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Lee waves play an important role in transferring energy from the geostrophic eddy field to turbulent mixing in the Southern Ocean. As such, lee waves can impact the Southern Ocean circulation and modulate its response to changing climate through their regulation on the eddy field and turbulent mixing. The drag effect of lee waves on the eddy field and the mixing effect of lee waves on the tracer field have been studied separately to show their importance. However, it remains unclear how the drag and mixing effects act together to modify the Southern Ocean circulation. In this study, a lee-wave parameterization that includes both lee-wave drag and its associated lee-wave-driven mixing is developed and implemented in an eddy-resolving idealized model of the Southern Ocean to simulate and quantify the impacts of lee waves on the Southern Ocean circulation. The results show that lee waves enhance the baroclinic transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and strengthen the lower overturning circulation. The impact of lee waves on the large-scale circulation are explained by the control of lee-wave drag on isopycnal slopes through their effect on eddies, and by the control of lee-wave-driven mixing on deep stratification and water mass transformation. The results also show that the drag and mixing effects are coupled such that they act to weaken one another. The implication is that the future parameterization of lee waves in global ocean and climate models should take both drag and mixing effects into consideration for a more accurate representation of their impact on the ocean circulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean circulation and mixing regulate Earth's climate by moving heat vertically within the ocean. We present a new formalism to diagnose the role of ocean circulation and diabatic processes in setting vertical heat transport in ocean models. In this formalism we use temperature tendencies, rather than explicit vertical velocities, to diagnose circulation. Using quasi-steady-state simulations from the Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator Ocean Model (ACCESS-OM2), we diagnose a diathermal overturning circulation in temperature–depth space. Furthermore, projection of tendencies due to diabatic processes onto this coordinate permits us to represent these as apparent overturning circulations. Our framework permits us to extend the concept of "Super Residual Transport," which combines mean and eddy advection terms with subgridscale isopycnal mixing due to mesoscale eddies but excludes small-scale three-dimensional turbulent mixing effect, to construct a new overturning circulation—the "Super Residual Circulation" (SRC). We find that in the coarse-resolution version of ACCESS-OM2 (nominally 1° horizontal resolution) the SRC is dominated by an ~11-Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) circulation that transports heat upward. The SRC's upward heat transport is ~2 times as large in a finer-horizontal-resolution (0.1°) version of ACCESS, suggesting that a differing balance of super-residual and parameterized small-scale processes may emerge as eddies are resolved. Our analysis adds new insight into superresidual processes, because the SRC elucidates the pathways in temperature and depth space along which water mass transformation occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal waves generated at the seafloor propagate through the interior of the ocean, driving mixing where they break and dissipate. However, existing theories only describe these waves in two limiting cases. In one limit, the presence of an upper boundary permits bottom-generated waves to reflect from the ocean surface back to the seafloor, and all the energy flux is at discrete wavenumbers corresponding to resonant modes. In the other limit, waves are strongly dissipated such that they do not interact with the upper boundary and the energy flux is continuous over wavenumber. Here, a novel linear theory is developed for internal tides and lee waves that spans the parameter space in between these two limits. The linear theory is compared with a set of numerical simulations of internal tide and lee wave generation at realistic abyssal hill topography. The linear theory is able to replicate the spatially averaged kinetic energy and dissipation of even highly nonlinear wave fields in the numerical simulations via an appropriate choice of the linear dissipation operator, which represents turbulent wave breaking processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]