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A minimalistic model complex for determining the available wind power and associated costs related to the development of large–scale offshore wind power was recently developed by Sørensen and Larsen [1]. The model complex demands only a few global input parameters, such as turbine rotor diameter, nameplate capacity, area of wind farm, number of turbines, water depth, and mean wind speed Weibull parameters for the site. Using actual wind climate and bathymetric data for the North Sea, the model is in the present work used to map the annual energy production and levelized cost of energy (LCoE) for wind farms located in the North Sea. As a main conclusion, exploiting all locations with water depths down to about 45 m comply with the electrical power demand of Europe, which is about 3500 TWh/year. In this case, the LCoE is found to be about 7 ∈cents/kWh for wind farms consisting of 15 MW wind turbines and an interspacing between the wind turbines of 8 diameter, corresponding to 2 km.

The culture of high-performance racing, whether Formula One, Nascar, or sports cars represents the continuous push for better performance. The research focuses upon understanding how stakeholders designing and building motor racing venues experience the innovation process through both new and refurbishment projects. This paper will provide a review of the literature relative to the nature of innovations within the construction setting, considering a range of theoretical and methodological approaches. The context of innovative designs and high-performance facilities serves as a novel exploration given that the nature of the facilities seems to attract these innovative solutions. Given this seeming repeatability of pursuit and success in innovation on this project type suggests that the context allows construction firms to successfully mobilize their innovative ideas and construction expertise. Using the captured data from two case study projects; Yas Marina Circuit in Abu Dhabi and the Daytona International Speedway in the USA, we explore the phenomenon around the mobilization of innovation in these contexts. Data is collected through extensive, unstructured interviews with key leadership in both projects to explore the emergent nature of innovation and the evolving facility design, construction, and operations. Innovation is born, resides and lives within a loosely and tightly knit network of stakeholders. We will connect the discursive nature of innovation in such settings and projects back to the innovation literature.

EFFECTS OF CHLORAMBUCIL/HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE-LOADED ANTI-CD20 NANOPARTICLES ON A HUMAN/MOUSE MODEL OF BURKITT LYMPHOMA Mezzaroba N,1 Mansilla E,2 Zorzet S,1 Larsen G,3 Tripodo C,4 Núñez L,5 Marín GH,2 Nabergoj M,6 Tedesco F,1 Pozzato G,6 Macor P1 1 Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Italy; 2 CUCAIBA, Ministry of Health, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; 3 LNK Chemsolutions, Lincoln Nebraska, USA and Bio-Target, Chicago, USA; 4 Department of Human Pathology, University of Palermo, Italy; 5 University of Chicago, Chicago, USA and BioTarget, Chicago, USA; 6 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy Introduction. In Burkitt lymphoma (BL) chemotherapy shows variable responses since a fraction of younger patients are resistant or relapse and the patients over 40 have difficulties to follow the therapy. In nonresponders/relapsers BL cells often express low level of CD20 and/or mutant/deleted p53. To overcome these problems, we developed a new therapeutic approach in which the efficacy of chemotherapy is associated to the specificity and low side-effects of antibody-based therapy. This approach lies in biodegradable nanoparticles (NP) coated with an antibody to target the neoplastic cells and filled with Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) (a p53-independent toxic substance) and chlorambucil (CLB) as modern “Trojan Horses” to destroy the cancer cells. Methods. NP were prepared by the copolymerization of polylactic acid and polycaprolactone (diameter:250nm). The NP with HCQ and CLB were prepared by encapsulation at concentrations of 165 µg per mg of polymer inside their core, and then modified by anti-CD20 adsorption. In vitro study: To investigate the ability of NP to kill Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, 5 x 105 BJAB cells were incubated for 48 hours and the number of residual viable cells was determined with MTT assay. Apoptosis was evaluated by analyzing PARP-1 cleavage and Annexin V detection. In vivo study: A xenograft model was developed in SCID mice inoculated i.p. with 2 x 106 labeled or unlabeled BJAB cells; a fraction of mice was treated with NP and all animals examined twice weekly up to 120 days. A small-animal time-domain eXplore Optix pre-clinical imager was used for the invivo and ex-vivo evaluation of labeled BJAB cell dissemination and Ritcy5.5 distribution. At 120 days the animals were sacrificed and peritoneal mass and organs, lymph nodes and bones were collected for immunohistochemical analysis. Results. In vitro study: The binding NP on cell surface and their internalization were documented with confocal microscopy. In BJAB cells, HCQ and CLM as free substances induced cell death in 82% and 38% respectively, while NP containing only 5,4 g of HCQ and CLB killed 100% of cells. This effect is due to the synergic proapoptotic effect as shown by Annexin V detection and by PARP activation. The effects of NP was tested on CD20-negative cell lines CHO, HUVEC, MEL-28, LoVo: No cell cytotoxicity was detectable using NP, whereas free HCQ+CLB induce cell killing between 58 and 71%. In vivo study: The intra-peritoneal injection of BJAB cells induced a fast (within 4 days) tumor cells spread in different organs and, without therapy, all animals died in 50-70 days as well as those receiving free HCQ and CLM. Conversely, survival at 120 days of the mice receiving 4 or 8 i.p. injections of NP was 50 and 90% respectively. Conclusions. These results indicate that NP are able to cure even the highly proliferating BL cell line BJAB in both in vitro and in vivo models. This suggests the introduction of this promising technology into human clinical trial.

