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* Premise of the study: Endophytic fungi likely occur in all plants, yet little is known about those of parasitic plants, despite their potential to influence parasite success. Arceuthobium americanum is a parasitic angiosperm that greatly compromises the North American timber industry. We hypothesized that (1) A. americanum hosts fungal endophytes, and (2) these endophytes help A. americanum resist infection by fungal pathogens. * Methods: Healthy A. americanum stem and fruit tissues were differentially stained for cellulose and chitin and visualized using fluorescence microscopy. Stem sections (sterilized vs. unsterilized) and seeds were incubated on agar plates to cultivate fungi, both to extract DNA for ITS rDNA sequencing and to observe interactions with native fungi from unsterilized specimens. * Key results: Aside from xylem vessel elements, fungal structures were observed in all tissues, including those of the embryo. The ITS sequences of fungi cultured from internal tissues closely matched those of the known endophytes Phoma, Sydowia, and Phacidiopycnis, while those of surface organisms closely matched Cladosporium spp. Cultured fungi from internal tissues (putative endophytes) inhibited the growth of the surface organisms without affecting the other endophytes. * Conclusion: Fungal communities are established in A. americanum stems as well as in fruits and seeds, suggesting vertical transmission. These internally derived fungi act antagonistically toward fungi with pathogenic tendencies. As such, native mistletoe endophytes might protect A. americanum against fungal pathogens in nature. In the future, manipulation of endophytes might be a component of mistletoe control programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the investigative study on the vegetation of Alberta. The study focuses on the large areas of sandhills set up in some regions of the central part of the province. It features the abundance of Jack Pine Mistletoe known as "Witches Brooms" because of its strange deformities on the trees. An investigation shows that the trees in the summits were quite different from that of the parkland. In addition, the sandhills present abrupt transitions from one association to another due to differences in water content. It provides a brief overview of the ecology of Arceuthobium americanum.

The article presents abstracts on plants which include the globular embryo formation of arceuthobium americanum, the need for an intact cuticle to induce arabidopsis' acquired resistance, and the disturbance caused by cucumber mosaic virus to respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport.