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BACKGROUND To describe the characteristics, diagnosis and surgical treatment of inguinal endometriosis (IEM). CASE SUMMARY We retrospectively analyzed 10 patients diagnosed with IEM at Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital from 2011 to 2019. Relevant features, symptoms, images, surgical treatment, hormonal therapy and follow-up were collected and discussed. A total of 10 cases of IEM diagnosed by surgery and pathology were characterized by a lesion on the right side (9/11); five patients had symptoms related to the menstrual cycle, and only 3 patients were clearly diagnosed before surgery. Ultrasonography was of little assistance in confirming the diagnosis, but magnetic resonance imaging showed specific, high-intensity patterns. Anatomically, most of the IEM lesions were located in the extraperitoneal ligament (10/11); nine patients had inguinal hernias (IH), five had concurrent or prior pelvic endometriosis, and four had infertility. The clinical results from extensive resection were satisfactory. CONCLUSION IEM is an extremely rare condition that can easily be misdiagnosed prior to surgery. A right IH may contribute to the formation of right-sided IEM, and extensive resection involving the round ligament and hernia sac is essential to prevent recurrence.

Phallus aureus S.M. Tang & S.H. Li, sp. nov. (FIGURE 3, 4) MycoBank: MB 844523 Etymology:—the epithet ‘ aureus ’ refers to light yellow indusium. Holotype:— CHINA, Yunnan Province, Zhaotong City, Xiaocaoba Town, 27°14.36’N, 103°52.61’E, 2000 m a.s.l., 14 October 2021, collected by Ao-cheng Ce (L7010, holotype!). Diagnosis:— Phallus aureus is distinguished from other Phullus species by an obovate, rugose, squamulose on the immature basidiomata surface, pseudostipe yellowish, grey volva, and pale yellow at the base becoming light yellow upwards. Description: Immature basidiomata globose to subglobose, 70 × 67 mm, yellowish white (2A2) to pale yellow (2A3), clear rugose on the surface, attached to the substrate by white (2A1) to yellowish grey (2B2) rhizomorphs. Exoperidium membranous; endoperidium gelatinous, hyaline. Expanded basidiomata up to 220 mm high when fresh. Receptacle 49–73 mm high, 43–72 mm broad, campanulate, pale yellow (2A3) to yellowish white (2A2), rugose. Gleba olive brown (4F5-6), mucilaginous. Pseudostipe subcylindrical, constricted at apex, enlarged downwards, 140–218 mm high when mature, 18–22/30–28/ 39–51 mm broad (apex/middle/base), pale yellow (2A3) at the base, upward becoming light yellow (3A5), spongiform, hollow. Volva globose or slightly obovate, 68–81 mm high, 50–69 mm broad, rugose, light grey (1C1) to grey (1D1). Indusium well-developed, almost touching ground, orange yellow (4B8), 113–142 mm in length, attached to the apex of pseudostipe, with polygonal to irregular meshes; meshes 2–21 mm wide, 1–4 mm thick. Rhizomorphs simple, white (2A1), 2–4 mm thick, about 35 mm long. Odour and taste unknown. Basidiospores (2.2–) 2.5–3.7 (–3.9) × (1.2–) 1.3–2.0 (–2.3) µm, Q=(1.6–) 1.8–2.0, cylindrical to long ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth under light microscope. Hyphae of pseudostipe and indusium thin-walled, pseudoparenchymatic, consisting of globose to subglobose or irregularly globose cells up to 21–45 µm in diam. Hyphae of volva tubular, 2–8 µm wide, thin walled, smooth. Hyphae of rhizomorphs filamentous, up to 8.0 µm in diam, thin-walled, smooth, septate, rarely branched. Habitat and distribution: Solitary or scattered on soil with decaying litter under Fargesia spathacea forest. So far known only from Yunnan Province, China. Season: July to August. Additional specimen examined: China. Yunnan Province, Zhaotong city, Xiaocaoba county, Ao Chengce 10 July (L7005); same location, Tang Songming 10 July (L7006); same location, Ao Chengce 14 August (L7011); Wang li 14 August (L7012).

