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Sampling-based kinodynamic motion planners (SKMPs) are powerful in finding collision-free trajectories for high-dimensional systems under differential constraints. Time-informed set (TIS) can provide the heuristic search domain to accelerate their convergence to the time-optimal solution. However, existing TIS approximation methods suffer from the curse of dimensionality, computational burden, and limited system applicable scope, e.g., linear and polynomial nonlinear systems. To overcome these problems, we propose a method by leveraging deep learning technology, Koopman operator theory, and random set theory. Specifically, we propose a Deep Invertible Koopman operator with control U model named DIKU to predict states forward and backward over a long horizon by modifying the auxiliary network with an invertible neural network. A sampling-based approach, ASKU, performing reachability analysis for the DIKU is developed to approximate the TIS of nonlinear control systems online. Furthermore, we design an online time-informed SKMP using a direct sampling technique to draw uniform random samples in the TIS. Simulation experiment results demonstrate that our method outperforms other existing works, approximating TIS in near real-time and achieving superior planning performance in several time-optimal kinodynamic motion planning problems.

Conformal symmetry, emerging at critical points, can be lost when renormalization group fixed points collide. Recently, it was proposed that after collisions, real fixed points transition into the complex plane, becoming complex fixed points described by complex conformal field theories (CFTs). Although this idea is compelling, directly demonstrating such complex conformal fixed points in microscopic models remains highly demanding. Furthermore, these concrete models are instrumental in unraveling the mysteries of complex CFTs and illuminating a variety of intriguing physical problems, including weakly first-order transitions in statistical mechanics and the conformal window of gauge theories. In this work, we have successfully addressed this complex challenge for the (1+1)-dimensional quantum $5$-state Potts model, whose phase transition has long been known to be weakly first-order. By adding an additional non-Hermitian interaction, we successfully identify two conjugate critical points located in the complex parameter space, where the lost conformality is restored in a complex manner. Specifically, we unambiguously demonstrate the radial quantization of the complex CFTs and compute the operator spectrum, as well as new operator product expansion coefficients that were previously unknown., Comment: 6+13 pages

ChatGPT and other general large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success, but they have also raised concerns about the misuse of AI-generated texts. Existing AI-generated text detection models, such as based on BERT and RoBERTa, are prone to in-domain over-fitting, leading to poor out-of-domain (OOD) detection performance. In this paper, we first collected Chinese text responses generated by human experts and 9 types of LLMs, for which to multiple domains questions, and further created a dataset that mixed human-written sentences and sentences polished by LLMs. We then proposed LLM-Detector, a novel method for both document-level and sentence-level text detection through Instruction Tuning of LLMs. Our method leverages the wealth of knowledge LLMs acquire during pre-training, enabling them to detect the text they generate. Instruction tuning aligns the model's responses with the user's expected text detection tasks. Experimental results show that previous methods struggle with sentence-level AI-generated text detection and OOD detection. In contrast, our proposed method not only significantly outperforms baseline methods in both sentence-level and document-level text detection but also demonstrates strong generalization capabilities. Furthermore, since LLM-Detector is trained based on open-source LLMs, it is easy to customize for deployment., Comment: 17 pages, 13 tables, 7 figures

Existing research has demonstrated that refining large language models (LLMs) through the utilization of machine-generated instruction-following data empowers these models to exhibit impressive zero-shot capabilities for novel tasks, without requiring human-authored instructions. In this paper, we systematically investigate, preprocess, and integrate three Chinese instruction-following datasets with the aim of enhancing the Chinese conversational capabilities of Mixtral-8x7B sparse Mixture-of-Experts model. Through instruction fine-tuning on this carefully processed dataset, we successfully construct the Mixtral-8x7B sparse Mixture-of-Experts model named "Aurora." To assess the performance of Aurora, we utilize three widely recognized benchmark tests: C-Eval, MMLU, and CMMLU. Empirical studies validate the effectiveness of instruction fine-tuning applied to Mixtral-8x7B sparse Mixture-of-Experts model. This work is pioneering in the execution of instruction fine-tuning on a sparse expert-mixed model, marking a significant breakthrough in enhancing the capabilities of this model architecture. Our code, data and model are publicly available at https://github.com/WangRongsheng/Aurora, Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures

We analyze the internal symmetries and their anomalies in the Kitaev spin-$S$ models. Importantly, these models have a lattice version of a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ 1-form symmetry, denoted by $\mathbb{Z}_2^{[1]}$. There is also an ordinary 0-form $\mathbb{Z}_2^{(x)}\times\mathbb{Z}_2^{(y)}\times\mathbb{Z}_2^T$ symmetry, where $\mathbb{Z}_2^{(x)}\times\mathbb{Z}_2^{(y)}$ are $\pi$ spin rotations around two orthogonal axes, and $\mathbb{Z}_2^T$ is the time reversal symmetry. The anomalies associated with the full $\mathbb{Z}_2^{(x)}\times\mathbb{Z}_2^{(y)}\times\mathbb{Z}_2^T\times\mathbb{Z}_2^{[1]}$ symmetry are classified by $\mathbb{Z}_2^{17}$. We find that for $S\in\mathbb{Z}$ the model is anomaly-free, while for $S\in\mathbb{Z}+\frac{1}{2}$ there is an anomaly purely associated with the 1-form symmetry, but there is no anomaly purely associated with the ordinary symmetry or mixed anomaly between the 0-form and 1-form symmetries. The consequences of these symmetries and anomalies apply to not only the Kitaev spin-$S$ models, but also any of their perturbed versions, assuming that the perturbations are local and respect the symmetries. If these local perturbations are weak, generically these consequences still apply even if the perturbations break the 1-form symmetry. A notable consequence is that there should generically be a deconfined fermionic excitation carrying no fractional quantum number under the $\mathbb{Z}_2^{(x)}\times\mathbb{Z}_2^{(y)}\times\mathbb{Z}_2^T$ symmetry if $S\in\mathbb{Z}+\frac{1}{2}$, which implies symmetry-enforced exotic quantum matter. We also discuss the consequences for $S\in\mathbb{Z}$., Comment: published version

Metals can undergo geometric quantum phase transitions where the local curvature of the Fermi surface changes sign without a change in symmetry or topology. At the inflection points on the Fermi surface, the local curvature vanishes, leading to an anomalous dynamics of quasiparticles. In this paper, we study geometric quantum critical metals that support inflection points in two dimensions, and show that the decay rate of quasiparticles goes as $E^{\alpha}$ with $1<\alpha<2$ as a function of quasiparticle energy $E$ at the inflection points., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures

Weakly supervised methods, such as class activation maps (CAM) based, have been applied to achieve bleeding segmentation with low annotation efforts in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) images. However, the CAM labels tend to be extremely noisy, and there is an irreparable gap between CAM labels and ground truths for medical images. This paper proposes a new Discrepancy-basEd Active Learning (DEAL) approach to bridge the gap between CAMs and ground truths with a few annotations. Specifically, to liberate labor, we design a novel discrepancy decoder model and a CAMPUS (CAM, Pseudo-label and groUnd-truth Selection) criterion to replace the noisy CAMs with accurate model predictions and a few human labels. The discrepancy decoder model is trained with a unique scheme to generate standard, coarse and fine predictions. And the CAMPUS criterion is proposed to predict the gaps between CAMs and ground truths based on model divergence and CAM divergence. We evaluate our method on the WCE dataset and results show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art active learning methods and reaches comparable performance to those trained with full annotated datasets with only 10% of the training data labeled., Comment: accepted by MICCAI 2022

