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Cordyceps primarily consists of ascomycetes, a parasitic fungus that infects insects and arthropods. Recently, Cordyceps has been shown to manifest a diverse range of pharmacological activities, rendering it applicable for the treatment and mitigation of various diseases, such as diabetes, acute liver injury, and colitis. Many active constituents have been identified from Cordyceps sinensis, including cordycepin, adenosine, sterols, and polysaccharides. Polysaccharides constitute a primary active component of Cordyceps, exhibiting immunomodulatory effects. We searched the Web of Science database with the keywords of cordyceps, polysaccharide, and immune modulation; collected related studies from 2004 to 2024; and eliminated articles with low influence and workload. A review of the research advancements regarding the immunomodulatory effects of Cordyceps polysaccharides was conducted with the aim of furnishing valuable reference information. Research indicates that polysaccharides exhibiting immunomodulatory activity are predominantly sourced from Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris. Immunological experimental results demonstrate that Cordyceps polysaccharides can augment the activities of macrophages, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells while fostering the expression of immune-active substances such as cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, animal experiments have substantiated the immunomodulatory effects of Cordyceps polysaccharides. These effects encompass ameliorating immune suppression induced by drugs or radiation, enhancing immune organ indices, elevating the expression of immunoreactive substances, and mitigating immune evasion prompted by tumors. In conclusion, Cordyceps polysaccharides exhibit significant immunomodulatory activity and merit further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural health monitoring (SHM) of composite materials is of great significance in various practical applications. However, it is a challenge to accurately monitor the damage of composites without affecting their mechanical properties. In this paper, an embedded sensing layer based on carbon nanotube-coated glass fiber is designed, combined with electrical resistance tomography (ERT) for in situ damage monitoring. Multi-wall carbon nanotube-coated glass fiber (MWCNT-GF) is prepared and embedded into laminates as an in situ sensing layer. Low-velocity impact experiments demonstrate that the embedded sensing layer has high compatibility with the composite laminates and has no adverse effect on its impact response; although, the energy absorption behavior of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates containing MWCNT-GF occurs about 10% earlier than that of GFRP laminates overall. ERT technology is used to analyze the laminates after a low-velocity impact test. The results show that the in situ monitoring method with the embedded MWCNT-GF sensing layer can achieve high precision in imaging localization of impact damage, and the error of the detected damage area is only 4.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a constant volume combustion chamber, the initial ambient pressure effect on gasoline combustion performance and flame propagation of the active and passive pre-chamber ignition systems were studied. Compared with the passive pre-chamber, the active pre-chamber can significantly expand the lean combustion limit from 1.2 to 1.5, enhance the ignition and combustion performance, and speed up the combustion of the main combustion chamber. At slightly lean combustion conditions, the heat release performance has a positive correlation with the initial ambient pressure. As the premixed λ increases, the heat release performance and the initial ambient pressure begin to become negatively correlated. Ignition delay can be decreased by approximately 50% at an initial pressure of 0.75 MPa, premixed lambda of 1.2 with APC compared with PPC. The high ambient pressure (1.0 MPa) in the constant volume chamber greatly reduces the mixture entrainment ability of the jet flame at lean combustion conditions, thereby reducing the combustion speed and peak heat release rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Most splicing factors are extensively phosphorylated but their physiological functions in plant salt resistance are still elusive.We found that phosphorylation by SnRK1 kinase is essential for SRRM1L nuclear speckle formation and its splicing factor activity in plant cells. In Arabidopsis, loss‐of‐function of SRRM1L leads to the occurrence of alternative pre‐mRNA splicing events and compromises plant resistance to salt stress.In Arabidopsis srrm1l mutant line, we identified an intron‐retention Nuclear factor Y subunit A 10 (NFYA10) mRNA variant by RNA‐Seq and