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1. Acute sensitivity of global ocean circulation and heat content to eddy energy dissipation time-scale

Author: Mak, Julian, Marshall, David P., Madec, Gurvan, and Maddison, James R.
Subjects: Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Physics - Fluid Dynamics
Abstract: The global ocean overturning circulation, critically dependent on the global density stratification, plays a central role in regulating climate evolution. While it is well-known that the global stratification profile exhibits a strong dependence to Southern Ocean dynamics and in particular to wind and buoyancy forcing, we demonstrate here that the stratification is also acutely sensitive to the mesoscale eddy energy dissipation time-scale. Within the context of a global ocean circulation model with an energy constrained mesoscale eddy parameterization, it is shown that modest variations in the eddy energy dissipation time-scale lead to significant variations in key metrics relating to ocean circulation, namely the Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport, Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation strength, and global ocean heat content, over long time-scales. The results highlight a need to constrain uncertainties associated with eddy energy dissipation for climate model projections over centennial time-scales, but also for paleoclimate simulations over millennial time-scales., Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures; preprint version; accepted by Geophysical Research Letters, post-print version to be made available at a later point
Published: 2022
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2. Drivers of Antarctic sea ice advance

Author: Himmich, Kenza, Vancoppenolle, Martin, Madec, Gurvan, Sallée, Jean-Baptiste, Holland, Paul R., and Lebrun, Marion
Published: 2023
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3. The Future of Sea Ice Modeling : Where Do We Go from Here?

Author: Blockley, Ed, Vancoppenolle, Martin, Hunke, Elizabeth, Bitz, Cecilia, Feltham, Daniel, Lemieux, Jean-François, Losch, Martin, Maisonnave, Eric, Notz, Dirk, Rampal, Pierre, Tietsche, Steffen, Tremblay, Bruno, Turner, Adrian, Massonnet, François, Ólason, Einar, Roberts, Andrew, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Fichefet, Thierry, Garric, Gilles, Iovino, Doroteaciro, Madec, Gurvan, Rousset, Clément, Salas y Melia, David, and Schroeder, David
Published: 2020

4. Impacts of Vertical Convective Mixing Schemes and Freshwater Forcing on the 2016–2017 Maud Rise Polynya Openings in a Regional Ocean Simulation.

Author: Gülk, Birte, Roquet, Fabien, Naveira Garabato, Alberto C., Bourdallé‐Badie, Romain, Madec, Gurvan, and Giordani, Hervé
Subjects: FRESH water, POLYNYAS, OCEAN, MIXING height (Atmospheric chemistry), SEA ice, MODELS & modelmaking
Abstract: The correct representation of the Maud Rise open‐ocean polynya in the Weddell Sea remains a challenge for ocean models. Here we reproduce the most recent polynya openings in 2016–2017 using a regional configuration, and assess their dependencies on vertical convective mixing schemes and freshwater forcing, both separately and in combination. We test three vertical convective mixing schemes: the enhanced vertical diffusion (EVD), the Eddy‐Diffusivity Mass‐Flux (EDMF) parameterization, and a modified version of EDMF accounting for thermobaric effects. Using simulations for the period 2007–2017, we find that the modified EDMF reproduces the observed climatological evolution of the mixed layer depth better than the original EDMF and the EVD, but a polynya fails to open due to excessive freshwater forcing. We thus use the modified EDMF to perform sensitivity experiments with reduced precipitation during 2012–2017. The imposed freshwater forcing strongly affects the number of years with polynyas. The simulation with the best representation of the 2016–2017 polynyas is analyzed to evaluate the triggering mechanisms. The 2016 polynya was induced by the action of thermobaric instabilities on a weak ambient stratification. This opening preconditioned the water column for 2017, which produced a stronger polynya. By examining the impacts of the different convective mixing schemes, we show that the modified EDMF generates more realistic patterns of deep convection. Our results highlight the importance of surface freshwater forcing and thermobaricity in governing deep convection around Maud Rise, and the need to represent thermobaric instabilities to realistically model Maud Rise polynyas. Plain Language Summary: We investigate the impacts of representing numerical vertical mixing and surface freshwater forcing in a regional ocean model on polynyas (large openings in the pack ice) at Maud Rise, Southern Ocean. Maud Rise is prone to hosting polynyas, often associated with deep convection, which is a local vertical mixing process homogenizing the water column between surface and depths of several hundred meters. Numerical models often use simplistic strategies to represent this process, but improved parameterizations have recently become available. In this work, we test the impact of the representation of convective mixing in a particularly sensitive region. The last Maud Rise polynyas were observed in 2016 and 2017. Our regional simulation is capable of reproducing these polynyas, which has long been a challenge for ocean‐sea ice models. We show that the 2016 polynya resulted from the action of a vertical instability at depth acting on weak ambient stratification. This event preconditioned the stronger 2017 polynya and deep convection. We conclude that representing convective plumes as a sub‐grid scale process in models leads to a more realistic representation of open‐ocean polynyas and associated convection events. Key Points: The Eddy‐Diffusivity Mass‐Flux (EDMF) parameterization is tested in a regional simulation of the ocean around Maud RiseThermobaric effects on convective plumes are enabled by modifying the EDMF parameterizationSimulations of Maud Rise polynyas are highly sensitive to freshwater forcing and mixing schemes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2024
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5. NEMO Ocean Engine Reference Manual

Author: Madec, Gurvan, Bell, Mike, Blaker, Adam, Bricaud, Clément, Bruciaferri, Diego, Castrillo, Miguel, Calvert, Daley, Jérômeme Chanut, Clementi, Emanuela, Coward, Andrew, Epicoco, Italo, Éthé, Christian, Ganderton, Jonas, Harle, James, Hutchinson, Katherine, Iovino, Doroteaciro, Lea, Dan, Lovato, Tomas, Martin, Matt, Martin, Nicolas, Mele, Francesca, Martins, Diana, Masson, Sébastien, Mathiot, Pierre, Mocavero, Silvia, Müller, Simon, Nurser, A.J. George, Paronuzzi, Stella, Peltier, Mathieu, Person, Renaud, Rousset, Clement, Rynders, Stefanie, Samson, Guillaume, Téchené, Sibylle, Vancoppenolle, Martin, and Wilson, Chris
Subjects: modelling, nemo-ocean, ComputerSystemsOrganization_COMPUTERSYSTEMIMPLEMENTATION, ocean, ocean-modelling, GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Physics::Geophysics
Abstract: The ocean engine of NEMO is a primitive equation model adapted to regional and global ocean circulation problems. It is intended to be a flexible tool for studying the ocean and its interactions with the others components of the earth climate system over a wide range of space and time scales. To cite this edition: Madec, G. and the NEMO System Team, 2023.NEMO Ocean Engine Reference Manual, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8167700
Published: 2023
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6. Summer hydrography and circulation in Storfjorden, Svalbard, following a record low winter sea‐ice extent in the Barents Sea