The presence of nearby conformal field theories (CFTs) hidden in the complex plane of the tuning parameter was recently proposed as an elegant explanation for the ubiquity of "weakly first-order" transitions in condensed matter and high-energy systems. In this work, we perform an exact microscopic study of such a complex CFT (CCFT) in the two-dimensional $O(n)$ loop model. The well-known absence of symmetry-breaking of the $O(n>2)$ model is understood as arising from the displacement of the non-trivial fixed points into the complex temperature plane. Thanks to a numerical finite-size study of the transfer matrix, we confirm the presence of a CCFT in the complex plane and extract the real and imaginary parts of the central charge and scaling dimensions. By comparing those with the analytic continuation of predictions from Coulomb gas techniques, we determine the range of validity of the analytic continuation to extend up to $n_g \approx 12.34$, beyond which the CCFT gives way to a gapped state. Finally, we propose a beta function which reproduces the main features of the phase diagram and which suggests an interpretation of the CCFT as a liquid-gas critical point at the end of a first-order transition line., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Landau Fermi liquid theory is a fixed point theory of metals that includes the forward scattering amplitudes as exact marginal couplings. However, the fixed point theory that only includes the strict forward scatterings is non-local in real space. In this paper, we revisit the Fermi liquid theory using the field-theoretic functional renormalization group formalism and show how the scale invariant fixed point emerges as a local theory, which includes not only the forward scatterings but also non-forward scatterings with small but non-zero momentum transfers. In the low-energy limit, the non-forward scattering amplitude takes a scale invariant form. If the bare coupling is attractive beyond a critical strength, the coupling function exhibits a run-away flow drived by non-forward scattering amplitudes, signifying potential instabilities in particle-hole channels. The pairing interaction also obeys a scaling relation if the center of mass momentum of Cooper pairs is comparable with energy. The coupling functions fully capture the universal low-energy dynamics of the collective modes and instabilities of Fermi liquids. The divergence of the cocupling function in the particle-hole channel beyond a critical interaction suggests an instability toward an ordered phase with a momentum that depends on the interaction strength. At the critical interaction, the instability corresponds to the uniform Pomeranchuk or Stoner instability, but the momentum of the leading instability becomes non-zero for stronger attractive interaction. In the particle-particle channel, the coupling function reveals the dynamics of the unstable mode associated with the BCS instability. When an unstable normal metal evolves into the superconducting state, there exists a period in which a superconducting state with spatially non-uniform phase appears due to the presence of unstable Cooperon modes with non-zero momenta., Comment: 35 pgs. Experimental consequences added

The higher spin Kitaev model prominently features the extensive locally conserved quantities the same as the spin-$1/2$ Kitaev honeycomb model, although it is not exactly solvable. It remains an open question regarding the physical meaning of these conserved quantities in the higher spin model. In this Letter, by introducing a Majorana parton construction for a general spin-$S$ we uncover that these conserved quantities are exactly the $\mathbb Z_2$ gauge fluxes in the general spin-$S$ model, including the case of spin-$1/2$. Particularly, we find an even-odd effect that the $\mathbb Z_2$ gauge charges are fermions in the half integer spin model, but are bosons in the integer spin model. We further prove that the fermionic $\mathbb Z_2$ gauge charges are always deconfined; hence the half integer spin Kitaev model would have non-trivial spin liquid ground states regardless of interaction strengths in the Hamiltonian. The bosonic $\mathbb Z_2$ gauge charges of the integer spin model, on the other hand, could condense, leading to a trivial product state, and this is indeed the case at the anisotropic limit of the model., Comment: 5+4 pages, 3+3 figures, published version

We study a "helical" superfluid, a nonzero-momentum condensate in a frustrated bosonic model. At mean-field Bogoliubov level, such a novel state exhibits "smectic" fluctuation that are qualitatively stronger than that of a conventional superfluid. We develop a phase diagram and compute a variety of its physical properties, including the spectrum, structure factor, condensate depletion, momentum distribution, all of which are qualitatively distinct from that of a conventional superfluid. Interplay of fluctuations, interaction and lattice effects gives rise to the phenomenon of order-by-disorder, leading to a crossover from the smectic superfluid regime to the anisotropic XY superfluid phase. We complement the microscopic lattice analysis with a field theoretic description for such a helical superfluid, which we derive from microscopics and justify on general symmetry grounds, reassuringly finding full consistency. Possible experimental realizations are discussed., Comment: 29 pages, 13 figures. Version published in PRA, with minor edits