Innovative, low carbon technologies are already available for use in the construction of buildings, but the impact of their specification on construction projects is unclear. This exploratory research identifies issues which arise following the specification of BIPV in non-residential construction projects. Rather than treating the inclusion of a new technology as a technical problem, the research explores the issue from a socio-technical perspective to understand the accommodations which the project team makes and their effect on the building and the technology. The paper is part of a larger research project which uses a Social Construction of Technology Approach (SCOT) to explore the accommodations made to working practices and design when Building Integrated PhotoVoltaic (BIPV) technology is introduced. The approach explores how the requirements of the technology from different groups of actors (Relevant Social Groups or RSG's) give rise to problems and create solutions. As such it rejects the notion of a rational linear view of innovation diffusion; instead it suggests that the variety and composition of the Relevant Social Groups set the agenda for problem solving and solutions as the project progresses. The research explores the experiences of three people who have extensive histories of involvement with BIPV in construction, looks at how SCOT can inform our understanding of the issues involved and identifies themes and issues in the specification of BIPV on construction projects. A key finding concerns the alignment of inflection points at which interviewees have found themselves changing from one RSG to another as new problems and solutions are identified. The points at which they change RSG often occurred at points which mirror conventional construction categories (in terms of project specification, tender, design and construction).

The six week eruption of Eyjafjallajokull volcano in 2010 produced heavy ash fall in a sparsely populated area of southern and south eastern Iceland and disrupted European commercial flights for at least 6 days. We adopted a protocol for the rapid analysis of volcanic ash particles, for the purpose of informing respiratory health risk assessments. Ash collected from deposits underwent a multi-laboratory physicochemical and toxicological investigation of their mineralogical parameters associated with bio-reactivity, and selected in vitro toxicology assays related to pulmonary inflammatory responses. Ash from the eruption of Grimsvotn, Iceland, in 2011 was also studied. The results were benchmarked against ash from Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, which has been extensively studied since the onset of eruptive activity in 1995. For Eyjafjallajokull, the grain size distributions were variable: 2–13 vol% of the bulk samples were

The fragmentation process and aerodynamic behavior of ash from the Eyjafjallajokull eruption of 2010 are investigated by combining grain-size, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and quantitative particle morphology. Ash samples were collected on land in Iceland at 3-55 km distance from the volcanic vent, and represent various phases of the pulsating eruption. The grain size is fine even for deposits close to the vent, suggesting that the parent particle population at fragmentation consisted of a substantial amount of fine ash. SEM investigation reveals that ash produced during the first phase of the eruption consists of juvenile glass particles showing key features of magma-water interaction, suggesting that phreatomagmatism played a major role in the fragmentation of a vesicle-poor magma. In the last phase of the eruption, fragmentation was purely magmatic and resulted from stress-induced reaction of a microvesicular, fragile melt. The shape of ash, as determined by quantitative morphology analysis, is highly irregular, rendering the settling velocity quite low. This makes transportation by wind much easier than for other more regularly shaped particles of sedimentary origin. We conclude that the combination of magma's fine brittle fragmentation and irregular particle shape was the main factor in the extensive atmospheric circulation of ash from the mildly energetic Eyjafjallajokull eruption.