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Microplastics, as a new type of water pollutant, are receiving increasing attention. Due to their widespread distribution, being difficult to degrade, and toxic properties to organisms, they pose a serious threat to the health of freshwater ecosystems. This paper reviews the definition, classification, sources, as well as distribution and migration patterns of microplastics in the freshwater environment. It also discusses the toxicological effects of microplastics on freshwater organisms and the application of physical, chemical, and biotechnological technologies in the removal of microplastics. Microplastics can be categorized into primary and secondary microplastics based on types, sizes, and sources. Comprehensive analysis indicates that selecting appropriate microplastic collection and pretreatment methods is fundamental for quantitative and qualitative analysis and other research. The distribution and migration of microplastics are influenced by factors such as geographical locations, wind, water flow, and flow rate. Studies have shown that microplastics exert toxic effects on the growth and reproduction of freshwater organisms by adsorbing toxic chemicals and microbes on the surfaces, and that microplastics even affect the food chain and the health of freshwater ecosystems. To address these issues, this paper reviews the current applications of physical technologies such as adsorption, membrane filtration and sedimentation, chemical technologies such as coagulation and flocculation processes, oxidation, polymerization and photocatalytic degradation, and biological technologies such as microbial degradation. The paper concludes by proposing research prospects in four aspects: analytical methods for microplastics, environmental toxicity studies, removal technologies, and policies and regulations. This paper aims to provide ideas and references for incorporating microplastic indicators into the health assessment system of rivers and lakes and to offer management strategies for the river and lake health evaluation system.

[Objective] The extensive development of biological soil crusts driven by the project of “Grain for Green” on the Loess Plateau can significantly inhibit soil erosion, but the characteristics of soil erosion resistance and the response mechanism with the growth and development of biological soil crusts are still unclear. [Methods] Algal crusts, moss crusts, and natural succession crusts were cultivated for 176 days to systematically study the effects of different developmental stages and types of biological soil crusts on loessial soil erosion resistance. [Results] (1)The coverage, thickness, biomass, chlorophyll and roughness of the biological soil crusts increased significantly with growth time, and the moss crusts were higher at the beginning of cultivation and the natural succession crusts were highest at the end of cultivation. (2) With the development of biological soil crusts, the cohesion increased as a power function, which increased by 39.8%~60.3% compared with the initial period; the mass loss rate decreased exponentially, which decreased by 45.6%~57.3% compared with the initial period; and the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) was more complex, but the Ks was lowest at the end of cultivation (0.08~0.12 mm/min). (3) Soil cohesion increased as a power function with the increase of coverage, thickness, chlorophyll, biomass and roughness, and the mass loss rate decreased exponentially with the increase of coverage, thickness, chlorophyll, biomass and roughness. (4) The comprehensive index of soil erosion resistance (Cser) constructed based on soil properties can effectively show the effect of biological soil crusts development on soil erosion resistance. And the Cser can be expressed as a power function of coverage (Cov), thickness (T) and biomass (B) (Cser=0.279 Cov0.194T0.188B0.119, R2=0.73, p

Inspired by the phenomenon that individuals tend to make decisions after gaining enough experience from past interactions, heterogeneous influence adjustment considering historical strategy mechanism is proposed. This mechanism adjusts the node’s strategy propagation influence by comparing the multi-round game income with that of selected neighbors. The results of the spatial prisoner’s dilemma game indicate that cooperation is substantially enhanced when the mechanism strength factor α and the memory length m are suitably configured. Specifically, the mechanism strength factor α exhibits a positive correlation with the frequency of cooperative behavior because stronger incentives or deterrents more effectively influence individuals to adopt cooperative strategies. Furthermore, the extended memory length m contributes to an enhancement in the network’s cooperation fraction. Longer memory length diminishes the fluctuation magnitude of the cooperation fraction because longer memory allows individuals to make more informed decisions based on a more comprehensive understanding of past interactions, leading to more stable and sustained cooperative behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic foot is one of the most severe complications of diabetes. It is caused by high blood sugar, resulting in combined neuropathy and various degrees of peripheral vascular disease, leading to local microcirculation disorders. This condition can trigger infections, ulcers, and deep tissue damage in the lower limbs. In severe cases, gangrene may occur, leading to amputation. Therefore, timely microcirculation monitoring of the feet in diabetic patients can help detect early blood supply issues. Prompt and effective intervention and treatment for diabetic patients with microcirculation disorders in the feet can prevent the occurrence and development of diabetic foot. Physical factor therapy utilizes various forms of physical energy to induce reactions in the body, such as dilating blood vessels, increasing blood flow, and promoting tissue blood supply. Simultaneously, it stimulates nerves and muscles, aiding in improving nerve conduction and promoting nerve regeneration. This helps prevent and improve microcirculation disorders in diabetic feet. This article outlines the microcirculation disorders in diabetic feet, along with monitoring and treatment methods. It focuses on the principles and efficacy of common physical factor methods for microcirculation intervention, as well as research advancements in their clinical application for diabetic foot. This information serves as a reference for the treatment and adjunctive research of diabetic foot.

