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1. Challenging local realism with human choices

Author

The BIG Bell Test Collaboration, Abellán, C., Acín, A., Alarcón, A., Alibart, O., Andersen, C. K., Andreoli, F., Beckert, A., Beduini, F. A., Bendersky, A., Bentivegna, M., Bierhorst, P., Burchardt, D., Cabello, A., Cariñe, J., Carrasco, S., Carvacho, G., Cavalcanti, D., Chaves, R., Cortés-Vega, J., Cuevas, A., Delgado, A., de Riedmatten, H., Eichler, C., Farrera, P., Fuenzalida, J., García-Matos, M., Garthoff, R., Gasparinetti, S., Gerrits, T., Jouneghani, F. Ghafari, Glancy, S., Gómez, E. S., González, P., Guan, J. -Y., Handsteiner, J., Heinsoo, J., Heinze, G., Hirschmann, A., Jiménez, O., Kaiser, F., Knill, E., Knoll, L. T., Krinner, S., Kurpiers, P., Larotonda, M. A., Larsson, J. -Å., Lenhard, A., Li, H., Li, M. -H., Lima, G., Liu, B., Liu, Y., Grande, I. H. López, Lunghi, T., Ma, X., Magaña-Loaiza, O. S., Magnard, P., Magnoni, A., Martí-Prieto, M., Martínez, D., Mataloni, P., Mattar, A., Mazzera, M., Mirin, R. P., Mitchell, M. W., Nam, S., Oppliger, M., Pan, J. -W., Patel, R. B., Pryde, G. J., Rauch, D., Redeker, K., Rieländer, D., Ringbauer, M., Roberson, T., Rosenfeld, W., Salathé, Y., Santodonato, L., Sauder, G., Scheidl, T., Schmiegelow, C. T., Sciarrino, F., Seri, A., Shalm, L. K., Shi, S. -C., Slussarenko, S., Stevens, M. J., Tanzilli, S., Toledo, F., Tura, J., Ursin, R., Vergyris, P., Verma, V. B., Walter, T., Wallraff, A., Wang, Z., Weinfurter, H., Weston, M. M., White, A. G., Wu, C., Xavier, G. B., You, L., Yuan, X., Zeilinger, A., Zhang, Q., Zhang, W., and Zhong, J.

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

A Bell test is a randomized trial that compares experimental observations against the philosophical worldview of local realism. A Bell test requires spatially distributed entanglement, fast and high-efficiency detection and unpredictable measurement settings. Although technology can satisfy the first two of these requirements, the use of physical devices to choose settings in a Bell test involves making assumptions about the physics that one aims to test. Bell himself noted this weakness in using physical setting choices and argued that human `free will' could be used rigorously to ensure unpredictability in Bell tests. Here we report a set of local-realism tests using human choices, which avoids assumptions about predictability in physics. We recruited about 100,000 human participants to play an online video game that incentivizes fast, sustained input of unpredictable selections and illustrates Bell-test methodology. The participants generated 97,347,490 binary choices, which were directed via a scalable web platform to 12 laboratories on five continents, where 13 experiments tested local realism using photons, single atoms, atomic ensembles, and superconducting devices. Over a 12-hour period on 30 November 2016, participants worldwide provided a sustained data flow of over 1,000 bits per second to the experiments, which used different human-generated data to choose each measurement setting. The observed correlations strongly contradict local realism and other realistic positions in bipartite and tripartite scenarios. Project outcomes include closing the `freedom-of-choice loophole' (the possibility that the setting choices are influenced by `hidden variables' to correlate with the particle properties), the utilization of video-game methods for rapid collection of human generated randomness, and the use of networking techniques for global participation in experimental science., Comment: This version includes minor changes resulting from reviewer and editorial input. Abstract shortened to fit within arXiv limits

Published
2018
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2. Challenging Local Realism with Human Choices

Author

Abellán, C., Acín, A., Alarcón, A., Alibart, O., Andersen, C. K., Andreoli, F., Beckert, A., Beduini, F. A., Bendersky, A., Bentivegna, M., Bierhorst, P., Burchardt, D., Cabello, A., Cariñe, J., Carrasco, S., Carvacho, G., Cavalcanti, D., Chaves, R., Cortés-Vega, J., Cuevas, A., Delgado, A., de Riedmatten, H., Eichler, C., Farrera, P., Fuenzalida, J., García-Matos, M., Garthoff, R., Gasparinetti, S., Gerrits, T., Ghafari Jouneghani, F., Glancy, S., Gómez, E. S., González, P., Guan, J. -Y., Handsteiner, J., Heinsoo, J., Heintze, G., Hirschmann, A., Jiménez, O., Kaiser, F., Knill, E., Knoll, L. T., Krinner, S., Kurpiers, P., Larotonda, M. A., Larsson, Jan-Åke, Lenhard, A., Li, H., Li, M. -H., Lima, G., Liu, B., Liu, Y., López Grande, I. H., Lunghi, T., Ma, X., Magaña-Loaiza, O. S., Magnard, P., Magnoni, A., Martí­-Prieto, M., Martínez, D., Mataloni, P., Mattar, A., Mazzera, M., Mirin, R. P., Mitchell, M. W., Nam, S., Oppliger, M., Pan, J. -W., Patel, R. B., Pryde, G. J., Rauch, D., Redeker, K., Rieländer, D., Ringbauer, M., Roberson, T., Rosenfeld, W., Salathé, Y., Santodonato, L., Sauder, G., Scheidl, T., Schmiegelow, C. T., Sciarrino, F., Seri, A., Shalm, L. K., Shi, S. -C, Slussarenko, S., Stevens, M. J., Tanzilli, S., Toledo, F., Tura, J., Ursin, R., Vergyris, P., Verma, V. B., Walter, T., Wallraff, A., Wang, Z., Weinfurter, H., Weston, M. M., White, A. G., Wu, C., Xavier, Guilherme B., You, L., Yuan, X., Zeilinger, A., Zhang, Q., Zhang, W., Zhong, J., Abellán, C., Acín, A., Alarcón, A., Alibart, O., Andersen, C. K., Andreoli, F., Beckert, A., Beduini, F. A., Bendersky, A., Bentivegna, M., Bierhorst, P., Burchardt, D., Cabello, A., Cariñe, J., Carrasco, S., Carvacho, G., Cavalcanti, D., Chaves, R., Cortés-Vega, J., Cuevas, A., Delgado, A., de Riedmatten, H., Eichler, C., Farrera, P., Fuenzalida, J., García-Matos, M., Garthoff, R., Gasparinetti, S., Gerrits, T., Ghafari Jouneghani, F., Glancy, S., Gómez, E. S., González, P., Guan, J. -Y., Handsteiner, J., Heinsoo, J., Heintze, G., Hirschmann, A., Jiménez, O., Kaiser, F., Knill, E., Knoll, L. T., Krinner, S., Kurpiers, P., Larotonda, M. A., Larsson, Jan-Åke, Lenhard, A., Li, H., Li, M. -H., Lima, G., Liu, B., Liu, Y., López Grande, I. H., Lunghi, T., Ma, X., Magaña-Loaiza, O. S., Magnard, P., Magnoni, A., Martí­-Prieto, M., Martínez, D., Mataloni, P., Mattar, A., Mazzera, M., Mirin, R. P., Mitchell, M. W., Nam, S., Oppliger, M., Pan, J. -W., Patel, R. B., Pryde, G. J., Rauch, D., Redeker, K., Rieländer, D., Ringbauer, M., Roberson, T., Rosenfeld, W., Salathé, Y., Santodonato, L., Sauder, G., Scheidl, T., Schmiegelow, C. T., Sciarrino, F., Seri, A., Shalm, L. K., Shi, S. -C, Slussarenko, S., Stevens, M. J., Tanzilli, S., Toledo, F., Tura, J., Ursin, R., Vergyris, P., Verma, V. B., Walter, T., Wallraff, A., Wang, Z., Weinfurter, H., Weston, M. M., White, A. G., Wu, C., Xavier, Guilherme B., You, L., Yuan, X., Zeilinger, A., Zhang, Q., Zhang, W., and Zhong, J.

Abstract

A Bell test is a randomized trial that compares experimental observations against the philosophical worldview of local realism , in which the properties of the physical world are independent of our observation of them and no signal travels faster than light. A Bell test requires spatially distributed entanglement, fast and high-efficiency detection and unpredictable measurement settings. Although technology can satisfy the first two of these requirements, the use of physical devices to choose settings in a Bell test involves making assumptions about the physics that one aims to test. Bell himself noted this weakness in using physical setting choices and argued that human 'free will' could be used rigorously to ensure unpredictability in Bell tests. Here we report a set of local-realism tests using human choices, which avoids assumptions about predictability in physics. We recruited about 100,000 human participants to play an online video game that incentivizes fast, sustained input of unpredictable selections and illustrates Bell-test methodology. The participants generated 97,347,490 binary choices, which were directed via a scalable web platform to 12 laboratories on five continents, where 13 experiments tested local realism using photons, single atoms, atomic ensembles and superconducting devices. Over a 12-hour period on 30 November 2016, participants worldwide provided a sustained data flow of over 1,000 bits per second to the experiments, which used different human-generated data to choose each measurement setting. The observed correlations strongly contradict local realism and other realistic positions in bi-partite and tri-partite 12 scenarios. Project outcomes include closing the 'freedom-of-choice loophole' (the possibility that the setting choices are influenced by 'hidden variables' to correlate with the particle properties), the utilization of video-game methods for rapid collection of human-generated randomness, and the use of networking techniques for

Published
2018
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3. Módulo de conteo de fotones basado en fotodiodos de avalancha

Author

Bordakevich, Sebastián Andrés, Kielbowicz, A. A., López Grande, I. H., and Larotonda, M. A.

