen that the capitalization of such assets may be done at the liquidation value and not at the market value, that is a decreased value which may be much lower than the market value. And then, the asset value could be less than the liabilities value which means that the shareholders, instead of receiving money subsequent to the patrimony liquidation, would have to complete the amounts necessary to the full liquidation of the respective company's liabilities. Preferably, one should not reach such a situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, payables are one of the fundamental elements necessary to assess the efficiency and profitability of any enterprise. The proposed study is concerned with the issues of accounting and analysis of accounts payable at domestic enterprises. The article substantiates the theoretical foundations and analyzes the practical experience of accounting for payables in Ukraine in accordance with the main goal. The differences and similarities in the interpretation of the concept of «accounts payable» by a large number of scholars and researchers are outlined. The conditions of shortcomings of increasing the level of accounts payable to a level higher than a normed one are analyzed. The procedure for analyzing accounts payable is examined. The model of payables management in the enterprise is distinguished. The methodological legal principles of management of this type of obligations in Ukraine are described. The article also demonstrates the positive prospects for conducting an efficient analysis of accounts payable. Statistical changes in the dynamics of current accounts payable at enterprises of various forms of ownership and size, including large, medium, small and micro businesses of Ukraine during 2013-2020, were computed. Based on the trend of increasing the level of payables and the available official information on this issue, assumptions have been made about the dynamics of current accounts payable during 2021- 2022. A list of proposals for improving the organization of analytical accounting of settlements with borrowers is also outlined. The direction of further research work is the search for new ways to constantly improve the process of payables management at domestic enterprises, which will contribute to the development of the economy in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until recently, accounting theorists gave little thought to what makes a particular instance of an asset or liability a single object and the very object it is—what individuates assets and liabilities. This paper offers an analysis of this individuation in the IASB's Conceptual Framework. It can be read at two levels: as an exploration of the coherence of the framework in its own terms, or, at a deeper level, as a philosophical analysis, located within philosophical pragmatism. I argue that the IASB framework's individuation is radically incoherent. I set out the case for a pragmatist approach and offer pragmatist principles of individuation. Standard setters have recently given some attention to individuation via a new kind of accounting object, the unit of account, and this is taken further in the IASB framework. This thinking is a good deal more convincing than the attempt to individuate assets and liabilities and is consistent with pragmatist principles. I propose reconceptualizing assets and liabilities using the principles developed for the unit of account. The paper extends our understanding of the way assets and liabilities are conceptualized in financial accounting; my proposal would improve the coherence of the conceptual framework in its own terms, provide a philosophically sound underpinning for its individuations, and open up the possibility of reconnecting the framework to the pragmatist epistemology encountered in classical accounting theory, extending the underpinning to the framework as a whole and, perhaps, reviving scholarly interest in the accounting theory of the framework project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irregularities that may occur during the preparation and conduct of the inventory of assets and liabilities may have serious and multiple implications for the entity's financial statements and its results of operations. This is conditioned by the fact that the inventory as a part of the pre-closing postings represents the basis for reducing the bookkeeping to the actual situation. The census can determine the existence of undocumented economic changes, for which at the time of their occurrence there was no adequate document to confirm their existence and their value impact on the operations of the entities. Improper conduct of the census can be sampled by intentional actions aimed at presenting incorrect facts in an attempt to present a better business result in the financial statements than it really is, which would benefit one stakeholder to the detriment of other stakeholders. For these reasons, it is important to understand the irregularities that occur during the census in order to prevent and disable their occurrence in practice.

This paper presents the impact of inventory level on the financial ratios, namely Return on assets and Debt to assets ratio. This study is designed to help managers to establish an efficient inventory level to obtain a high ROA and a low D/A, which indicates that the company is doing well in managing its resources, can attract more investors and can meet financial obligations with its resources. Determining the inventory level that generates a high ROA and a low D/A is possible using the Primal or Dual Simplex Algorithm. Primal Simplex Algorithm has some limits in determining the inventory level, so the Dual is preferable. Using Dual, the company can simulate more production plans until the optimal stock level is obtained. Also, the Dual Algorithm can help managers to identify the initial optimal solution in the shortest time possible and to re-optimize this solution until the ROA and D/A have the expected value. This possibility of re-optimization is important nowadays due to the impact of the coronavirus crisis on the sales: the company can model the production plan whenever the demand is changing and can simulate the production process which generates the best ROA and D/A that can be obtained even if the revenues decrease or the liabilities increase. This paper presents the initial production plan created by the managers, a worst-case scenario (most common in crisis), where the turnover decreases, the ROA is low and D/A is high, and a best-case scenario (the ideal one), where the turnover increases and ROA and D/A have optimal values. Forecasting inventory level, and therefore ROA and D/A has also the advantage that it could avoid a potential conflict of interest between shareholders and managers. Despite these advantages, there are some limits: firstly, using Dual Simplex Algorithm on determining the inventory level that generates a high ROA or a low D/A makes managers simulate several times until the optimal solution is obtained and secondly there are some short them debts that are not considered. The first limit would be removed in further research, by using fuzzy numbers.