Author: Vivier, Frédéric, Lourenço, Antonio, Michel, Elisabeth, Skogseth, Ragnheid, Rousset, Clément, Lansard, Bruno, Bouruet‐aubertot, Pascale, Boutin, Jacqueline, Bombled, Bruno, Cuypers, Yannis, Crispi, Olivier, Dausse, Dennis, Le Goff, Hervé, Madec, Gurvan, Vancoppenolle, Martin, Van Der Linden, Fanny, Waelbroeck, Claire, Vivier, Frédéric, Lourenço, Antonio, Michel, Elisabeth, Skogseth, Ragnheid, Rousset, Clément, Lansard, Bruno, Bouruet‐aubertot, Pascale, Boutin, Jacqueline, Bombled, Bruno, Cuypers, Yannis, Crispi, Olivier, Dausse, Dennis, Le Goff, Hervé, Madec, Gurvan, Vancoppenolle, Martin, Van Der Linden, Fanny, and Waelbroeck, Claire
Abstract: Storfjorden, Svalbard, hosts a polynya in winter and is an important source region of Brine-enriched Shelf Water (BSW) that, if dense enough, feeds the Arctic Ocean deep water reservoir. Changes in the BSW production may thus have far-reaching impacts. We analyze the water mass distribution and circulation in Storfjorden and the trough south of it, Storfjordrenna, using hydrographic sections occupied in July 2016, following a winter characterized by the lowest ice coverage recorded in the Barents Sea. These observations reveal an unusual hydrographic state, characterized at the surface by the near absence of Melt Water and Storfjorden Surface Water, replaced by a saltier water mass. At depth, BSW (maximum salinity of 34.95) was found from the bottom up to 90 m, above the 120-m deep sill at the mouth to Storfjordrenna. However, no gravity driven overflow was observed downstream of the sill: the dome of BSW remained locked over the depression in a cyclonic circulation pattern consistent with a stratified Taylor column. Observations further reveal a previously unreported intrusion of Atlantic Water far into the fjord, promoting isopycnal mixing with entrapped Arctic Water. This intrusion was possibly favored by positive wind stress curl anomalies over Svalbardbanken and Storfjordrenna. The bottom plume exiting Storfjordrenna was weak, carrying Polar Front Water rather than BSW, too light to sink underneath the Atlantic Water layer at Fram Strait. Whether Storfjorden switched durably to a new hydrographic state, following the observed Atlantification of the Barents Sea after 2005, remains to be established. Key Points Changes in the hydrography and circulation in Storfjorden a decade after a regime shift in the Barents Sea linked to its Atlantification The less saline Brine-enriched Shelf Water remained entrapped in Storfjorden within a cyclonic circulation pattern with no overflow Storfjorden was flooded with Atlantic Water, promoting isopycnal mixing with Arctic Water
Published: 2023
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7. Sliding or Stumbling on the Staircase: Numerics of Ocean Circulation Along Piecewise‐Constant Coastlines

Author: Nasser, Antoine‐Alexis, primary, Madec, Gurvan, additional, de Lavergne, Casimir, additional, Debreu, Laurent, additional, Lemarié, Florian, additional, and Blayo, Eric, additional
Published: 2023
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8. Southern ocean carbon and heat impact on climate

Author: Sallée, Jean-Baptiste, Abrahamsen, E. P., Allaigre, C., Auger, Matthis, Ayres, H., Badhe, R., Boutin, Jacqueline, Brearley, J. A., de Lavergne, Casimir, ten Doeschate, A. M. M., Droste, E. S., Du Plessis, M. D., Ferreira, D., Giddy, I. S., Gülk, B., Gruber, N., Hague, M., Hoppema, M., Josey, S. A., Kanzow, T., Kimmritz, M., Lindeman, M. R., Llanillo, P. J., Lucas, N. S., Madec, Gurvan, Marshall, D. P., Meijers, A. J. S., Meredith, M. P., Mohrmann, M., Monteiro, P. M. S., Mosneron Dupin, Cosme, Naeck, Kirtana, Narayanan, A., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Nicholson, S. -A., Novellino, A., Ödalen, M., Østerhus, S., Park, W., Patmore, R. D., Piedagnel, Évéa, Roquet, Fabien, Rosenthal, H. S., Roy, T., Saurabh, Rathore, Silvy, Yona, Spira, T., Steiger, Nadine, Styles, A. F., Swart, S., Vogt, Linus, Ward, B., Zhou, S., Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), and European Project: 821001,SO-CHIC(2019)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: International audience; The Southern Ocean greatly contributes to the regulation of the global climate by controlling important heat and carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean. Rates of climate change on decadal timescales are therefore impacted by oceanic processes taking place in the Southern Ocean, yet too little is known about these processes. Limitations come both from the lack of observations in this extreme environment and its inherent sensitivity to intermittent processes at scales that are not well captured in current Earth system models. The Southern Ocean Carbon and Heat Impact on Climate programme was launched to address this knowledge gap, with the overall objective to understand and quantify variability of heat and carbon budgets in the Southern Ocean through an investigation of the key physical processes controlling exchanges between the atmosphere, ocean and sea ice using a combination of observational and modelling approaches. Here, we provide a brief overview of the programme, as well as a summary of some of the scientific progress achieved during its first half. Advances range from new evidence of the importance of specific processes in Southern Ocean ventilation rate (e.g. storm-induced turbulence, sea-ice meltwater fronts, wind-induced gyre circulation, dense shelf water formation and abyssal mixing) to refined descriptions of the physical changes currently ongoing in the Southern Ocean and of their link with global climate. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue `Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities'.
Published: 2023
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9. Variability and remote controls of the warm-water halo and Taylor cap at Maud rise

Author: Gülk, Birte, Roquet, Fabien, Naveira Garabato, Alberto C., Narayanan, Aditya, Rousset, Clément, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: The region of Maud Rise, a seamount in the Weddell Sea, is known for the occurrence of irregular polynya openings during the winter months. Hydrographic observations have shown the presence of a warmer water mass below the mixed layer along the seamount’s flanks, commonly termed the warm-water Halo, surrounding a colder region above the rise, the Taylor Cap. A combination of observational data sets, an eddy-permitting reanalysis product and a regional high-resolution configuration allows to investigate the properties of these features and shows a strong interannual variability. A warming of deep waters is observed in the Taylor Cap during the years preceding the opening of the Polynya in 2016 and 2017, starting in 2011. By analyzing regional simulations, we are able to demonstrate that most of the observed variability in the warm-water Halo is forced remotely by advection of Weddell Gyre deep waters in the region surrounding Maud Rise. Deep water anomalies found in the Halo are retroflected along the inner flank of the Halo and from there transported into the Taylor Cap by eddies within the next six months. In addition to the preconditioning of the ocean preceding the Polynya opening, we investigate the role of thermobaricity in the region of Maud Rise in the period before the Polynya opening by implementing the eddy-diffusivity mass-flux parameterization in 1D simulations and the regional configuration., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)
Published: 2023

10. Unique thermal expansion properties of water key to the formation of sea ice on Earth

Author: Roquet, Fabien, primary, Ferreira, David, additional, Caneill, Romain, additional, Schlesinger, Daniel, additional, and Madec, Gurvan, additional
Published: 2022
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11. A modeling framework to understand historical and projected ocean climate change in large coupled ensembles

Author: Silvy, Yona, primary, Rousset, Clément, additional, Guilyardi, Eric, additional, Sallée, Jean-Baptiste, additional, Mignot, Juliette, additional, Ethé, Christian, additional, and Madec, Gurvan, additional
Published: 2022
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12. Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO₂ Fluxes : The Southern Ocean

Author: Séférian, Roland, Iudicone, Daniele, Bopp, Laurent, Roy, Tilla, and Madec, Gurvan
Published: 2012

13. Model of the Regional Coupled Earth system (MORCE): Application to process and climate studies in vulnerable regions

Author: Drobinski, Philippe, Anav, Alesandro, Lebeaupin Brossier, Cindy, Samson, Guillaume, Stéfanon, Marc, Bastin, Sophie, Baklouti, Mélika, Béranger, Karine, Beuvier, Jonathan, Bourdallé-Badie, Romain, Coquart, Laure, D'Andrea, Fabio, de Noblet-Ducoudré, Nathalie, Diaz, Frédéric, Dutay, Jean-Claude, Ethe, Christian, Foujols, Marie-Alice, Khvorostyanov, Dmitry, Madec, Gurvan, Mancip, Martial, Masson, Sébastien, Menut, Laurent, Palmieri, Julien, Polcher, Jan, Turquety, Solène, Valcke, Sophie, and Viovy, Nicolas
Published: 2012
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14. Presentation and Evaluation of the IPSL-CM6A-LR Climate Model

Author: Boucher, Olivier, Servonnat, Jérôme, Albright, Anna Lea, Aumont, Olivier, Balkanski, Yves, Bastrikov, Vladislav, Bekki, Slimane, Bonnet, Rémy, Bony, Sandrine, Bopp, Laurent, Braconnot, Pascale, Brockmann, Patrick, Cadule, Patricia, Caubel, Arnaud, Cheruy, Frédérique, Codron, Francis, Cozic, Anne, Cugnet, David, d'Andrea, Fabio, Davini, Paolo, de Lavergne, Casimir, Denvil, Sébastien, Deshayes, Julie, Devilliers, Marion, Ducharne, Agnès, Dufresne, Jean-Louis, Dupont, Eliott, Éthé, Christian, Fairhead, Laurent, Falletti, Lola, Flavoni, Simona, Foujols, Marie-Alice, Gardoll, Sébastien, Gastineau, Guillaume, Ghattas, Josefine, Grandpeix, Jean-Yves, Guenet, Bertrand, Guez, Lionel, Guilyardi, Éric, Guimberteau, Matthieu, Hauglustaine, Didier, Hourdin, Frédéric, Idelkadi, Abderrahmane, Joussaume, Sylvie, Kageyama, Masa, Khodri, Myriam, Krinner, Gerhard, Lebas, Nicolas, Levavasseur, Guillaume, Lévy, Claire, Li, Laurent, Lott, François, Lurton, Thibaut, Luyssaert, Sebastiaan, Madec, Gurvan, Madeleine, Jean-Baptiste, Maignan, Fabienne, Marchand, Marion, Marti, Olivier, Mellul, Lidia, Meurdesoif, Yann, Mignot, Juliette, Musat, Ionela, Ottle, Catherine, Peylin, Philippe, Planton, Yann, Polcher, Jan, Rio, Catherine, Rochetin, Nicolas, rousset, clement, Rousset, Clément, Sepulchre, Pierre, Sima, Adriana, Swingedouw, Didier, Thiéblemont, Rémi, Traore, Abdoul Khadre, Vancoppenolle, Martin, Vial, Jessica, Vialard, Jérôme, Viovy, Nicolas, Vuichard, Nicolas, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Calcul Scientifique (CALCULS), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e Del Clima [Torino] (isac), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), ANR-17-EURE-0006,IPSL-CGS,IPSL Climate graduate school(2017), ANR-15-JCLI-0004,GOTHAM,Globally Observed Teleconnections and their role and representation in Hierarchies of Atmospheric Models(2015), ANR-18-CE01-0012,ARiSE,Rôle de la non-linéarité de la réponse atmosphérique à la température de l'océan dans la physique d'ENSO (El Niño Oscillation Australe)(2018), ANR-13-MONU-0008,CONVERGENCE,Convergence en Science du Climat à l'ère du Big Data et des challenges de l'Exascale.(2013), ANR-18-MPGA-0001,ARCHANGE,Changement climatique et Arctique et circulation océanique globale(2018), European Project: 641816,H2020,H2020-SC5-2014-two-stage,CRESCENDO(2015), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Sorbonne Université (SU), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), UMR 5805 Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier (LUPM), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MOSAIC (MOSAIC), Institut FRESNEL (FRESNEL), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo France, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Systems Ecology
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, climate model, IPSL‐CM6A‐LR, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, lcsh:Oceanography, climate metrics, Range (statistics), SDG 13 - Climate Action, Environmental Chemistry, lcsh:GC1-1581, Precipitation, lcsh:Physical geography, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, CMIP6, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Coupled model intercomparison project, Intertropical Convergence Zone, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, Middle latitudes, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Climate sensitivity, climate sensitivity, Climate model, lcsh:GB3-5030, IPSL-CM6A-LR
Abstract: International audience This study presents the global climate model IPSL-CM6A-LR developed at Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL) to study natural climate variability and climate response to natural and anthropogenic forcings as part of the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). This article describes the different model components, their coupling, and the simulated climate in comparison to previous model versions. We focus here on the representation of the physical climate along with the main characteristics of the global carbon cycle. The model's climatology, as assessed from a range of metrics (related in particular to radiation, temperature, precipitation, and wind), is strongly improved in comparison to previous model versions. Although they are reduced, a number of known biases and shortcomings (e.g., double Intertropical Convergence Zone [ITCZ], frequency of midlatitude wintertime blockings, and El Niño–Southern Oscillation [ENSO] dynamics) persist. The equilibrium climate sensitivity and transient climate response have both increased from the previous climate model IPSL-CM5A-LR used in CMIP5. A large ensemble of more than 30 members for the historical period (1850–2018) and a smaller ensemble for a range of emissions scenarios (until 2100 and 2300) are also presented and discussed.
Published: 2020
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15. Stability and accuracy of Runge-Kutta based split-explicit time-stepping algorithms for free-surface ocean models

Author: Lemarié, Florian, Ducousso, Nicolas, Debreu, Laurent, Madec, Gurvan, Mathematics and computing applied to oceanic and atmospheric flows (AIRSEA), Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann (LJK), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine (SHOM), Ministère de la Défense, Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Lemarié, Florian
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [MATH.MATH-AP]Mathematics [math]/Analysis of PDEs [math.AP], [MATH.MATH-AP] Mathematics [math]/Analysis of PDEs [math.AP]
Abstract: International audience; Because of the Boussinesq assumption employed in the vast majority of oceanic models, the acoustic waves are filtered and the fast dynamics corresponds to the external gravity-wave propagation which is much faster than other (internal) processes. The fast and slow dynamics are traditionally split into separate subproblems where the fast motions are nearly independent of depth. It is thus natural to model these motions with a two-dimensional (barotropic) system of equations while the slow processes are modeled with a three-dimensional (baroclinic) system. However such splitting is inexact, the barotropic mode is not strictly depth-independent meaning that the separation of slow and fast modes is non-orthogonal, even in the linear case. A consequence is that there are some fast components contained in the slow motions which induce instabilities controlled by time filtering of the fast mode. In this talk we present an analysis of the stability and accuracy of the barotropic–baroclinic mode splitting in the case where the baroclinic mode is integrated using a Runge-Kutta scheme and the barotropic mode is integrated explicitly (i.e. the so-called split-explicit approach). By referring to the theoretical framework developed by Demange et al. (2019), the analysis is based on an eigenvector decomposition using the true (depth-dependent) barotropic mode. We investigate several strategies to achieve stable integrations whose performance is assessed first on a theoretical ground and then by idealized linear and nonlinear numerical experiments.
Published: 2022

16. Part I: Hydrological properties within the eastern Indonesian throughflow region during the INDOMIX experiment

Author: Atmadipoera, Agus, Koch-Larrouy, Ariane, Madec, Gurvan, Grelet, Jacques, Baurand, François, Jaya, Indra, Dadou, Isabelle, Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), IPB-Bogor University of Agriculture, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Instrumentation, Moyens analytiques, Observatoires en Géophysique et Océanographie (IMAGO), and INDOMIX cruise
Subjects: Hydrographic measurement, Eastern Indonesian archipelago, Tidally induced vertical mixing, INDOMIX cruise, North and South Pacific water, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], ITF water masses, Aquatic Science, North Indian intermediate water, Oceanography, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The Indonesian Mixing (INDOMIX) cruise of July 2010, resolves the Pacific Ocean water masses spreading from the Halmahera Sea through the Seram Sea, Manipa Strait, Banda Sea, to the Ombai Strait, and along the southern margin of Lesser Sunda Arc across the northern Savu Sea, Sumba Strait, and south of Lombok Strait. This paper focuses on the characteristics and stratification of the water masses, along this path and Part II of this study discusses the biogeochemical aspects. Two companion papers on quantification of turbulent mixing have been published elsewhere. We find: a) A marked transformation of South Pacific (SP) thermocline water within a sharp salinity front between the Halmahera Seram Seas. Tidally induced vertical mixing is the main process weakening the SP stratification, as suggested by a simple 1-dimensional diffusion model forced by vertical diffusivity of INDOMIX vertical microstructure profiler dataset. The transformation of SP water by vertical mixing can occur after 3 days, which is in good agreement with previously reported water mass residence times. Lateral advection plays a minor role; b) Interleaving salinity structure within the thermocline of the central Halmahera Sea and two deeper inflow channels. The interleaving salinity features within the central Halmahera Sea thermocline occurs where vertical diffusivity is relatively weak, compared to the vertical mixing at entry/exit portal that removes the interleaving salinity features. Two deeper inflow channels (about 950 m and 740 m depth) in the entry portal of the Halmahera Sea are mapped from the multi-beam echo sounder measurement, where both channels allow the renewal of SP thermocline water and salinity interleaving processes; c) Northward flow of thermocline water (100–200 m depth) in the Manipa Strait that injects Banda homogeneous salinity water into Seram Sea that erode Halmahera salty water via strong diapycnal mixing; d) Cyclonic upper layer circulation in Banda where eastward (westward) flow occurs in the northern (southern) Banda, confirmed by recent modeling study; and e) Relative salty Indian Ocean intermediate water flowing along southern margin of the Lesser Sunda Arc, within the South Java Undercurrent. Two distinct upper thermocline water, due to different source of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) water, are found in the Banda Sea: fresher and colder water contrasting to saltier and warmer water that converge in this confluence region. Beneath it, Banda intermediate homogeneous salinity water and low dissolved oxygen water is dominant.
Published: 2022
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17. Acute Sensitivity of Global Ocean Circulation and Heat Content to Eddy Energy Dissipation Timescale

Author: Mak, Julian, Marshall, David P., Madec, Gurvan, Maddison, James R., Mak, Julian, Marshall, David P., Madec, Gurvan, and Maddison, James R.
Abstract: The global ocean overturning circulation, critically dependent on the global density stratification, plays a central role in regulating climate evolution. While it is well known that the global stratification profile exhibits a strong dependence to Southern Ocean dynamics and in particular to wind and buoyancy forcing, we demonstrate here that the stratification is also acutely sensitive to the mesoscale eddy energy dissipation timescale. Within the context of a global ocean circulation model with an energy constrained mesoscale eddy parameterization, it is shown that modest variations in the eddy energy dissipation timescale lead to significant variations in key metrics relating to ocean circulation, namely the Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport, Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation strength, and global ocean heat content, over long timescales. The results highlight a need to constrain uncertainties associated with eddy energy dissipation for climate model projections over centennial timescales and also for paleoclimate simulations over millennial timescales.
Published: 2022

18. Impact of granular behaviour of fragmented sea ice on marginal ice zone dynamics

Author: Rynders, Stefanie, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Feltham, Daniel L., Nurser, A. J. George, Madec, Gurvan, Rynders, Stefanie, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Feltham, Daniel L., Nurser, A. J. George, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: Sea ice retreat and opening of large, previously ice-covered areas of the Arctic Ocean to wind and ocean waves is leading to large changes in the sea ice state. The Arctic sea ice cover is becoming more fragmented and mobile, with large regions of ice cover projected to evolve into a marginal ice zone (MIZ). Fragmented sea ice has different dynamics, necessitating changes in sea ice model rheology. The objective of this study is to improve sea ice dynamics in models for forecasting and climate projections. We introduce granular behaviour in the ice dynamics and assess the impact on sea ice behaviour. For this purpose we have implemented a seamless rheology for MIZ and pack ice in an idealised sea ice and ocean model. The study compares the effect of the combined rheology with that of the standard elastic-viscous-plastic (EVP) rheology. The main effect of granular behaviour in ice rheology is on internal ice pressure. The jostling of the floes causes divergence of the sea ice cover. Sea ice viscosities are only weakly impacted. In idealised simulations the new sea ice rheology results in widening of the MIZ and a more diffuse ice edge in a stand-alone set-up. Oceanic feedbacks counteract and can undo this effect. The resolution of the simulation modifies the effect of the rheology: a rheology that accounts for granular effects offers better convergence of the solution than the standard EVP. In conclusion, granular sea ice rheology affects the sea ice in the MIZ in some cases, but the importance of the effect in general is not clear.
Published: 2022

19. The Polar Transition from Alpha to Beta Regions Set by a Surface Buoyancy Flux Inversion

Author: Caneill, Romain, Roquet, Fabien, Madec, Gurvan, Nycander, Jonas, Caneill, Romain, Roquet, Fabien, Madec, Gurvan, and Nycander, Jonas
Abstract: The stratification is primarily controlled by temperature in subtropical regions (alpha ocean) and by salinity in subpolar regions (beta ocean). Between these two regions lies a transition zone, often characterized by deep mixed layers in winter and responsible for the ventilation of intermediate or deep layers. While of primary interest, no consensus on what controls its position exists yet. Among the potential candidates, we find the wind distribution, air-sea fluxes, or the nonlinear cabbeling effect. Using an ocean general circulation model in an idealized basin configuration, a sensitivity analysis is performed testing different equations of state. More precisely, the thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) temperature dependence is explored, changing the impact of heat fluxes on buoyancy fluxes in a series of experiments. The polar transition zone is found to be located at the position where the sign of the surface buoyancy flux reverses to become positive, in the subpolar region, while wind or cabbeling are likely of secondary importance. This inversion becomes possible because the TEC is reducing at low temperature, enhancing in return the relative impact of freshwater fluxes on the buoyancy forcing at high latitudes. When the TEC is made artificially larger at low temperature, the freshwater flux required to produce a positive buoyancy flux increases and the polar transition moves poleward. These experimets demonstrate the important role of competing heat and freshwater fluxes in setting the position of the transition zone. This competition is primarily influenced by the spatial variations of the TEC linked to meridional variations of the surface temperature.
Published: 2022
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20. Unique thermal expansion properties of water key to the formation of sea ice on Earth

Author: Roquet, Fabien, Ferreira, David, Caneill, Romain, Schlesinger, Daniel, Madec, Gurvan, Roquet, Fabien, Ferreira, David, Caneill, Romain, Schlesinger, Daniel, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: The formation of sea ice in polar regions is possible because a salinity gradient or halocline keeps the water column stable despite intense cooling. Here, we demonstrate that a unique water property is central to the maintenance of the polar halocline, namely, that the thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of seawater increases by one order of magnitude between polar and tropical regions. Using a fully coupled climate model, it is shown that, even with excess precipitations, sea ice would not form at all if the near-freezing temperature TEC was not well below its ocean average value. The leading order dependence of the TEC on temperature is essential to the coexistence of the mid/low-latitude thermally stratified and the high-latitude sea ice–covered oceans that characterize our planet. A key implication is that nonlinearities of water properties have a first-order impact on the global climate of Earth and possibly exoplanets.
Published: 2022
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21. Part I: Hydrological properties within the eastern Indonesian throughflow region during the INDOMIX experiment