Subjects
FOTODIODO DE AVALANCHA, CONTEO DE FOTONES, QUENCHING ACTIVO, AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE, ACTIVE QUENCHING, PHOTON COUNT
Abstract

Se presenta el desarrollo y las características de un módulo de conteo de fotones basado en un fotodiodo de avalancha. La versión final del mismo está construída a partir de un fotodiodo Excelitas C30902SH-DTC, el cual dispone de un sistema de enfriamiento basado en celdas termoeléctricas. El circuito de quenching activo del mismo está construído a partir de electrónica discreta de alta velocidad. El módulo dispone de un acople a fibra óptica estándar FC que permite acoplar el detector a fibras multi o monomodo. Asimismo se caracterizó la tasa máxima de detecciones en alrededor de 500kc/s, una eficiencia de detección comparable a la de un módulo comercial, una tasa de cuentas de oscuridad de alrededor de 1500c/s, y una probabilidad de afterpulsing delorden del 6%. We report the development and characterization of a photon counting module based on an avalanche photodiode.The device uses an Excelitas C30902SH-DTC silicon avalanche photodiode as the detector, which has a built-in thermoelectric cooler. It includes a high speed active quenching circuit built using fast discrete integrated circuits.The device also includes a standard FC optical fiber connector, that allows to couple the detector to single or multi mode fibers. The maximum achievable count rate achievable is around 500kc/s, with a dark count rate of 1500 c/s and an afterpulsing probability of around 6%. These characteristics were obtained at a detection efficiency comparable to a commercial photon counting module Fil: Bordakevich, Sebastián Andrés. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UBA-FCEyN). Departamento de Física. Buenos Aires. Argentina Fil: Kielbowicz, A. A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UBA-FCEyN). Departamento de Física. Buenos Aires. Argentina Fil: López Grande, I. H.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UBA-FCEyN). Departamento de Física. Buenos Aires. Argentina Fil: Larotonda, M. A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UBA-FCEyN). Departamento de Física. Buenos Aires. Argentina

Published
2017

4. Fuente de pares de fotones entrelazados en polarización

Author

Mingolla, M. G., Schmiegelow, C. T., and Larotonda, M. A.

Subjects
PARAMETRIC DOWNCONVERSION, OPTICA CUANTICA, ENTRELAZAMIENTO, BELL INEQUALITIES, FLUORESCENCIA PARAMETRICA, ENTANGLEMENT, QUANTUM OPTICS, DESIGUALDAD DE BELL
Abstract

En este trabajo se presenta una fuente de pares de fotones entrelazados en polarización, generados a partir de la fluorescencia paramétrica en un cristal BBO cortado para phase matching tipo II no colineal, bombeado por un láser semiconductor violeta (λ=404 nm), de 40 mW de potencia media. Utilizando filtros interferenciales y seleccionando espacialmente la intersección de los conos de luz de los fotones signal e idler, se obtienen pares de fotones entrelazados en polarización, representados aproximadamente por el estado Iψ >=1/√2 (IHV >+ IVH>). Se caracterizó la fuente midiendo la versión CHSH de la desigualdad de Bell, obteniéndose una violación de la misma por veintidós desviaciones estándar A polarization-entangled photon pair source is presented in this work. Entangled photons are generated through spontaneous parametric down conversion in a BBO crystal, cut for type II non-collinear phase matching and pumped by a 40 mW, λ=404 nm semiconductor violet laser. Using bandpass interference filters and spatially selecting the intersection of the signal and idler cones of light, polarization-entangled photon pairs are obtained. These photon pairs are approximately described by the state Iψ >=1/√2 (IHV >+ IVH>). The source was characterized by measuring the CHSH version of the Bell inequality, violating it for more than twenty standard deviations Fil: Mingolla, M. G.,. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial (INTI). Física y Metrología. Buenos Aires. Argentina Fil: Schmiegelow, C. T.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UBA-FCEyN). Departamento de Física. Buenos Aires. Argentina Fil: Larotonda, M. A.. Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones (CONICET –CITEFA). Buenos Aires. Argentina

Published
2009

5. Large Area High Efficiency Broad Bandwidth 800 nm Dielectric Gratings for High Energy Laser Pulse Compression

Author

Martz, Dale, Nguyen, H. T., Patel, D., Britten, J. A., Alessi, D., Krous, E., Wang, Y., Larotonda, M. A., George, J., Knollenberg, B., Luther, B. M., Rocca, J. J., Menoni, C. S., Martz, Dale, Nguyen, H. T., Patel, D., Britten, J. A., Alessi, D., Krous, E., Wang, Y., Larotonda, M. A., George, J., Knollenberg, B., Luther, B. M., Rocca, J. J., and Menoni, C. S.

