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Megalographa talamanca nov. sp. (Figure 7, 8, 13, 18) Type locality. Cerro de la Muerte, Provincia San José, Costa Rica. Type material. Holotype, male: Costa Rica. Provincia Cartago: El Guarco, San Isidro, Estacion Esperanza, 2700 m, R Delgado (INBio). Paratypes: 26 m, 8 f: Costa Rica. Provincia Cartago: Cerro de la Muerte, [Hotel La Georgina], 3300 m, 23–24.ii.1987, Lafontaine and Wood (2 m); Provincia San José: Estación Biológica, Cerro de la Muerte, Reserva los Nimbulos, 09 o 33' 42.3" N, 83 o 44' 27.2" W, 3150 m, 20.iii.2004, J. B. Sullivan & J. D. Lafontaine (8 m, 6 f); 24-27.vii.2006, J. B. Sullivan & B. Espinosa (8 m 2 f). (CNC, USNM, JBS); Provincia San Jose: 4.6 km. E. of Villa Mills, 2640 m, 17-22.iii.1996 (5 m); 7- 10.xii.1996 (3 m) (INBio). Etymology. The name refers to the mountain range in Costa Rica where the species occupies elevations above 3000 m. Diagnosis. This species is easily confused with M. biloba but usually can be recognized externally by the more roughened bronzy-brown ground color, more even postmedial line, and the relatively smaller silvery-white stigma that is separated into two spots in two thirds of the specimens. The male genitalia differ from those of the other species in the genus, other than M. biloba, in having a more slender uncus, the vesica lacks an apical cornutus, and the swelling in the vesica is subbasal rather than mesial. They differ from those of M. biloba in having a short clavus, like other species in the genus, and in having an almost straight vesica with a small dorsal pouch subbasally. In the female genitalia, the corpus bursae is long and J-shaped, without the mesial coil and angle of M. biloba. Description. Palpae with middle segment 2X length of other segments. Brown dorsally with scattered gray scales, laterally brown, sooty gray scales ventrally, light gray scales prominent on upper half of 2 nd segment. Pinkish-gray scales on ventral edge and on inner surface. Frons a dense mass of brown upright scales tipped in gray; upright scales length of 2 nd palpal segment. Interantennal area with similar scaling but only 0.66X as long. Eye round, without setae or lashes; ocelli present. Scape white distally, base brown. Antennae fasciculate; 8–10 sublateral setae on each segment side, setal length about half width of segment; approximately 84 segments per antenna which has white scaling on dorsal side along basal half of flagellum and orange tan ventrally. Collar a mass of upright scales, tricolored from basal orange to brown mesially to white tips. Thoracic scales similarly colored, almost 2X as long as those of collar; tegula similarly scaled, two masses of scales extended toward abdominal tip. Abdomen with dark-brown dorsal tuft on T1 and T2; remaining segments gray dorsally, whereas ventral side is straw and pink scaled. Leg dorsally with chocolate colored scales with light gray tips; ventrally mostly pale yellow. Tarsal joints usually white tipped. Tympanum with large hood with a distinct white abdominal tuft above it. Wing ground color iridescent brown with dark reddish brown, and silver areas. Stigma usually two separate silver, tear shaped hemispheres, basally joined in a third of the specimens, particularly females. Median line angles toward thorax, proximally gray. Reniform spot a black dot, silver horseshoe-shaped crescent below it often broken. Transverse lines silver. Basal area reddish brown; median area of wing brown with some gray and some rusty patches; postmedian line appears double and is crossed in middle by black dash that extends to wing margin. Area beyond postmedian line gray then two toned brown distally above median dash; below dash colors reversed. Terminal line dark chocolate; fringe pale gray basally, dark gray brown distally. Costa almost black. Wing margin gently rounded. Spot-like rusty patch inward from junction of pm line and anal edge of wing. Hind wings fuscous; veins outlined with darker scaling. Postmedian line barely visible dorsally. Ventrally, postmedian line and discal spots prominent on both wings. Marginal line dark. Hindwings more yellow below; retinaculum a distinct patch of yellow scales. Sexes difficult to determine using frenulum because placement is quite similar in both sexes with setae in female retinaculum appressed and inserted below costa, not extended above margin of hindwing. Scaling below eye noticeably reddish brown. Sexes similar except that antennal setae reduced in females to a single bristle per segment attached to distal half of each segment. Wing length: males 15.8–17.8mm; average 16.8 mm (N=12); females 17.4–18.9 mm; average 18.2 mm (N=6). Male pelt moderately sclerotized, terminal sternite with well defined, horseshoe-shaped apodeme. Valve with long, pointed uncus adorned on dorsal surface of distal third with setae about 2X width of uncus. Tegumen broad, sclerotized lightly in median area. Valva palmate shaped with mesial bulge along anal margin. Distinct hair-like socketed setae on rounded apex, longer setae along anal margin to below bulge. Clasper (ampulla) fleshy tubercule, apical half with numerous setae, length about 0.5X of widest part of valva. Ridge bearing clasper extends from basal area of valva to top of bulged region and slightly anal of mid valve. Clavus tubercle-like extension 0.5X length of clasper, setae prominent at distal end. Vinculum V-shaped, margins sclerotized, small ridge mesially along margin. Anellus broad curving straps, anal tube simple, large in diameter and lightly sclerotized ventrally. Aedeagus straight, ductus enters dorsally on proximal end. Distal end of aedeagus heavily scleritized dorsally and laterally, almost crenulated. Vesica straight, granulated and same diameter as aedeagus; shallow subbasal lobe. Valva length 2.78 mm, clasper 0.5 mm, clavus 0.13 mm; aedeagus 2.72 mm. Female genitalia with moderately sclerotized pelt. Tergites undifferentiated. Anal papillae with rounded tips, setose. Apophyses approximately equal in length, pointed. Ductus bursae short, about 0.13X length of corpus bursae and with sclerotized, longitudinal, spiculate ridges. Corpus bursae very long, J-shaped with appendix bursae represented by a small ventrally projecting posterior bulge; corpus bursae with very lightly sclerotized, longitudinal, spiculate bands; no signum. Length: ductus bursae: 1.5 mm; corpus bursae: 12.0 mm; appendix bursae: 1.0 mm. Distribution and Habitat. Megalographa talamanca is known only from the Talamanca Mountain Range of central Costa Rica where it has been collected at elevations above 3100 meters in oak dominated cloud forests. Two nights of collecting in August of 2007 on top of on Volcan Poas (65 km NW of the Talamanca Mountain Range) produced almost 2000 specimens of moths but no Megalographa talamanca, indicating that its distribution may be limited to the Talamanca Mountain Range., Published as part of Lafontaine, J. Donald & Sullivan, J. Bolling, 2009, A review of the genus Megalographa Lafontaine and Poole (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) with the description of a new species from Costa Rica, pp. 1-10 in Insecta Mundi 2009 (77) on pages 7-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5352574

Lafontaine, J. Donald, Sullivan, J. Bolling (2009): A review of the genus Megalographa Lafontaine and Poole (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) with the description of a new species from Costa Rica. Insecta Mundi 2009 (77): 1-10, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5352574, {"references":["Barbut, J., and F. Pinas. 2007. Description d'une nouvelle espece de Plusiinae equatorienne (Lepidoptera Noctuidae). L'Entomologiste 63: 19-21.","Berg, C. 1882. Analecta Lepidopterologica. Contribuciones al estudio de la fauna de la Republica Argentina y otros paises Americanos. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 14: 275-288.","Dognin, P. 1912. Heteroceres nouveaux de l'Amerique du Sud. Fascicule VI. Oberthur; Rennes. 51 p.","Dyar, H. G. 1913. Results from the Yale Peruvian expedition of 1911. Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 45: 627-649.","Hebert, P. D. N., S. Ratnasingham, and J. R. deWaard. 2003. Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 270: S596-S599.","Lafontaine, J. D. 2004. Noctuoidea: Noctuidae (part), Noctuinae (part-Agrotini). In: R. W. Hodges (Ed), The moths of North America, fascicle 27.1. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation; Washington, District of Columbia. 385 p.","Lafontaine, J. D., and R. W. Poole. 1991. Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part), Plusiinae. In: R. B. Dominick, et al. The moths of America north of Mexico. Fascicle 25.1. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation; Washington, District of Columbia. 177 p.","Ottolengui, O. 1902. Plusia and allied genera with descriptions of new species. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 10: 57-77.","Stephens, J. F. 1829-[1831]. Illustrations of British entomology ... Haustellata. Volume 3. Baldwin and Craddock; London. 333 p."]}