Author: Atmadipoera, Agus S., Koch-larrouy, Ariane, Madec, Gurvan, Grelet, Jacques, Baurand, Francois, Jaya, Indra, Dadou, Isabelle, Atmadipoera, Agus S., Koch-larrouy, Ariane, Madec, Gurvan, Grelet, Jacques, Baurand, Francois, Jaya, Indra, and Dadou, Isabelle
Abstract: The Indonesian Mixing (INDOMIX) cruise of July 2010, resolves the Pacific Ocean water masses spreading from the Halmahera Sea through the Seram Sea, Manipa Strait, Banda Sea, to the Ombai Strait, and along the southern margin of Lesser Sunda Arc across the northern Savu Sea, Sumba Strait, and south of Lombok Strait. This paper focuses on the characteristics and stratification of the water masses, along this path and Part II of this study discusses the biogeochemical aspects. Two companion papers on quantification of turbulent mixing have been published elsewhere. We find: a) A marked transformation of South Pacific (SP) thermocline water within a sharp salinity front between the Halmahera Seram Seas. Tidally induced vertical mixing is the main process weakening the SP stratification, as suggested by a simple 1-dimensional diffusion model forced by vertical diffusivity of INDOMIX vertical microstructure profiler dataset. The transformation of SP water by vertical mixing can occur after 3 days, which is in good agreement with previously reported water mass residence times. Lateral advection plays a minor role; b) Interleaving salinity structure within the thermocline of the central Halmahera Sea and two deeper inflow channels. The interleaving salinity features within the central Halmahera Sea thermocline occurs where vertical diffusivity is relatively weak, compared to the vertical mixing at entry/exit portal that removes the interleaving salinity features. Two deeper inflow channels (about 950 m and 740 m depth) in the entry portal of the Halmahera Sea are mapped from the multi-beam echo sounder measurement, where both channels allow the renewal of SP thermocline water and salinity interleaving processes; c) Northward flow of thermocline water (100–200 m depth) in the Manipa Strait that injects Banda homogeneous salinity water into Seram Sea that erode Halmahera salty water via strong diapycnal mixing; d) Cyclonic upper layer circulation in Banda where eastward (wes
Published: 2022
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22. Causes of Interannual–Decadal Variability in the Meridional Overturning Circulation of the Midlatitude North Atlantic Ocean

Author: Biastoch, Arne, Böning, Claus W., Getzlaff, Julia, Molines, Jean-Marc, and Madec, Gurvan
Published: 2008

23. Simulated Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Mixed Layer Heat Budget in the Northern Indian Ocean

Author: de Boyer Montégut, Clément, Vialard, Jérôme, Shenoi, S. S. C., Shankar, D., Durand, Fabien, Ethé, Christian, and Madec, Gurvan
Published: 2007

24. The Impact of Satellite Winds and Latent Heat Fluxes in a Numerical Simulation of the Tropical Pacific Ocean

Author: Ayina, Ludos-Herve, Bentamy, Abderrahim, Mestas-Nuñez, Alberto M., and Madec, Gurvan
Published: 2006

25. Reducing Climatology Bias in an Ocean–Atmosphere CGCM with Improved Coupling Physics

Author: Luo, Jing-Jia, Masson, Sebastien, Roeckner, Erich, Madec, Gurvan, and Yamagata, Toshio
Published: 2005

26. The March 1997 Westerly Wind Event and the Onset of the 1997/98 El Niño : Understanding the Role of the Atmospheric Response

Author: Lengaigne, Matthieu, Boulanger, Jean-Philippe, Menkes, Christophe, Madec, Gurvan, Delecluse, Pascale, Guilyardi, Eric, and Slingo, Julia
Published: 2003

27. A simplified atmospheric boundary layer model for an improved representation of air–sea interactions in eddying oceanic models: implementation and first evaluation in NEMO (4.0)

Author: Lemarié, Florian, Samson, Guillaume, Redelsperger, Jean-luc, Giordani, Hervé, Brivoal, Théo, Madec, Gurvan, Lemarié, Florian, Samson, Guillaume, Redelsperger, Jean-luc, Giordani, Hervé, Brivoal, Théo, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: A simplified model of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) of intermediate complexity between a bulk parameterization and a three-dimensional atmospheric model is developed and integrated to the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) general circulation model. An objective in the derivation of such a simplified model, called ABL1d, is to reach an apt representation in ocean-only numerical simulations of some of the key processes associated with air–sea interactions at the characteristic scales of the oceanic mesoscale. In this paper we describe the formulation of the ABL1d model and the strategy to constrain this model with large-scale atmospheric data available from reanalysis or real-time forecasts. A particular emphasis is on the appropriate choice and calibration of a turbulent closure scheme for the atmospheric boundary layer. This is a key ingredient to properly represent the air–sea interaction processes of interest. We also provide a detailed description of the NEMO-ABL1d coupling infrastructure and its computational efficiency. The resulting simplified model is then tested for several boundary-layer regimes relevant to either ocean–atmosphere or sea-ice–atmosphere coupling. The coupled system is also tested with a realistic 0.25∘ resolution global configuration. The numerical results are evaluated using standard metrics from the literature to quantify the wind–sea-surface-temperature (a.k.a. thermal feedback effect), wind–current (a.k.a. current feedback effect), and ABL–sea-ice couplings. With respect to these metrics, our results show very good agreement with observations and fully coupled ocean–atmosphere models for a computational overhead of about 9 % in terms of elapsed time compared to standard uncoupled simulations. This moderate overhead, largely due to I/O operations, leaves room for further improvement to relax the assumption of horizontal homogeneity behind ABL1d and thus to further improve the realism of the coupling while keeping t
Published: 2021
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28. A simplified atmospheric boundary layer model for an improved representation of air–sea interactions in eddying oceanic models: implementation and first evaluation in NEMO (4.0)

Author: Lemarié, Florian, primary, Samson, Guillaume, additional, Redelsperger, Jean-Luc, additional, Giordani, Hervé, additional, Brivoal, Théo, additional, and Madec, Gurvan, additional
Published: 2021
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29. Multi-grid algorithm for passive tracer transport in the NEMO ocean circulation model: a case study with the NEMO OGCM (version 3.6)

Author: Bricaud, Clément, primary, Le Sommer, Julien, additional, Madec, Gurvan, additional, Calone, Christophe, additional, Deshayes, Julie, additional, Ethe, Christian, additional, Chanut, Jérôme, additional, and Levy, Marina, additional
Published: 2020
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30. An Eddy‐Diffusivity Mass‐Flux Parameterization for Modeling Oceanic Convection

Author: Giordani, Hervé, primary, Bourdallé‐Badie, Romain, additional, and Madec, Gurvan, additional
Published: 2020
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31. Development of a two-way-coupled ocean–wave model: assessment on a global NEMO(v3.6)–WW3(v6.02) coupled configuration

Author: Couvelard, Xavier, primary, Lemarié, Florian, additional, Samson, Guillaume, additional, Redelsperger, Jean-Luc, additional, Ardhuin, Fabrice, additional, Benshila, Rachid, additional, and Madec, Gurvan, additional
Published: 2020
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32. A modeling framework to understand transient ocean climate change in large coupled ensembles.