found phosphorylation‐dependent RNA‐binding of SRRM1L is indispensable for its alternative splicing activity. In the wild‐type Arabidopsis, salt stress can activate SnRK1 to phosphorylate SRRM1L, triggering enrichment of functional NFYA10.1 variant to enhance plant salt resistance. By contrast, the Arabidopsis srrm1l mutant accumulates nonfunctional NFYA10.3 variant, sensitizing plants to salt stress.In summary, this work deciphered the molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of SnRK1‐SRRM1L‐NFYA10 module, shedding light on a regulatory pathway to fine‐tune plant adaptation to abiotic stress at the post‐transcriptional and post‐translational levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combat domain of modern warfare is becoming increasingly multidimensional. It is important to evaluate the resilience of the air-ground cooperative network for defending against attack threats and recovery performance. First, a resilience analysis model was proposed to effectively analyze and evaluate the resilience of the air-ground cooperative network. Then, considering the available resources, three dynamic reconfiguration strategies were given from the global perspective to help the air-ground cooperative network quickly recover performance and enhance combat capabilities. Finally, a typical 50-node network was taken as an example to prove the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model. The proposed method can provide scientific guidance for improving the air-ground cooperative network combat capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The Lower Permian Qixia Stage in southwest Sichuan Basin has shown significant exploration potential in recent years, but the views on the sedimentary filling pattern and paleogeographic framework in this area are not unified, which seriously restricts the further oil and gas exploration and well location deployment in the basin. [Methods] This study of the Lower Permian Liangshan Formation and Qixia Formation in southwestern Sichuan Basin was based on the comprehensive use of field profiles, drilling cores and logging data, and analysis of rock types and sedimentary facies. The application of the principles and methods of marine carbonate stratigraphical sequencing led to the identification of third-order sequence interfaces in the Qixia Stage. Single-factor analysis and multi-factor comprehensive mapping were adopted, taking the three-level sequence as the mapping unit. Combining these with the dominant phase, maps of the SQ0 + SQ1 and SQ2 sequence paleogeographic lithofacies were drawn for the Qixia Stage in the study area. [Results] Four third-order sequence interfaces were identified in the Qixia Stage, from bottom to top: lower interface of Liangshan Formation (SB I), inner interface of Qixia Formation Group 1 section (SB II), interface of Qixia Formation Groups 1 and 2 (SB II) and interface of the Qixia Formation and Maokou Formation (SB I). These occurred in three tertiary sequences, each consisting of a transgressive domain and a high-order domain. Comparative analysis of the sequential stratigraphic framework suggested that the SQ0 sequence of the lower Qixia Stage corresponds roughly to the Liangshan Formation. In the lower Qixia Formation Group 1 section, SQ0 is ev-ident only in the paleogeomorphic lowland before the deposition of Qixia Stage in the study area, with a filling sequence overlapping a paleogeomorphic highland. Sequence SQ1 in the middle region and SQ2 sequence in the upper region are found throughout the area. The sequence in the southwestern Sichuan Basin consists of a marine carbonate platform bordering the Kang-Dian ancient land in the west, with obvious differentiation of paleogeomorphology and sedimentary facies. From west to east, the Kang-Dian land and its eastern margin consisted of a tidal flat, intraplatform depression, intraplatform mound-shoal, and an open semi-confined platform. In addition, an intraplatform mound-shoal beach developed along the intraplatform slope break zone, tending to surround the intraplatform depression. [Conclusions] Analysis of the influence of the slope break zone on carbonate reservoir formation highlighted that the SQ2 sequence is the most favorable reservoir facies belt in the study area, with favorable exploration areas around the intraplatform mound-shoal facies belt. A new understanding of the filling pattern and paleogeographic lithofacies characteristics of the Qixia Stage, as determined from the sequence stratigraphy, provides a new framework for future reservoir studies and the prediction of favorable exploration areas in the Qixia Formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal experiments suggest that selenium (Se) may alleviate cadmium (Cd) toxicity in animal liver and kidneys, but its effect on human liver and kidneys remains uncertain. In