Introduction and Objective The scope of problems concerning income possibilities and constraints in the image of the state of health of society is important and interesting from the social, economic, legal, health, and psychological perspectives. The article deals with the contemporary macro-economic conditioning of the socio-economic status of households and problem of their liabilities, and presents statistical data reflecting the economic condition of average Polish families. A part of the considerations deal with relationships between income and health, including the availability of health sector services, as well as the effect of health status on income. The issue of unemployment is also indicated as generating health problems. The considerations pertaining to the situation in Poland are a starting point for comparing them with the data from international studies. The aim of the study is the presentation of income possibilities and constraints in the context of the state of health of society. Current state of knowledge The phenomenon of poverty exerts an empirically confirmed effect on the deterioration of the state of health, quality of life, susceptibility to diseases, and a decrease in the average life span. This regularity is observed in many countries worldwide. Simultaneously, the financial means of persons with a worse health status are seriously limited due to, among others, absenteeism at work, reduced performance, and the necessity to bear the costs of treatment. Conclusions Income possibilities are placed at the forefront of factors which condition the state of health, effectiveness of treatment and prophylaxis. In the case of diseases, and disease-associated reduction in the activity on the labour market, a decreased psychological and physical wellbeing, limitation or lack of access to treatment and prophylaxis are enhanced.

This study aims to examine the understanding of Accounting Students related to the basic concept of accounting, namely the understanding of assets, liabilities and capital based on the background of secondary schools (Vocational Accounting, Social Sciences and Natural Sciences Senior High School). Sampling through a purposive sampling technique that is a number of 90 accounting students from Mataram University and Mataram University of Technology who filled out the research questionnaire. This study uses SPSS 18 data processing, with a different test, testing the hypothesis shows the result that H3 is accepted, which is a significance level of 0.044 where the value is less than 0.05; and concluded that there are significant differences regarding the understanding of capital between students from SMK Accounting, SMA IPS and IPA SMA, while H1 and H2 are not accepted, the significance level is 0.724 and 0.874, respectively, where the value is greater than 0.05. This happens due to several factors including: lack of practice, lack of practice, short study portions, etc., causing a lack of understanding of students towards assets and liabilities which are important indicators of other financial statements.

In the ever-accelerating world of our time, competition is getting larger and stronger, where it is important for managers to make fast and high-quality decisions. Economic analysis helps management to identify and evaluate the factors that affect its operations and effectiveness, thereby ensuring that management is properly informed. In the course of the economic analysis, information is obtained about the actual situation of the company, which helps in making management decisions as well as the activities of the management. However, in addition to understanding the internal processes, it is important to examine the operation of companies with the same activities within the industry, to which results can be compared and, if necessary, strategies can be changed. In the scope of the present study, the aim was to compare the leading vehicle manufacturing companies in Hungary and Romania based on their financial position.

Managers of a company are able to make the right decisions in order to improve the business activities of the company concerning the future, if they have the necessary and appropriate information to judge and evaluate the operation of the company. Thus, they require information that provides a reliable and realistic picture about the company. Creating an accurate picture of the company is of great importance not only for the managers but also for those who are related to the company (for example: investors, creditors, etc.). The accounting statement of the company helps obtain sufficient in-depth information to become familiar with the situation. However, the data acquired from it must be interpreted and analysed in order to obtain relevant information about the wealth, financial and income situation of the company. In the present study, the objective is to present the financial situation of three alcoholic beverage manufacturer companies.