Author: Silvy, Yona, Rousset, Clément, Guilyardi, Eric, Sallée, Jean-Baptiste, Mignot, Juliette, Ethé, Christian, and Madec, Gurvan
Subjects: SEAWATER salinity, CLIMATE change, CLIMATE change models, OCEAN, OCEAN circulation, ENTHALPY
Abstract: The ocean responds to climate change through modifications of heat, freshwater and momentum fluxes at its boundaries. The role of these contributors in changing the thermohaline structure of the ocean and its circulation has been partly addressed by modeling studies using idealized CO2 forcings. The question of timescales for these individual contributions during transient climate change is however lacking. Here, we propose a novel modeling framework to isolate these contributions during the entire historical period and projections of coupled climate models. We present the framework in the context of the IPSL-CM6A-LR model and its ocean component NEMO3.6. We start by reproducing a coupled pre-industrial control simulation with an ocean-only configuration, forced by fixed fluxes at its interface diagnosed from the coupled model. We then add a perturbation to each flux component, extracted from the historical+ssp ensemble of simulations of IPSL-CM6A-LR. With this configuration, we successfully replicate the ocean's response to transient climate change in the coupled model during 1850-2100. This full response is then decomposed in sensitivity experiments in which the perturbations are applied individually to the heat, freshwater and momentum fluxes. Passive tracers of temperature and salinity are implemented to discriminate the addition of heat and freshwater flux anomalies in the ocean from the redistribution of pre-industrial heat and salt content in response to ocean circulation changes. This framework brings new opportunities to precisely explore the mechanisms driving transient ocean changes within single climate models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2022
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33. Multi-grid algorithm for passive tracer transport in NEMO ocean circulation model: a case study with NEMO OGCM (version 3.6)

Author: Clément Bricaud, Julien Le Sommer, Madec Gurvan, Christophe Calone, Julie Deshayes, Christian Ethe, Jérôme Chanut, and Marina Levy
Subjects: ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS
Abstract: Ocean biogeochemical models are key tools for both scientific and operational applications. Nevertheless the cost of running these models is often expensive because of the large number of biogeochemical tracers. This has motivated the development of multi-grid approaches where ocean dynamics and tracer transport are computed on grids of different spatial resolution. However, existing multi-grid approaches to tracer transport in ocean modelling do not allow to compute ocean dynamics and tracer transport simultaneously. This paper describes a new multi-grid approach developed for accelerating the computation of passive tracer transport in the NEMO ocean circulation model. In practice, passive tracer transport is computed at runtime on a grid with coarser spatial resolution than the hydrodynamics, which allows to reduce the CPU cost of computing the evolution of tracer. We describe the multi-grid algorithm, its practical implementation in the NEMO ocean model, and discuss its performance on the basis of a series of sensitivity experiments with global ocean model configurations. Our experiments confirm that the spatial resolution of hydrodynamical fields can be coarsened by a factor 3 in both horizontal directions without significantly affecting the resolved passive tracer fields. Overall, the proposed algorithm yields a reduction by a factor 7 of the overhead associated with running a full biogeochemical model like PISCES (with 24 passive tracers). Propositions for reducing further this cost without affecting the resolved solution are discussed.
Published: 2020

34. Development of a two-way-coupled ocean–wave model: assessment on a global NEMO(v3.6)–WW3(v6.02) coupled configuration

Author: Couvelard, Xavier, Lemarié, Florian, Samson, Guillaume, Redelsperger, Jean-luc, Ardhuin, Fabrice, Benshila, Rachid, Madec, Gurvan, Couvelard, Xavier, Lemarié, Florian, Samson, Guillaume, Redelsperger, Jean-luc, Ardhuin, Fabrice, Benshila, Rachid, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: This paper describes the implementation of a coupling between a three-dimensional ocean general circulation model (NEMO) and a wave model (WW3) to represent the interactions of the upper oceanic flow dynamics with surface waves. The focus is on the impact of such coupling on upper-ocean properties (temperature and currents) and mixed-layer depths (MLD) at global eddying scales. A generic coupling interface has been developed and the NEMO governing equations and boundary conditions have been adapted to include wave-induced terms following the approach of McWilliams et al. (2004) and Ardhuin et al. (2008). In particular, the contributions of Stokes-Coriolis, Vortex and surface pressure forces have been implemented on top of the necessary modifications of the tracer/continuity equation and turbulent closure scheme (a 1-equation TKE closure here). To assess the new developments, we perform a set of sensitivity experiments with a global oceanic configuration at 1/4° resolution coupled with a wave model configured at 1/2° resolution. Numerical simulations show a global increase of wind-stress due to the interaction with waves (via the Charnock coefficient) particularly at high latitudes. The modifications brought to the TKE closure scheme and the inclusion of a parameterization for Langmuir turbulence lead to a significant increase of the mixing thus helping to deepen the MLD. This deepening is mainly located in the Southern Hemisphere and results in reduced sea-surface currents and temperatures.
Published: 2020
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35. Arctic Sea Ice in CMIP6

Author: Notz, Dirk, Doerr, Jakob, Bailey, David A., Blockley, Ed, Bushuk, Mitchell, Debernard, Jens Boldingh, Dekker, Evelien, DeRepentigny, Patricia, Docquier, David, Fuckar, Neven S., Fyfe, John C., Jahn, Alexandra, Holland, Marika, Hunke, Elizabeth, Iovino, Doroteaciro, Khosravi, Narges, Madec, Gurvan, Massonnet, Francois, O'Farrell, Siobhan, Petty, Alek, Rana, Arun, Roach, Lettie, Rosenblum, Erica, Rousset, Clement, Semmler, Tido, Stroeve, Julienne, Toyoda, Takahiro, Tremblay, Bruno, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Vancoppenolle, Martin, Notz, Dirk, Doerr, Jakob, Bailey, David A., Blockley, Ed, Bushuk, Mitchell, Debernard, Jens Boldingh, Dekker, Evelien, DeRepentigny, Patricia, Docquier, David, Fuckar, Neven S., Fyfe, John C., Jahn, Alexandra, Holland, Marika, Hunke, Elizabeth, Iovino, Doroteaciro, Khosravi, Narges, Madec, Gurvan, Massonnet, Francois, O'Farrell, Siobhan, Petty, Alek, Rana, Arun, Roach, Lettie, Rosenblum, Erica, Rousset, Clement, Semmler, Tido, Stroeve, Julienne, Toyoda, Takahiro, Tremblay, Bruno, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, and Vancoppenolle, Martin
Published: 2020
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36. An Eddy‐Diffusivity Mass‐Flux Parameterization for Modeling Oceanic Convection

Author: Giordani, Hervé, Bourdallé‐badie, Romain, Madec, Gurvan, Giordani, Hervé, Bourdallé‐badie, Romain, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: A new one‐dimensional (1‐D) parameterization of penetrative convection has been developed in order to have a better representation of the vertical mixing in ocean general circulation models. Our approach is inspired from atmospheric parameterizations of shallow convection which assumes that in the convective boundary layer, the subgrid‐scale fluxes result from two different mixing scales: small eddies, which are represented by an Eddy‐Diffusivity (ED) contribution, and large eddies associated with thermals, which are represented by a mass‐flux contribution. In the present work, the local (small eddies) and nonlocal (large eddies) contributions are unified into an Eddy‐Diffusivity‐Mass‐Flux (EDMF) parameterization which treats simultaneously the whole vertical mixing. EDMF is implemented in the community ocean model NEMO and tested in its 1‐D column version. Deepening of dense water in analytic cases, successfully reproduced in LES simulations, is more realistic with EDMF than with standard diffusion parameterizations. Also the convective events observed in the western Mediterranean at the Lion station and in the North Pacific Ocean at the PAPA station are more realistic in terms of sequencing and amplitude with EDMF.
Published: 2020
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37. Arctic sea-ice-free season projected to extend into autumn