In the spatial public goods game (SPGG), punishment effectively promotes cooperation but often reduces the collective benefits of cooperators and punishers. In order to increase revenue, we propose a probabilistic interaction domain model considering both strategy type and payoff level. In this model, players are divided into two types, successful players with payoffs higher than the payoff threshold and failed players with payoffs lower than the payoff threshold. A successful player is less likely to change the interaction range than a failed player. Through extensive simulations, it is shown to verify that a higher payoff threshold leads to a more pronounced promotion effect on cooperation and corresponds to a higher cooperation return. Moreover, introducing dynamic interaction domain can rapidly remove defectors from the vicinity of cooperative players on regular lattices. Reducing the payoff gap between punishers and cooperators helps mitigate the system's second-order free-riding problem. Additionally, through analysis of the critical parameters, it is revised that incorporating diversity in interaction structures substantively enhances cooperation level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on efficient routing strategies holds paramount importance in mitigating network congestion and enhancing the transmission capacity of complex networks. A Hierarchical Routing Optimization (HRO) strategy is proposed for dual-layer networks featuring both logical and physical layer structures. This strategy employs distinct methods for packet transmission at the logical and physical layers to optimize the utilization of network resources. Comparison with the improved static-weighted routing strategy (ISWR) and the improved effective routing strategy (IER) involves analyzing the relationship between the transmission capacity of the dual-layer network and the coupling method under these three routing strategies. This analysis aims to determine the optimal coupling method for the routing strategy, thereby enhancing overall network capacity. The simulation results reveal that the random coupling method proves most effective when employing the ISWR strategy, the assortative coupling method excels with the IER strategy, and the dissortative coupling method stands out when implementing the HRO strategy. In evaluating the ISWR strategy, IER strategy, and HRO strategy, it becomes evident that the HRO strategy substantially amplifies the transmission capacity of the dual-layer network. Furthermore, the HRO strategy exhibits heightened robustness against both random and deliberate attacks compared to the IER strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The TianQin program is an independently proposed space-borne detection initiative from China. The inertial sensor, as a crucial component, is susceptible to disturbances from temperature fluctuations, the impact of which on acceleration measurements remains elusive. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis on the influence of temperature disturbance is necessary to avoid errors in acceleration measurement. In this study, we proposed a complete scheme for calculating the level of acceleration noise. Based on the traditional temperature control scheme of using a heat pipe, we developed a systematic heat transfer simulation model to obtain the temperature signals. These signals can then be converted into the frequency domain and used to calculate the acceleration noise level within the target bandwidth. Our results indicate that, with a temperature control of 0.13 K/Hz1/2@1 mHz, the largest contributions to acceleration noise come from the outgassing effect, radiometer effect, and radiative pressure effect, in descending order. The total noise peak is 3.6 × 10 − 12   m / (s 2 ⋅ Hz 1 / 2) at 1 mHz, which is more than three orders of magnitude higher than the TianQin target of 10 − 15   m / (s 2 ⋅ Hz 1 / 2) . This study provides new avenues for evaluating measurement errors and solutions for the TianQin program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cook Islands are considered the "gateway" for human colonization of East Polynesia, the final chapter of Oceanic settlement and the last major region occupied on Earth. Indeed, East Polynesia witnessed the culmination of the greatest maritime migration in human history. Perennial debates have critiqued whether Oceanic settlement was purposeful or accidental, the timing and pathways of colonization, and the nature and extent of postcolonization voyaging-essential for small founding groups securing a lifeline between parent and daughter communities. Centering on the well-dated Tangatatau rockshelter, Mangaia, Southern Cook Islands, we charted the temporal duration and geographic spread of exotic stone adze materials-essential woodworking tools found throughout Polynesia- imported for more than 300 y beginning in the early AD 1300s. Using a technique requiring only 200 mg of sample for the geochemical analysis of trace elements and isotopes of fine-grained basalt adzes, we assigned all artifacts to an island or archipelago of origin. Adze material was identified from the chiefly complex on the Austral Islands, from the major adze quarry complex on Tutuila (Samoa), and from the Marquesas Islands more than 2,400 km distant. This interaction is the only dated example of down-the-line exchange in central East Polynesia where intermediate groups transferred commodities attesting to the interconnectedness and complexity of social relations fostered during postsettlement voyaging. For the Cook Islands, this exchange may have lasted into the 1600s, at least a century later than other East Polynesian archipelagos, suggesting that interarchipelago interaction contributed to the later development of social hierarchies.