Megalographa culminicola Barbut and Piñas (Figure 3, 4) Megalographa culminicola Barbut and Piñas 2007: 19. Holotype: male, MNHN, Paris [photographs examined]; Type locality: Carchi, Impuera, Ecuador. Diagnosis. This species is an anomaly. The forewing pattern is unlike any other species of Megalographa, whereas the genitalia appear to be indistinguishable from those of M. agualaniata. The species can easily be recognized within Megalographa by the elongated, narrow, tapering stigma, not the usually bilobed or two-lobed stigma of the other species in the genus. The sexes are similar. The male genitalia are like those of M. agualaniata (Fig. 10), but the uncus is slightly stouter and the mesial bulge in the vesica is positioned closer to the base because the basal part of the vesica is much shorter in M. culminicola. Distribution and Habitat. Megalographa culminicola occurs in the páramo zone, 3300–3940 m, high in the Andes in Ecuador and northern Peru., Published as part of Lafontaine, J. Donald & Sullivan, J. Bolling, 2009, A review of the genus Megalographa Lafontaine and Poole (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) with the description of a new species from Costa Rica, pp. 1-10 in Insecta Mundi 2009 (77) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5352574, {"references":["Barbut, J., and F. Pinas. 2007. Description d'une nouvelle espece de Plusiinae equatorienne (Lepidoptera Noctuidae). L'Entomologiste 63: 19 - 21."]}

Megalographa bonaerensis (Berg) (Figure 5, 11, 16) Plusia bonaerensis Berg 1882: 287. Types: Probably Paris [not examined]; Type locality: Province Bonaerensis, [Argentina]. Autograha solida Ottolengui 1902: 64. Holotype: male, AMNH, New York [examined]; Type locality: Texas, USA. Note: A statement by Ottolengui that the type from Texas is in the collection of the author, together with a statement that another specimen from Mexico is “darker than the type,” are taken to indicate that the specimen from “Texas” should be treated as a holotype. Both the Texan and Mexican records are believed to be mislabeled as to locality. Diagnosis. This species is immediately recognizable from the adult wing pattern and bright coloration. The wing apex is darkened, the silver spot in the lower part of the reniform spot is prominent and oval with a dark spot in the basal third. The wing margin is evenly colored and the hindwing is yellowish buff. The sexes are similar. In the male genitalia the clasper is upcurved, extending slightly beyond the costa of the valve; the clavus is short; the vesica is straight with a slight median swelling and a long, stout apical cornutus. In the female genitalia, the ductus bursae and appendix bursae are both about 0.3X as long as the corpus bursae; there is a short zone of sclerotized, spiculate ridges subbasally in the corpus bursae near its junction with the ductus bursae. Distribution and Habitat. Megalographa bonaerensis occurs from southern Brazil and Paraguay southward to northern Argentina and Chile and does not follow the mountains., Published as part of Lafontaine, J. Donald & Sullivan, J. Bolling, 2009, A review of the genus Megalographa Lafontaine and Poole (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) with the description of a new species from Costa Rica, pp. 1-10 in Insecta Mundi 2009 (77) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5352574, {"references":["Berg, C. 1882. Analecta Lepidopterologica. Contribuciones al estudio de la fauna de la Republica Argentina y otros paises Americanos. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 14: 275 - 288.","Ottolengui, O. 1902. Plusia and allied genera with descriptions of new species. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 10: 57 - 77."]}