China, areas with black shale have shown elevated levels of Se and Cd. According to the USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) evaluation method, the soil and rice in these areas pose significant risks. In black shale regions such as Enshi and Zhuxi County, residents who long‐term consume local rice may surpass safe Se and Cd intake levels. Significantly high median blood Se (B‐Se) and urine selenium (U‐Se) levels were detected in these areas, measuring 416.977 μg/L and 352.690 μg/L and 104.527 μg/L and 51.820 μg/L, respectively. Additionally, the median blood Cd (B‐Cd) and urine Cd (U‐Cd) levels were markedly elevated at 4.821 μg/L and 3.848 μg/L and at 7.750 μg/L and 7.050 μg/L, respectively, indicating substantial Cd exposure. Nevertheless, sensitive liver and kidney biomarkers in these groups fall within healthy reference ranges, suggesting a potential antagonistic effect of Se on Cd in the human body. Therefore, the USEPA method may not accurately assess Cd risk in exposed black shale areas. However, within the healthy ranges, residents in the Enshi study area had significantly greater median levels of serum creatinine and cystatin C, measuring 67.3 μmol/L and 0.92 mg/L, respectively, than those in Zhuxi did (53.6 μmol/L and 0.86 mg/L). In cases of excessive Se and Cd exposure, high Se and Cd levels impact the filtration function of the human kidney to some extent. Plain Language Summary: Se is an essential trace element for humans. However, excessive intake of Se can harm humans. Cd is a carcinogen and a chronic potent nephrotoxin that mostly accumulates in the human liver and kidneys. Animal experiments suggest that Se may alleviate Cd toxicity in animal liver and kidneys, but its effect on human liver and kidneys remains uncertain. In China, areas with black shale exposure have shown elevated levels of Se and Cd. According to the USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) evaluation method, the soil and rice in these areas pose significant risks. Our results suggested that the exposed black shale areas are simultaneously enriched with Se and Cd. However, residents in these areas were exposed to excessive Se and Cd long‐term without significant damage to liver and kidney functions. Therefore, the USEPA method may not accurately assess Cd risk in exposed black shale areas. The risk assessment of heavy metals in high‐Se geological background areas cannot be separated from human health surveys. Our study provides evidence for the antagonistic effects of Se and Cd on the human body. Key Points: Residents in exposed black shale areas consume excessive Se and Cd through local riceHuman liver and kidney functions are not significantly damaged in exposed black shale areasThe USEPA method may not accurately assess Cd risk in exposed black shale areas [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea locks that connect inland canals and rivers to the open sea are crucial links that ensure the efficient navigation of ships. Floating bollards (FBs) are significant components of sea locks, and they are affected by factors such as large ships, speed of entry, and irregular mooring lines coupled with corrosion by chloride salts from seawater intrusion from the environment. These factors aggravate damage to metal structures, which seriously threatens the safety of FBs. Overloading of FBs by mooring forces caused by the illegal use of FBs for the braking of large ships that enter locks at excessive speed is the main cause of structural damage and overload failure for FBs. Controlling the dynamic mooring force acting on the FB is an important prerequisite to ensure the safe passage of a ship through a lock. It is impossible to perform real-time monitoring of the magnitude and direction of the mooring force on an FB by installing load-measuring equipment on the mooring line. Therefore, in this study, the structure of an FB in a sea lock project was taken as an example, and the mathematical relationships between the strain in the load-sensitive area of the FB and the mooring force and the mooring angle were quantified. A dynamic inversion model of the ship mooring force on an FB was proposed. This model used real-time feedback from the strain signal in the load-sensitive region of the FB structure to obtain information about the mooring force. The accuracy of the model was verified by conducting tests with a physical model of the topside structure of the FB and comparing the predicted results with the test data. The research results can lay a theoretical foundation for real-time monitoring of the structural response of an FB under the action of mooring forces and promote the development of intelligent methods for the operation and maintenance of a sea lock, which have important scientific significance and engineering value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]