Author: Lebrun, Marion, Vancoppenolle, Martin, Madec, Gurvan, Massonnet, François, Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] (ELI), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Earth Sciences Department [Barcelona], Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion (BSC - CNS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences
Abstract: International audience; The recent Arctic sea ice reduction comes with an increase in the ice-free season duration, with comparable contributions of earlier ice retreat and later advance. CMIP5 models all project that the trend towards later advance should progressively exceed and ultimately double the trend towards earlier retreat, causing the ice-free season to shift into autumn. We show that such a shift is a basic feature of the thermodynamic response of seasonal ice to warming. The detailed analysis of an idealised thermodynamic ice–ocean model stresses the role of two seasonal amplifying feedbacks. The summer feedback generates a 1.6-day-later advance in response to a 1-day-earlier retreat. The underlying physics are the property of the upper ocean to absorb solar radiation more efficiently than it can release heat right before ice advance. The winter feedback is comparatively weak, prompting a 0.3-day-earlier retreat in response to a 1-day shift towards later advance. This is because a shorter growth season implies thinner ice, which subsequently melts away faster. However, the winter feedback is dampened by the relatively long ice growth period and by the inverse relationship between ice growth rate and thickness. At inter-annual timescales, the thermodynamic response of ice seasonality to warming is obscured by inter-annual variability. Nevertheless, in the long term, because all feedback mechanisms relate to basic and stable elements of the Arctic climate system, there is little inter-model uncertainty on the projected long-term shift into autumn of the ice-free season.
Published: 2019
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38. Recent developments in NEMO within the Albatross project

Author: Lemarié, Florian, Samson, Guillaume, Couvelard, Xavier, Madec, Gurvan, Bourdallé-Badie, Romain, Lemarié, Florian, Mathematics and computing applied to oceanic and atmospheric flows (AIRSEA), Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann (LJK ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mercator Océan, Société Civile CNRS Ifremer IRD Météo-France SHOM, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [MATH.MATH-AP]Mathematics [math]/Analysis of PDEs [math.AP], [MATH] Mathematics [math], [MATH]Mathematics [math], [MATH.MATH-AP] Mathematics [math]/Analysis of PDEs [math.AP], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2019

39. Recipes for How to Force Oceanic Model Dynamics

Author: Renault, Lionel, primary, Masson, S., additional, Arsouze, T., additional, Madec, Gurvan, additional, and McWilliams, James C., additional
Published: 2020
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40. Explicit representation and parametrised impacts of under ice shelf seas in the z∗ coordinate ocean model NEMO 3.6

Author: Mathiot, Pierre, Jenkins, Adrian, Harris, Christopher, and Madec, Gurvan
Subjects: F700
Abstract: Ice-shelf–ocean interactions are a major source of freshwater on the Antarctic continental shelf and have a strong impact on ocean properties, ocean circulation and sea ice. However, climate models based on the ocean–sea ice model NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) currently do not include these interactions in any detail. The capability of explicitly simulating the circulation beneath ice shelves is introduced in the non-linear free surface model NEMO. Its implementation into the NEMO framework and its assessment in an idealised and realistic circum-Antarctic configuration is described in this study. Compared with the current prescription of ice shelf melting (i.e. at the surface), inclusion of open sub-ice-shelf cavities leads to a decrease in sea ice thickness along the coast, a weakening of the ocean stratification on the shelf, a decrease in salinity of high-salinity shelf water on the Ross and Weddell sea shelves and an increase in the strength of the gyres that circulate within the over-deepened basins on the West Antarctic continental shelf. Mimicking the overturning circulation under the ice shelves by introducing a prescribed meltwater flux over the depth range of the ice shelf base, rather than at the surface, is also assessed. It yields similar improvements in the simulated ocean properties and circulation over the Antarctic continental shelf to those from the explicit ice shelf cavity representation. With the ice shelf cavities opened, the widely used three equation ice shelf melting formulation, which enables an interactive computation of melting, is tested. Comparison with observational estimates of ice shelf melting indicates realistic results for most ice shelves. However, melting rates for the Amery, Getz and George VI ice shelves are considerably overestimated.
Published: 2018

41. Evaluation of CNRM Earth System Model, CNRM‐ESM2‐1: Role of Earth System Processes in Present‐Day and Future Climate

Author: Séférian, Roland, primary, Nabat, Pierre, additional, Michou, Martine, additional, Saint‐Martin, David, additional, Voldoire, Aurore, additional, Colin, Jeanne, additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Delire, Christine, additional, Berthet, Sarah, additional, Chevallier, Matthieu, additional, Sénési, Stephane, additional, Franchisteguy, Laurent, additional, Vial, Jessica, additional, Mallet, Marc, additional, Joetzjer, Emilie, additional, Geoffroy, Olivier, additional, Guérémy, Jean‐François, additional, Moine, Marie‐Pierre, additional, Msadek, Rym, additional, Ribes, Aurélien, additional, Rocher, Matthias, additional, Roehrig, Romain, additional, Salas‐y‐Mélia, David, additional, Sanchez, Emilia, additional, Terray, Laurent, additional, Valcke, Sophie, additional, Waldman, Robin, additional, Aumont, Olivier, additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Deshayes, Julie, additional, Éthé, Christian, additional, and Madec, Gurvan, additional
Published: 2019
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42. Horizontal Residual Mean: Addressing the Limited Spatial Resolution of Ocean Models

Author: Li, Yuehua, primary, McDougall, Trevor, additional, Keating, Shane, additional, de Lavergne, Casimir, additional, and Madec, Gurvan, additional
Published: 2019
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43. The Thermohaline Modes of the Global Ocean

Author: Pauthenet, Etienne, primary, Roquet, Fabien, additional, Madec, Gurvan, additional, Sallée, Jean-Baptiste, additional, and Nerini, David, additional
Published: 2019
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44. Sensitivity of ocean biogeochemistry to the iron supply from the Antarctic Ice Sheet explored with a biogeochemical model

Author: Person, Renaud, primary, Aumont, Olivier, additional, Madec, Gurvan, additional, Vancoppenolle, Martin, additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, and Merino, Nacho, additional
Published: 2019
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45. Loop Current Variability as Trigger of Coherent Gulf Stream Transport Anomalies

Author: Hirschi, Joël J.-M., primary, Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, additional, Blaker, Adam T., additional, Sinha, Bablu, additional, Coward, Andrew, additional, Hyder, Pat, additional, Biastoch, Arne, additional, Böning, Claus, additional, Barnier, Bernard, additional, Penduff, Thierry, additional, Garcia, Ixetl, additional, Fransner, Filippa, additional, and Madec, Gurvan, additional
Published: 2019
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46. Evaluation of CNRM Earth System Model, CNRM-ESM2-1: Role of Earth System Processes in Present-Day and Future Climate