Abstract

We have demonstrated broad bandwidth large area (229 mm x 114 mm) multilayer dielectric diffraction gratings for the efficient compression of high energy 800 nm laser pulses at high average power., QC 20120306

Published
2010

6. Large area high efficiency broad bandwidth 800 nm dielectric gratings for high energy laser pulse compression

Author

Martz, Dale, Nguyen, H. T., Patel, D., Britten, J. A., Alessi, D., Krous, E., Wang, Y., Larotonda, M. A., George, J., Knollenberg, B., Luther, B. M., Rocca, J. J., Menoni, C. S., Martz, Dale, Nguyen, H. T., Patel, D., Britten, J. A., Alessi, D., Krous, E., Wang, Y., Larotonda, M. A., George, J., Knollenberg, B., Luther, B. M., Rocca, J. J., and Menoni, C. S.

Abstract

We have demonstrated broad bandwidth large area (229 mm x 114 mm) multilayer dielectric diffraction gratings for the efficient compression of high energy 800 nm laser pulses at high average power. The gratings are etched in the top layers of an aperiodic (Nb0.5Ta0.5)2O5-SiO2 multilayer coating deposited by ion beam sputtering. The mean efficiency of the grating across the area is better than 97% at the center wavelength and remains above 96% at wavelengths between 820 nm and 780 nm. The gratings were used to compress 5.5 J pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser with an efficiency above 80 percent., QC 20120306

Published
2009
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7. High brightness table-top soft x-ray lasers at high repetition rate : injection-seeding of solid target plasma amplifiers and other developments - art. no. 670202

Author

Rocca, J. J., Wang, Y., Luther, B. M., Berrill, M., Larotonda, M. A., Granados, E., Alessi, D., Martz, Dale, Pedacci, F., Patel, D., Shlyaptsev, V. N., Menoni, C. S., Rocca, J. J., Wang, Y., Luther, B. M., Berrill, M., Larotonda, M. A., Granados, E., Alessi, D., Martz, Dale, Pedacci, F., Patel, D., Shlyaptsev, V. N., and Menoni, C. S.

Abstract

We have recently demonstrated high repetition rate tabletop lasers operating at wavelengths as short as 10.9 rim based on collisional transient excitation of ions in plasmas created by laser heating of solid targets. As a further step in the development of these lasers into very high brightness and fully coherent soft x-ray sources, we have demonstrated injection seeding of the amplifiers with high harmonic seed pulses. We report results of an experiment in which a 32.6 rim Ne-like Ti amplifier was used to amplify a seed pulse from the 25(th) harmonic of Ti:Sapphire into the gain saturation regime. Simultaneous amplification of the 27(th) harmonic at 30.1 nm was also observed. The seeded soft x-ray laser beam was measured to approach full spatial coherence. We have demonstrated that this scheme is scalable to shorter wavelengths and that is capable of producing extremely bright soft x-ray laser pulse with essentially full coherence., QC 20120221

Published
2007
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11. Dense Capillary Discharge Plasma Waveguide Containing Ag Ions.

Author

Wang, Y., Luther, B. M., Pedaci, F., Berrill, M., Brizuela, F., Marconi, M., Larotonda, M. A., Shlyaptsev, V. N., and Rocca, J. J.

Subjects
INTERFEROMETRY, PLASMA gases, DENSE plasma focus, X-ray lasers, PLASMA waveguides, PLASMA waves
Abstract

Interferometry of plasmas generated by fast discharge excitation of Ag2 S microcapillary channels shows the formation of dense plasma waveguides capable of guiding intense laser beams. Discharge ablation of capillaries, 330 μm or 440 μm in diameter, with 3-5.5-kA current pulses formed concave plasma density profiles with axial electron density >1 × 1019 cm-3. These dense plasma waveguides containing highly ionized metal atoms are of interest to the development of a longitudinally pumped soft X-ray lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
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12. Highly Ionized Ar Plasma Waveguides Generated by a Fast Capillary Discharge.

Author

Luther, B. M., Wang, Y., Bemil, M., Alessi, D., Marconi, M. C., Larotonda, M. A., and Rocca, J. J.

Subjects
ARGON plasmas, PLASMA gases, ULTRASHORT laser pulses, X-ray lasers, INTERFEROMETRY, SCANNING probe microscopy
Abstract

Abstract-Highly ionized Ar plasma channels were created by a fast capillary discharge and used to guide laser pulses with peak intensities up to 2.2 × 1017 W/cm² over a 5.5-cm distance. These plasmas are of interest for the generation of efficient soft X-ray lasers by longitudinal laser excitation. The guides were characterized using plasma interferometry, modeling, and near field imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
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