We study the critical bosonic O(N) vector model with quenched random mass disorder in the large N limit. Due to the replicated action which is sometimes not bounded from below, we avoid the replica trick and adopt a traditional approach to directly compute the disorder averaged physical observables. At $N=\infty$, we can exactly solve the disordered model. The resulting low energy behavior can be described by two scale invariant theories, one of which has an intrinsic scale. At finite $N$, we find that the previously proposed attractive disordered fixed point at $d=2$ continues to exist at $d=2+\epsilon$ spatial dimensions. We also studied the system in the $3

Balancing the trade-off between safety and efficiency is of significant importance for path planning under uncertainty. Many risk-aware path planners have been developed to explicitly limit the probability of collision to an acceptable bound in uncertain environments. However, convex obstacles or Gaussian uncertainties are usually assumed to make the problem tractable in the existing method. These assumptions limit the generalization and application of path planners in real-world implementations. In this article, we propose to apply deep learning methods to the sampling-based planner, developing a novel risk bounded near-optimal path planning algorithm named neural risk-aware RRT (NR-RRT). Specifically, a deterministic risk contours map is maintained by perceiving the probabilistic nonconvex obstacles, and a neural network sampler is proposed to predict the next most-promising safe state. Furthermore, the recursive divide-and-conquer planning and bidirectional search strategies are used to accelerate the convergence to a near-optimal solution with guaranteed bounded risk. Worst-case theoretical guarantees can also be proven owing to a standby safety guaranteed planner utilizing a uniform sampling distribution. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art remarkably for finding risk bounded low-cost paths in seen and unseen environments with uncertainty and nonconvex constraints.

Adaptively Informed Trees (AIT*) is an algorithm that uses the problem-specific heuristic to avoid unnecessary searches, which significantly improves its performance, especially when collision checking is expensive. However, the heuristic estimation in AIT* consumes lots of computational resources, and its asymmetric bidirectional searching strategy cannot fully exploit the potential of the bidirectional method. In this article, we propose an extension of AIT* called BiAIT*. Unlike AIT*, BiAIT* uses symmetrical bidirectional search for both the heuristic and space searching. The proposed method allows BiAIT* to find the initial solution faster than AIT*, and update the heuristic with less computation when a collision occurs. We evaluated the performance of BiAIT* through simulations and experiments, and the results show that BiAIT* can find the solution faster than state-of-the-art methods. We also analyze the reasons for the different performances between BiAIT* and AIT*. Furthermore, we discuss two simple but effective modifications to fully exploit the potential of the adaptively heuristic method.

Sampling-based path planning algorithms usually implement uniform sampling methods to search the state space. However, uniform sampling may lead to unnecessary exploration in many scenarios, such as the environment with a few dead ends. Our previous work proposes to use the promising region to guide the sampling process to address the issue. However, the predicted promising regions are often disconnected, which means they cannot connect the start and goal state, resulting in a lack of probabilistic completeness. This work focuses on enhancing the connectivity of predicted promising regions. Our proposed method regresses the connectivity probability of the edges in the x and y directions. In addition, it calculates the weight of the promising edges in loss to guide the neural network to pay more attention to the connectivity of the promising regions. We conduct a series of simulation experiments, and the results show that the connectivity of promising regions improves significantly. Furthermore, we analyze the effect of connectivity on sampling-based path planning algorithms and conclude that connectivity plays an essential role in maintaining algorithm performance., Comment: Accepted in Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 2022

Sampling-based planning algorithm is a powerful tool for solving planning problems in high-dimensional state spaces. In this article, we present a novel approach to sampling in the most promising regions, which significantly reduces planning time-consumption. The RRT# algorithm defines the Relevant Region based on the cost-to-come provided by the optimal forward-searching tree. However, it uses the cumulative cost of a direct connection between the current state and the goal state as the cost-to-go. To improve the path planning efficiency, we propose a batch sampling method that samples in a refined Relevant Region with a direct sampling strategy, which is defined according to the optimal cost-to-come and the adaptive cost-to-go, taking advantage of various sources of heuristic information. The proposed sampling approach allows the algorithm to build the search tree in the direction of the most promising area, resulting in a superior initial solution quality and reducing the overall computation time compared to related work. To validate the effectiveness of our method, we conducted several simulations in both $SE(2)$ and $SE(3)$ state spaces. And the simulation results demonstrate the superiorities of proposed algorithm.