Choiromyces cerebriformis T. J. Yuan, S. H. Li & Y. Wang, sp. nov. Fig. 2a���f MycoBank: MB837904. Diagnosis: Choiromyces cerebriformis differs from similar species in having ascomata up to 10 cm in diameter, with larger and deeper lobes and light orange-brown gleba. Holotype: CHINA, Yunnan Province, Diqing Autonomous Prefecture, Shangri-La County, Three dam township, Haba village, 27��21���6.3647���N, 100��06��� 34.6895���E, elevation 4005 m, under Abies delavayi Franch. and Rhododendron simsii Planch. in mixed evergreen hill forest, with soil types mainly red and brown soils, 24 Sep. 2020, collected by X. H. Wang (KUN-HKAS 107566, holotype; YAAS 8890, isotype). Etymology: cerebriformis refers to the aspect of ascomata which looks like a brain. Ascomata hypogeous, up to 10 cm in diam, knobby, with deep lobes; surface glabrous, whitish when young, then pale yellow to reddish-brown with dark spots at maturity (Fig. 2b, c). Peridium 210���280 ��m thick, plectenchymatous, with two layers, the outer layer 60���80 ��m thick, reddish-brown, the inner layer 150���200 ��m thick, hyaline with larger cells (25���40 ��m diam, wall 0.5���2.0 ��m thick; Fig. 2d). Gleba (Fig. 2d, e) solid, labyrinthoid, light orange-brown, marbled with greyish white veins. Odor strong, pleasant. Asci hyaline, clavate to sac-like, 8-spored, (75���)75���85.5��� 96(���96) �� (42���)43���54���65(���66) ��m (N = 20). Ascospores (N = 60) (17.5���)17.8���21.3���24.8(���25.0) �� (17.5���)17.6��� 21.0���24.4(���24.5) ��m, Q = (1.00���)0.97���1.02���1.06(���1.12), globose to subglobose, pale yellow-brown, ornamented with straight or slightly curved stick-like sparse spines, 2���3 ��m tall, with truncate or rounded tips (Fig. 2e���g). Habitat, phenology, and distribution: Growing under Abies delavayi Franch., Rhododendron simsii Planch. and Pinus yunnanensis in mixed evergreen hill forest, in late autumn. So far found in Diqing and Yongren counties, Yunnan, China. Other material examined: CHINA, Yunnan Province, Chuxiong Autonomous Prefecture, Yongren County, 26.0810��N 101.6632��E, elevation 1,834 m, under Pinus yunnanensis in mixed evergreen hill forest, with soil types mainly red and brown soils, 01 Nov. 2019, collected by H. K. Xiong. (YAAS TJ16-1 and YAAS TJ16-2). Remarks: Choiromyces cerebriformis is characterized by hypogeous, glabrous, pale yellow or white, irregularly knobby, much lobed ascomata, and globose spores ornamented with conspicuous, straight or slightly curved spines with truncate or rounded tips when observed with SEM. This species resembles white Tuber truffles with white ascomata and sinuous veins in gleba. However, it is different from those Tuber species and from other Choiromyces species by its globose spores ornamented with conspicuous spines and small pits. C. cerebriformis can be further distinguished from C. meandriformis, which has paler gleba, and spores with much taller spines (Csorbain�� et al. 2009; Moreno et al. 2012). C. echinulatus Trappe & Marasas (Ferdman et al. 2005), differs from C. cerebriformis by spores with straight, obtuse spines �� 2 ��m high (spines are 2���3 ��m high in C. cerebriformis). Moreover, C. echinulatus has tissues with greatly inflated cells, which is characteristic of all desert truffles. C. cerebriformis differs from C. alveolatus (Liu et al. 1990) in having larger asci (75���96 �� 42���66) ��m, mostly with 8 spores, compared to 40���85 �� 30���55 ��m asci, with (2���) 4���6 spores in the latter species. C. magnusii (Moreno et al. 2012) spores ornamentation is verrucose-reticulated with a minutely-meshed reticulum, which is clearly different from C. cerebriformis. C. helanshanensis (Chen et al. 2016) differs from C. cerebriformis by its coarsely knobby ascomata 2���8 cm diam (ascomata up to 10 cm and with larger, deeper lobes in C. cerebriformis) and ascosporal ornamentation as conspicuous dense spines (as short stick-like sparse spines in C. cerebriformis)., Published as part of Yuan, Tian-Jun, Rasp��, Olivier, Li, Yong-Jun, Wang, Li, Su, Kai-Mei, Wang, Yun, Su, Hong-Yan, Xiong, Hai-Kuang & Li, Shu-Hong, 2021, Choiromyces cerebriformis (Tuberaceae), a new hypogeous species from Yunnan, China, pp. 251-260 in Phytotaxa 482 (3) on page 256, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.482.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5419405, {"references":["Csorbaine, A. G., Illyes, Z., Dimeny, J., Merenyi, Z. & Bratek, Z. (2009) Choiromyces meandriformis and Mattirolomyces terfezioides: peculiar truffles with new perspectives. Micologia Italiana 38 (1): 21 - 28.","Moreno, G., Alvarado, P. & Manjon, J. L. (2012) Phylogenetic affiliation of (Choiromyces magnusii and C. venosus Tuberaceae ascomycota) from Spain. Mycological Progress 11 (2): 463 - 471. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 011 - 0762 - 1","Ferdman, Y., Aviram, S., Rothbejerano, N., Trappe, J. M. & Kaganzur, V. (2005) Phylogenetic studies of Terfezia pfeilii and Choiromyces echinulatus (Pezizales) support new genera for southern African truffles: Kalaharituber and Eremiomyces. Mycological Research 109 (2): 237 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0953756204001789","Liu, B., Tao, K. & Chang, M. C. (1990) New species and new records of hypogeous fungi from china III. Mycosystema 9 (1): 25 - 30.","Chen, J., Sun, L. H., Su, Y., Zhao, W. Q. & Liu, P. G. (2016) Choiromyces helanshanensis sp. nov., a new species of subterranean truffle from China. Mycoscience 57: 279 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. myc. 2016.04.001"]}