Megalographa monoxyla (Dyar) (Figure 1, 9) Plusia monoxyla Dyar 1913: 645. Holotype: female, USNM, Washington [examined]; Type locality: Ollantaytambo, [Peru]. Diagnosis. Megalographa monoxyla is recognizable by its pattern. The lack of silvery-white shading on the reniform spot, the silver stigma mark noticeably angled toward the costa basally, and the reddishbrown ground color with a bronzy hue are characteristic. The silver stigma is separated into two spots in one of three specimens examined. The hindwing is lighter than those of other Megalographa species except M. bonaerensis. In the male genitalia the clasper extends well beyond the costa of the valve; the clavus is reduced to a small process. The vesica is slightly upcurved, with a prominent dorsal bulge mesially and a slender apical cornutus. The sexes are similar. The female is known only from the holotype which has not been dissected. Distribution and Habitat. Megalographa monoxyla is known only from Peru and Bolivia and has a narrow distribution in the Andes. Its simple pattern and central distribution may indicate it has a basal position in the phylogeny of the genus., Published as part of Lafontaine, J. Donald & Sullivan, J. Bolling, 2009, A review of the genus Megalographa Lafontaine and Poole (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) with the description of a new species from Costa Rica, pp. 1-10 in Insecta Mundi 2009 (77) on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5352574, {"references":["Dyar, H. G. 1913. Results from the Yale Peruvian expedition of 1911. Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 45: 627 - 649."]}

Megalographa agualaniata (Dognin) (Figure 2, 10, 15) Plusia agualaniata Dognin 1912: 7. Syntypes: 3 males, USNM, Washington [examined]. Type locality: Agualani, Peru. Diagnosis. This species is characterized by the lack of silvery-white shading on the reniform spot and the brownish-gray forewing with hoary-gray shading in the outer and costal parts of the wing. The silver stigma mark is separated into two spots in four of the 12 specimens examined. The sexes are similar. In the male genitalia, the clasper reaches the costa; the clavus is short; the vesica is slightly upcurved mesially with a slight dorsal bulge mesially and apically and a long, slender apical cornutus. In the female genitalia, the ductus bursae is very long, 0.5X as long as the corpus bursae; the posterior half of the corpus bursae has long sclerotized, spiculate bands, like those of the ductus bursae; the appendix bursae is about 0.3X as long as the corpus bursae but appears shorter because it curls dorsally around the posterior end of the corpus bursae. Distribution and Habitat. Megalographa agualaniata occurs in montane areas of South America from Venezuela and Colombia southward to Bolivia and Peru., Published as part of Lafontaine, J. Donald & Sullivan, J. Bolling, 2009, A review of the genus Megalographa Lafontaine and Poole (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) with the description of a new species from Costa Rica, pp. 1-10 in Insecta Mundi 2009 (77) on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5352574, {"references":["Dognin, P. 1912. Heteroceres nouveaux de l'Amerique du Sud. Fascicule VI. Oberthur; Rennes. 51 p."]}

Deletions of genomic regions involving tumor suppressor genes are thought to be important in the initiation and progression of breast cancer. We conducted a genome-wide search for deleted regions in a series of 75 human breast carcinomas by studying the allelic patterns of 184 microsatellite markers distributed over all chromosomes and looking for loss of heterozygosity (LOH). We identified 56 regions of consistent LOH. Strikingly, every tumor had a different set of deletions. To study this complexity, we applied a phylogenetic-like type of analysis. Each region was involved in a certain proportion of tumors, ranging from 20 to 62%; the most frequently involved regions were on chromosome arms 8p, 11q, 16q, and 17p. There was a correlation (P = 0.005) between the level of LOH and the size of the tumors. Tumors with a high level of LOH were also highly proliferative and had a high mitotic index.