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Psychological research consistently demonstrates that affect can play an important role in decision-making across a broad range of contexts. Despite this, the role of affect in clinical reasoning and medical decision-making has received relatively little attention. Integrating the affect, social cognition, and patient safety literatures can provide new insights that promise to advance our understanding of clinical reasoning and lay the foundation for novel interventions to reduce diagnostic errors and improve patient safety. In this paper, we briefly review the ways in which psychologists differentiate various types of affect. We then consider existing research examining the influence of both positive and negative affect on clinical reasoning and diagnosis. Finally, we introduce an empirically supported theoretical framework from social psychology that explains the cognitive processes by which these effects emerge and demonstrates that cognitive interventions can alter these processes. Such interventions, if adapted to a medical context, hold great promise for reducing errors that emerge from faulty thinking when healthcare providers experience different affective responses.

Utilizing electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECR) to decrease the carbon footprint has been regarded as a promising pathway. Herein, we report the synthesis of Ni nanoclusters (NCs) of below 2 nm highly dispersed on N-doped carbon using a Ni/Zn bimetallic metal-organic framework (MOF) precursor. The size and the content of the Ni catalyst can be effectively controlled by varying the Ni:Zn ratio in MOF precursors. The −NH2 group in MOF ligand critically influences the size of Ni catalyst, as well as the property of the carbon substrate. At the optimum ratio of 1:150, Ni NCs with an average size of 1.9 nm anchored on pyridinic N-rich carbon were obtained after MOF pyrolysis. The resultant catalyst exhibits a high Faradaic efficiency for CO (FECO, 98.7%) and considerable partial current density for CO (JCO, −40.4 mA·cm−2) at −0.88 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Benefiting from the synergistic effect of small Ni clusters and their optimal interaction with the carbon support, the catalyst displays exceptional long-term stability. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations carried out for the three model structures confirm that Ni NCs anchored on N-doped carbon facilitate the easier formation of *COOH intermediate and faster electron transfer rate compared with the large-sized Ni particles represented by Ni(111) and the N-doped carbon without Ni. Nanyang Technological University National Research Foundation (NRF) This work is supported by Nanyang Technological University and the Singapore National Research Foundation (NRF) under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) program through the Cambridge Center for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore (CARES) Cambridge Center for Carbon Reduction in Chemical Technology (C4T) and through CARES and the Berkeley Educational Alliance for Research in Singapore (BEARS) eCO2P program. X. D. W. acknowledge the financial support from Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20200711).

Copper-based 3D fractal nanostructures are integrated on the electrodes using a scalable and ink-free flame aerosol synthesis technique for electrochemical CO2 reduction. The effects of tortuosity and oxidation state of copper are respectively investigated by isolating each effect from the others. By balancing the intermediate confinement and local availability of CO2, CuO-derived Cu with optimal tortuosity exhibits a Faradaic efficiency of 65% toward C2+ products at an applied potential of −1.04 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. A subsequent study of the effects of the oxidation state, which is free from the influence of tortuosity, reveals that Cu2+-derived Cu demonstrates suppressed hydrogen evolution reaction and a higher C2+/CH4 ratio than metallic Cu. The preference for the formation of both ethanol and n-propanol versus ethylene, is found to follow the trend from metallic Cu > Cu2+-derived Cu > Cu+-derived Cu toward alcohols’ formation. These findings elucidate the underlying causes for the effects of tortuosity of porous Cu electrodes on selectivity and provide insights into the specific effects of the initial oxidation state on various reaction pathways during electrochemical CO2 reduction. National Research Foundation (NRF) Submitted/Accepted version This work was supported by the eCO2EP and C4T2 programs funded by the Singapore National Research Foundation under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) program through the Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore (CARES) and the Berkeley Educational Alliance for Research in Singapore (BEARS).

CO2 electroreduction using renewable electricity is a promising pathway for CO2 utilization. However, the development of highly active and selective catalysts for CO2 reduction still poses significant challenges. Here, we report the use of an amino-functionalized metal-organic framework as a precursor to derive Ni-N-C active sites embedded in multilayer graphene shells as the dominant active sites for CO2 electroreduction. During the process of high-temperature annealing and acid washing, the -NH2 groups in the MOF precursors exhibit a greater tendency to generate structural defects on graphene layers and derive abundant Ni-N-C sites by Ni migration. Aggregated Ni particles, which incline to catalyze the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction, are successfully removed during the posttreatment, exposing numerous Ni-N-C active sites to facilitate the CO2 electroreduction. The resulting catalyst displays excellent electrochemical CO2 reduction activity to CO with Faradaic efficiencies above 90% in a wide range of potentials from -0.6 to -1.2 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. The maximum Faradaic efficiency of 97% can be achieved at a low overpotential of 0.79 V with a CO partial current density of 27.2 mA cm-2, which is among the best performance of Ni-based electrocatalysts reported so far. This work provides useful insights into the tuning of the metal sites by the coordination environment of MOFs toward the fabrication of highly active and selective electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. Nanyang Technological University National Research Foundation (NRF) This work is supported by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (Grant RG116/16) and by the Singapore National Research Foundation under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) program through the Cambridge Center for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore (CARES) Cambridge Center for Carbon Reduction in Chemical Technology (C4T) and through CARES and the Berkeley Educational Alliance for Research in Singapore (BEARS) eCO2P program.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) reduction of CO2 with H2O is a promising approach to convert solar energy and greenhouse gas into value-added chemicals or fuels. However, the exact role of structures and interfaces of photoelectrodes in governing the photoelectrocatalytic processes in terms of both activity and selectivity remains elusive. Herein, by systematically investigating the InP photocathodes with Au-TiO2 interfaces, we discover that nanostructuring of InP can not only enhance the photoresponse owing to increased light absorption and prolonged minority carrier lifetime, but also improve selectivity toward CO production by providing more abundant interfacial contact points between Au and TiO2 than planar photocathodes. In addition, theoretical studies on the Au-TiO2 interface demonstrate that the charge transfer between Au and TiO2, which is locally confined to the interface, strengthens the binding of the CO∗ intermediate on positively charged Au interfacial sites, thus improving CO2 photoelectroreduction to form CO. An optimal Au-TiO2/InP nanopillar-array photocathode exhibits an onset potential of +0.3 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a Faradaic efficiency of 84.2% for CO production at -0.11 V vs RHE under simulated AM 1.5G illumination at 1 sun. The present findings of the synergistic effects of the structure and interface on the photoresponse and selectivity of a photoelectrode provide insights into the development of III-V semiconductor-based PEC systems for solar fuel generation. National Research Foundation (NRF) This work was supported by the eCO2EP and C4T2 programs funded by the Singapore National Research Foundation under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) program through the Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore (CARES) and the Berkeley Educational Alliance for Research in Singapore (BEARS). The authors also acknowledge the Australian Research Council (ARC) and the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) for financial support.