The purpose of the article is to investigate the main factors influencing the structure of the credit portfolio, and define measures aimed at optimizing and restoring the credit activity of Ukrainian banks. The main problems standing in the way of an intensification of bank crediting are determined: high proportion of troubled credit indebtedness; unsatisfactory structure of bank liabilities, which is the main source of credit resources; slow rates of banks capitalization recovery; low demand for credit from borrowers due to high interest rates; variable dynamics of the development of basic economic sectors; weighty share of the shadow sector of the economy, which cuts off the credit service for a part of clients; presence of other instruments of the low-risk placement of credit resources. A number of measures for the recovery of the credit portfolio (reduction of crediting risks, creation of the State-controlled agency for hopeless credits) are proposed within the terms of solving these problems; structure of assets and liabilities (decrease of dollarization of assets and liabilities, differentiation of the norms of reservation of attracted funds, restoration of trust in banks, more equitable distribution of credits between regions); restoration of bank capitalization (restoration of the requirements on the buffer of reserve of capital, harmonization of capital ratios in accordance with Basel III, development of the Conception of growth of capitalization of banks by attracting foreign investment); reduction of the value of credit resources (additional decrease in bank rate, amendments to the State program «Accessible credits 5–7–9%»); stimulation of development of basic branches of economy (finalization of negotiations with the EU on increasing of quotas size, creation of regional support centers for exporters); de-shadowing of the economy (growth in financial inclusion, development of the Conception of transferring transactions into non-cash form, transferring recipients of social payments to a cashless form of payment, increasing the transparency of transactions); reorientation of bank crediting the budget deficit towards bank crediting legal entities and individuals (minimizing the budget deficit, introducing a new standard that will regulate the share of the bank’s assets in OVDPs.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of key financial obligation factors on total factor productivity (TFP) for 34 Indian industries for the period 2008 2018 using qualitative and quantitative techniques. Financial obligations are measured by short- and long-term loans, operating expenses and liabilities. The outcome of qualitative techniques does not appear to support the hypothesis that short term and long-term loans, liabilities and operating expenses influence TFP. On the contrary, the evidences arise from quantitative technique appear to suggest that short term loan and operating expenses promote TFP. The study also suggests that complimentaries exist between operating expenses and short-term loan and they together appear to boost productivity.

Economic-financial analysis is the means by which a company can identify its own strengths and weaknesses, in relationship to the means at its disposal, as well as the opportunities and threats that it is facing. The economic-financial analysis represents a managerial tool meant to proceed to the examination of an economic entity, in order to identify and solve the problems that arise. The process of managing and administering the company, regardless of the field of activity and the proposed purpose is complex. The appreciation of the differences in performance and financial position depends on the nature of the company as well as on the system of instruments used in wealth management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investment activity in the Republic of Moldova is the most important factor that determines the socio-economic development of the country. Attracting foreign direct investments remains a current task, the effective solution of which depends on the progress, pace and results of the reforms carried out. Under the market economy conditions, a colossal number of foreign investments are required, but the volumes of foreign direct investments attracted, for the moment, do not meet the real needs of Moldova for foreign investments. The authors present a study of the indicators related to the international investment position of the Republic of Moldova vis-à-vis the real investment potential. The article is of interest both for establishing the action plan for the development of foreign direct investments and for informational support for potential foreign investors. The paper concludes with relevant proposals for the development of the investment potential of the Republic of Moldova.

The complexity and versatility of the managing for bank's activity requires a balance of assets and liabilities, which are interrelated, and necessitates the formation of the financial mechanism for their management. The purpose of the article is to expansion definitional characteristics of the concepts “asset and liability management of banking institutions” and “financial mechanism for managing the assets and liabilities of commercial banks”, to form a structure of the financial mechanism for the balanced management of assets and liabilities of banking institutions based on determination of methods and tools for managing assets and liabilities. The basis of the study is a systematic approach to the process of asset and liability management, used in determining the content and construction of the financial mechanism of asset and liability management of the bank. The essence of the concepts “financial mechanism” and “management of assets and liabilities of the bank” was considered. This made it possible to methodize the main tasks of the banks in the process of asset and liability management. According to the authors, the process of asset and liability management of the bank is a general concept of the banks development, which consists in the integrated management of financial flows of the bank to coordinate management decisions and ensure certain proportions between active and passive operations in order to achieve the next goals: increasing profits; reducing risks; liquidity control; spread management. It was proved that the financial mechanism of assets and liabilities management of a banks, as a component of the mechanism of banking financial management, is a system of objects, subjects, strategies, approaches, tools, means, levers, methods and models of assets and liabilities management of banks, taking into account the principles of strategy and levels of the bank management. The reasons and necessity of the formation of the financial mechanism through the imbalance of assets and liabilities, as well as the financial policy of the bank were investigated. The structure of financial mechanism of bank assets and liabilities management with allocation of strategic, tactical and operational components was formed.

The article has a comprehensive approach to the theoretical basis of the subject-content area and formation of accounting informatics as a new direction of improvement of accounting in the digital transformation of the national economy of the Republic of Belarus. The article also reveals the mechanism of formation of information streams of the enterprise on the basis of methodology use of accounting and financial reporting as the basis of the practical implementation of the opportunities offered by the use of modern digital technologies in the information support when making management decisions. The theoretical and methodological foundations of a new direction in the development of the science of accounting and accounting analysis, their interdisciplinary synthesis with computer science, digital and IT technologies are considered. The substantiation of the subject of accounting informatics is given in the context of the formation of the fair value of assets, liabilities, capital, income and expenses of business entities in order to implement and increase the effectiveness of the analytical management function in a market economy, as well as the classification and the main properties of accounting and analytical information are formulated.