We present the Wilsonian effective action as a solution of the exact RG equation for the critical $O(N)$ vector model in the large $N$ limit. Below four dimensions, the exact effective action can be expressed in a closed form as a transcendental function of two leading scaling operators with infinitely many derivatives. From the exact solution that describes the RG flow from a UV theory to the fixed point theory in the IR, we obtain the mapping between UV operators and IR scaling operators. It is shown that IR scaling operators are given by sums of infinitely many UV operators with infinitely many derivatives., Comment: 19+16 pages, 1/N correction added

The $\beta$-functions describe how couplings run under the renormalization group flow in field theories. In general, all couplings that respect the symmetry and locality are generated under the renormalization group flow, and the exact renormalization group flow is characterized by the $\beta$-functions defined in the infinite dimensional space of couplings. In this paper, we show that the renormalization group flow is highly constrained so that the $\beta$-functions defined in a measure zero subspace of couplings completely determine the $\beta$-functions in the entire space of couplings. We provide a quantum renormalization group-based algorithm for reconstructing the full $\beta$-functions from the $\beta$-functions defined in the subspace. As examples, we derive the full $\beta$-functions for the $O(N)$ vector model and the $O_L(N) \times O_R(N)$ matrix model entirely from the $\beta$-functions defined in the subspace of single-trace couplings., Comment: 75 pages, 12 figures, minor changes

The detection of curved lanes is still challenging for autonomous driving systems. Although current cutting-edge approaches have performed well in real applications, most of them are based on strict model assumptions. Similar to other visual recognition tasks, lane detection can be formulated as a two-dimensional graph searching problem, which can be solved by finding several optimal paths along with line segments and boundaries. In this paper, we present a directed graph model, in which dynamic programming is used to deal with a specific shortest path problem. This model is particularly suitable to represent objects with long continuous shape structure, e.g., lanes and roads. We apply the designed model and proposed an algorithm for detecting lanes by formulating it as the shortest path problem. To evaluate the performance of our proposed algorithm, we tested five sequences (including 1573 frames) from the KITTI database. The results showed that our method achieves an average successful detection precision of 97.5%., Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, accepted by IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) 2019

We study the famous example of weakly first order phase transitions in the 1+1D quantum Q-state Potts model at Q>4. We numerically show that these weakly first order transitions have approximately conformal invariance. Specifically, we find entanglement entropy on considerably large system sizes fits perfectly with the universal scaling law of this quantity in the conformal field theories (CFTs). This supports that the weakly first order transitions is proximate to complex fixed points, which are described by recent conjectured complex CFTs. Moreover, the central charge extracted from this fitting is close to the real part of the complex central charge of these complex CFTs. We also study the conformal towers and the drifting behaviors of these conformal data (e.g., central charge and scaling dimensions)., Comment: published version

Lane detection is very important for self-driving vehicles. In recent years, computer stereo vision has been prevalently used to enhance the accuracy of the lane detection systems. This paper mainly presents a multiple lane detection algorithm developed based on optimised dense disparity map estimation, where the disparity information obtained at time t_{n} is utilised to optimise the process of disparity estimation at time t_{n+1}. This is achieved by estimating the road model at time t_{n} and then controlling the search range for the disparity estimation at time t_{n+1}. The lanes are then detected using our previously published algorithm, where the vanishing point information is used to model the lanes. The experimental results illustrate that the runtime of the disparity estimation is reduced by around 37% and the accuracy of the lane detection is about 99%., Comment: 5 pages, 7 figures, IEEE International Conference on Imaging Systems and Techniques (IST) 2018