Author: Seferian, Roland, Nabat, Pierre, Michou, Martine, Saint-martin, David, Voldoire, Aurore, Colin, Jeanne, Decharme, Bertrand, Delire, Christine, Berthet, Sarah, Chevallier, Matthieu, Senesi, Stephane, Franchisteguy, Laurent, Vial, Jessica, Mallet, Marc, Joetzjer, Emilie, Geoffroy, Olivier, Gueremy, Jean-francois, Moine, Marie-pierre, Msadek, Rym, Ribes, Aurelien, Rocher, Matthias, Roehrig, Romain, Salas-y-melia, David, Sanchez, Emilia, Terray, Laurent, Valcke, Sophie, Waldman, Robin, Aumont, Olivier, Bopp, Laurent, Deshayes, Julie, Ethe, Christian, Madec, Gurvan, Seferian, Roland, Nabat, Pierre, Michou, Martine, Saint-martin, David, Voldoire, Aurore, Colin, Jeanne, Decharme, Bertrand, Delire, Christine, Berthet, Sarah, Chevallier, Matthieu, Senesi, Stephane, Franchisteguy, Laurent, Vial, Jessica, Mallet, Marc, Joetzjer, Emilie, Geoffroy, Olivier, Gueremy, Jean-francois, Moine, Marie-pierre, Msadek, Rym, Ribes, Aurelien, Rocher, Matthias, Roehrig, Romain, Salas-y-melia, David, Sanchez, Emilia, Terray, Laurent, Valcke, Sophie, Waldman, Robin, Aumont, Olivier, Bopp, Laurent, Deshayes, Julie, Ethe, Christian, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: This study introduces CNRM-ESM2-1, the Earth system (ES) model of second generation developed by CNRM-CERFACS for the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). CNRM-ESM2-1 offers a higher model complexity than the Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model CNRM-CM6-1 by adding interactive ES components such as carbon cycle, aerosols, and atmospheric chemistry. As both models share the same code, physical parameterizations, and grid resolution, they offer a fully traceable framework to investigate how far the represented ES processes impact the model performance over present-day, response to external forcing and future climate projections. Using a large variety of CMIP6 experiments, we show that represented ES processes impact more prominently the model response to external forcing than the model performance over present-day. Both models display comparable performance at replicating modern observations although the mean climate of CNRM-ESM2-1 is slightly warmer than that of CNRM-CM6-1. This difference arises from land cover-aerosol interactions where the use of different soil vegetation distributions between both models impacts the rate of dust emissions. This interaction results in a smaller aerosol burden in CNRM-ESM2-1 than in CNRM-CM6-1, leading to a different surface radiative budget and climate. Greater differences are found when comparing the model response to external forcing and future climate projections. Represented ES processes damp future warming by up to 10% in CNRM-ESM2-1 with respect to CNRM-CM6-1. The representation of land vegetation and the CO2-water-stomatal feedback between both models explain about 60% of this difference. The remainder is driven by other ES feedbacks such as the natural aerosol feedback.
Published: 2019
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47. Wave effects on coastal upwelling and water level

Author: Wu, Lichuan, Staneva, Joanna, Breivik, Oyvind, Rutgersson, Anna, Nurser, A. J. George, Clementi, Emanuela, Madec, Gurvan, Wu, Lichuan, Staneva, Joanna, Breivik, Oyvind, Rutgersson, Anna, Nurser, A. J. George, Clementi, Emanuela, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: Traditional atmosphere, ocean and wave models are run independently of each other. This means that the energy and momentum fluxes do not fully account for the impact of the oceanic wave field at the air-sea interface. In this study, the Stokes drift impact on mass and tracer advection, the Stokes-Coriolis forcing, and the sea-state-dependent momentum and energy fluxes are introduced into an ocean circulation model and tested for a domain covering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Sensitivity experiments are designed to investigate the influence on the simulation of storms and Baltic Sea upwelling. Inclusion of wave effects improves the model performance compared with the stand-alone circulation model in terms of sea level height, temperature and circulation. The direct sea-state-dependent momentum and turbulent kinetic energy fluxes prove to be of higher importance than the Stokes drift related effects investigated in this study (i.e., Stokes-Coriolis forcing and Stokes drift advection on tracers and on mass). The latter affects the mass and tracer advection but largely balances the influence of the Stokes-Coriolis forcing. The upwelling frequency changes by > 10% along the Swedish coast when wave effects are included. In general, the strong (weak) upwelling probability is reduced (increased) when adding the wave effects. From the results, we conclude that inclusion of wave effects can be important for regional, high-resolution ocean models even on short time scales, suggesting that they should be introduced in operational ocean circulation models. However, care should be taken when introducing the Stokes-Coriolis forcing as it should be balanced by the Stokes drift in mass and tracer advection.
Published: 2019
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48. Arctic sea-ice-free season projected to extend into autumn

Author: UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Lebrun, Marion, Vancoppenolle, Martin, Madec, Gurvan, Massonnet, François, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Lebrun, Marion, Vancoppenolle, Martin, Madec, Gurvan, and Massonnet, François
Abstract: The recent Arctic sea ice reduction comes with an increase in the ice-free season duration, with comparable contributions of earlier ice retreat and later advance. CMIP5 models all project that the trend towards later advance should progressively exceed and ultimately double the trend towards earlier retreat, causing the ice-free season to shift into autumn. We show that such a shift is a basic feature of the thermodynamic response of seasonal ice to warming. The detailed analysis of an idealised thermodynamic ice–ocean model stresses the role of two seasonal amplifying feedbacks. The summer feedback generates a 1.6-day-later advance in response to a 1-day-earlier retreat. The underlying physics are the property of the upper ocean to absorb solar radiation more efficiently than it can release heat right before ice advance. The winter feedback is comparatively weak, prompting a 0.3-day-earlier retreat in response to a 1-day shift towards later advance. This is because a shorter growth season implies thinner ice, which subsequently melts away faster. However, the winter feedback is dampened by the relatively long ice growth period and by the inverse relationship between ice growth rate and thickness. At inter-annual timescales, the thermodynamic response of ice seasonality to warming is obscured by inter-annual variability. Nevertheless, in the long term, because all feedback mechanisms relate to basic and stable elements of the Arctic climate system, there is little inter-model uncertainty on the projected long-term shift into autumn of the ice-free season.
Published: 2019

49. Loop Current variability as trigger of coherent Gulf Stream transport anomalies

Author: Hirschi, Joël J.-M., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Blaker, Adam T., Sinha, Bablu, Coward, Andrew, Hyder, Pat, Biastoch, Arne, Böning, Claus, Barnier, Bernard, Penduff, Thierry, Garcia, Ixetl, Fransner, Filippa, Madec, Gurvan, Hirschi, Joël J.-M., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Blaker, Adam T., Sinha, Bablu, Coward, Andrew, Hyder, Pat, Biastoch, Arne, Böning, Claus, Barnier, Bernard, Penduff, Thierry, Garcia, Ixetl, Fransner, Filippa, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: Satellite observations and output from a high resolution ocean model are used to investigate how the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico affects the Gulf Stream transport through Florida Straits. We find that the expansion (contraction) of the Loop Current leads to lower (higher) transports through the Straits of Florida. The associated surface velocity anomalies are coherent from the southwestern tip of Florida to Cape Hatteras. A simple continuity-based argument can be used to explain the link between the Loop Current and the downstream Gulf Stream transport: As the Loop Current lengthens (shortens) its path in the Gulf of Mexico the flow out of the Gulf decreases (increases). Anomalies in the surface velocity field are first seen to the southwest of Florida and within 4 weeks propagate through Florida Straits up to Cape Hatteras and into the Gulf Stream extension. In both the observations and the model this propagation can be seen as pulses in the surface velocities. We estimate that the Loop Current variability can be linked to a variability of several Sv (1Sv = 106m3/s) through the Florida Straits. The exact timing of the Loop Current variability is largely unpredictable beyond a few weeks and its variability is therefore likely a major contributor to the chaotic/intrinsic variability of the Gulf Stream. However, the time lag between the Loop Current and the flow downstream of the Gulf of Mexico means that if a lengthening/shortening of the Loop Current is observed this introduces some predictability in the downstream flow for a few weeks.
Published: 2019

50. NEMO ocean engine

Author: Madec Gurvan, Romain Bourdallé-Badie, Pierre-Antoine Bouttier, Clément Bricaud, Diego Bruciaferri, Daley Calvert, Jérôme Chanut, Emanuela Clementi, Andrew Coward, Damiano Delrosso, Christian Ethé, Simona Flavoni, Tim Graham, James Harle, Doroteaciro Iovino, Dan Lea, Claire Lévy, Tomas Lovato, Nicolas Martin, Sébastien Masson, Silvia Mocavero, Julien Paul, Clément Rousset, Dave Storkey, Andrea Storto, and Martin Vancoppenolle
Subjects: modelling, ocean, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Physics::Geophysics
Abstract: The ocean engine of NEMO is a primitive equation model adapted to regional and global ocean circulation problems. It is intended to be a flexible tool for studying the ocean and its interactions with the others components of the earth climate system over a wide range of space and time scales.
Published: 2017
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