Figure S4. Tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the reconstituted hippocampus. (a) Western-blot analysis and quantification in the whole hippocampus for n = 5 animals per group. (b) Immunostaining and quantification for tyrosine hydroxylase fibers in different regions of the hippocampus for n = 5 animals per group. Scale bars, 200 μm (top and middle panels) and 100 μm for bottom panels (a). Data are mean ± s.e.m. *P ≤ 0.05; ****P ≤ 0.0001 (unpaired two-sided t-tests (a) and two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (b F (2, 24) = 587.4, P

Figure S9.Reconstituted human CD34+HSCs migrate from the BM to the brain. (a) Immunostaining and quantification of human Ku-80+/CD45+ cells in various different regions of the mouse brain. n = 5 mice. Scale bar, 200 μm (a). Data are mean ± s.e.m. (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test tests (a)). (DOCX 121 kb)

Figure S1.GFP+cell distribution in the hindbrain (cerebellum) with occasional functional GFP+Purkinje cells. (a) GFP+ cells and commonly observed morphologies (insets) in the hindbrain of an O+-O animal. (b) GFP+ cells in the cerebellum of a single O+-O animal with an enlarged image of a GFP+ Purkinje cell and its recorded action potential. Arrow points to a second GFP+ Purkinje cell and arrowhead depicts a GFP+ microglia. Scale bars, from left to right (a): 2 mm, 100 μm and 10 μm; (b): 300 μm, 25 μm and 10 μm. (DOCX 1682 kb)

Figure S7.Young donor microglia can influence the polarized state of old host microglia. (a) Immunostaining for anti-inflammatory (Arg-1+) donor (GFP+) and host (GFP−) microglia in a midbrain section containing the hippocampus. (b) Higher magnification inset from a Y+-O mouse demonstrating signal localization and cell proximity (left) and quantification of immunostaining (right). n = 5 mice per group for five randomly selected regions. Scale bars 100 μm (a) and 50 μm for inset (b). Data are mean ± s.e.m. ****P ≤ 0.0001 (unpaired two-sided t-tests (b)). (DOCX 198 kb)

Figure S8.Apoptosis and cell proliferation around the locus coeruleus and fourth ventricle. (a) Immunostaining and quantification of proliferating Ki-67+ and apoptotic TUNEL+ nuclei (shown in red). n = 5 mice per group. Scale bar, 200 μm (a). Data are mean ± s.e.m. (unpaired two-sided t-tests (a)). (DOCX 117 kb)

Figure S3. Genetic changes in the whole brain of old mice reconstituted with young Sca-1+or Sca-1−cells. (a) Hierarchical clustering on gene level counts of differentially expressed genes as a function of experimental treatment for n = 3 mice per groups (FC ≥ 1.5, P ≤ 0.05). (b) Volcano plot of 2056 significantly dysregulated genes and (c) a STRING interaction network for the norepinephrine transporter gene, SLC6A2, depicted by the black arrow (right). (DOCX 128 kb)

Figure S2.Number of pro-inflammatory microglia increase with age while spatial memory and learning performance declines. (a) Representative immunostaining and quantification of pro-inflammatory (iNOS+) Iba1+ microglia in 2-month-old and 18-month-old WT mice. n = 6 mice per group. (b) Immunostaining and quantification of WT microglia morphology with aging. n = 6 mice per group. (c) Spatial memory Barnes maze (top) and novel object recognition (bottom) performance for 2-month-old and 18-month-old WT mice. n = 6 mice per group. Scale bars 100 μm (a) and 10 μm (b). Data are mean ± s.e.m. *P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001; ****P ≤ 0.0001 (two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (c top; F (1, 31) = 22.52, P

Figure S6. Basal synaptic transmission and presynaptic function in the CA1 hippocampus. (a) Input-output curves for n = 4 hippocampal slices per group. (b) Paired-pulse facilitation for at least n = 7 hippocampal slices per group. (DOCX 174 kb)

Figure S5.PSD-95 and glutamatergic neuron levels in the reconstituted hippocampus. (a) Western-blot analysis and quantification in the whole hippocampus for n = 5 animals per group. Data are mean ± s.e.m. *P ≤ 0.05 (unpaired two-sided t-tests (a)). (DOCX 73 kb)