Deconfined quantum critical points are characterized by the presence of an emergent gauge field and exotic fractionalized particles, which exist as well-defined excitations only at the critical point. We here demonstrate the existence of quantum critical points described by an emergent tensor gauge theory featuring subdimensional excitations, in close relation to fracton theories. We begin by reexamining a previously studied deconfined quantum critical point between two valence bond solid (VBS) phases on a bilayer honeycomb lattice. We show that the critical theory maps onto a rank-two tensor gauge theory featuring one-dimensional particles. In a slightly different context, the same tensor gauge theory also describes a deconfined quantum critical point between a two-dimensional superfluid and a finite-momentum Bose condensate, both of which are dual to rank-one gauge theories. This represents an entirely new class of deconfined quantum criticality, in which a critical tensor gauge theory arises on top of a stable conventional gauge theory. Furthermore, we propose that this quantum critical point gives rise to a new finite-temperature phase of bosons, behaving as an exciton Bose condensate, in which excitons (boson-hole pairs) are condensed but individual bosons are not. We discuss how small modifications of this theory give rise to the stable quantum "exciton Bose liquid" phase studied by Paramekanti, Balents, and Fisher., Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures

Fractons are gapped point-like excitations in $d=3$ topological ordered phases whose motion is constrained. They have been discovered in several gapped models but a unifying physical mechanism for generating them is still missing. It has been noticed that in symmetric-tensor ${\rm U}(1)$ gauge theories, charges are fractons and cannot move freely due to, for example, the conservation of not only the charge but also the dipole moment. To connect these theories with fully gapped fracton models, we study Higgs and partial confinement mechanisms in rank-2 symmetric-tensor gauge theories, where charges or magnetic excitations, respectively, are condensed. Specifically, we describe two different routes from the rank-2 ${\rm U}(1)$ scalar charge theory to the X-cube fracton topological order, finding that a combination of Higgs and partial confinement mechanisms is necessary to obtain the fully gapped fracton model. On the other hand, the rank-2 $\mathbb{Z}_2$ scalar charge theory, which is obtained from the former theory upon condensing charge-2 matter, is equivalent to four copies of the $d=3$ toric code and does not support fracton excitations. We also explain how the checkerboard fracton model can be viewed as a rank-2 $\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge theory with two different Gauss' law constraints on different lattice sites., Comment: 16+epsilon pages, 14 figures

We introduce a new quantity, that we term recoverable information, defined for stabilizer Hamiltonians. For such models, the recoverable information provides a measure of the topological information, as well as a physical interpretation, which is complementary to topological entanglement entropy. We discuss three different ways to calculate the recoverable information, and prove their equivalence. To demonstrate its utility, we compute recoverable information for fracton models using all three methods where appropriate. From the recoverable information, we deduce the existence of emergent $Z_2$ Gauss-law type constraints, which in turn imply emergent $Z_2$ conservation laws for point-like quasiparticle excitations of an underlying topologically ordered phase., Comment: Added additional cluster model calculation (SPT example) and a new section discussing the general benefits of recoverable information

Entanglement entropy provides a powerful characterization of two-dimensional gapped topological phases of quantum matter, intimately tied to their description by topological quantum field theories (TQFTs). Fracton topological orders are three-dimensional gapped topologically ordered states of matter, but the existence of a TQFT description for these phases remains an open question. We show that three-dimensional fracton phases are nevertheless characterized, at least partially, by universal structure in the entanglement entropy of their ground state wave functions. We explicitly compute the entanglement entropy for two archetypal fracton models --- the `X-cube model' and `Haah's code' --- and demonstrate the existence of a topological contribution that scales linearly in subsystem size. We show via Schrieffer-Wolff transformations that the topological entanglement of fracton models is robust against arbitrary local perturbations of the Hamiltonian. Finally, we argue that these results may be extended to characterize localization-protected fracton topological order in excited states of disordered fracton models., Comment: published version